Myocardial Involvement In Patients Research Articles

Evaluating myocardial involvement in patients with multiple myeloma at different stages a cardiac MR T1 mapping study

Abstract Background At present, the International criteria for diagnosis multiple myeloma（MM） do not specifically highlight the use of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to detect abnormal myocardial infiltration in patients at different clinical stages of MM. Extracellular volume fraction (ECV) based on CMR T1 mapping indicates expansion of the extracellular space or deposition of material in infiltrative heart diseases. Purpose To detect whether myocardial involvement in patients with MM at different clinical stages based on CMR T1 mapping. Methods A cohort consisting of 20 patients with diagnosed MM and 15 sex- and age-matched controls (Cs) were recruited for this study. All participants underwent CMR examination to obtain native T1 and ECV. The patients with MM were stratified into three groups based on the International Staging System (ISS): Stage I (n=5), Stage II (n=7), and Stage III (n=8). Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is diagnosed based on the patient's clinical presentation and tissue biopsy. The baseline biochemical indices were collected before CMR examination. Result Among patients with MM, there were a total of 9 patients diagnosed with CA, comprising 3 patients in stage II and 6 patients in stage III. The ECV in stage III patients (45.13±11.89%) was significantly higher compared to that in stage I (26.65±4.22%), stage II (34.09±8.90%), and controls (25.40±2.52%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ECV in stage II patients (34.09±8.90%) was higher compared to controls (25.40±2.52%), though not significantly different from stage I patients (26.65±4.22%). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and ECV (r=0.606, p=0.013). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that ECV had good predictive value for CA, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.898 (p < 0.01), and the optimal cutoff value for ECV was determined to be 33.7%. Conclusions ECV derived from CRM T1 mapping holds promise for identifying amyloid accumulation, which deteriorates progressively with the advancement of disease stages in patients with MM. It is recommended that patients diagnosed with Stage II and Stage III MM should undergo CMR to facilitate the early detection of myocardial infiltrative damage.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance reveals myocardial involvement in patients with active stage of inflammatory bowel disease.

Active inflammatory bowel disease (A-IBD) but not remission (R-IBD) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure. Using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), this study aims to assess adverse myocardial remodeling in patients with IBD in correlation with disease activity. Forty-four IBD patients without cardiovascular disease (24 female, median-age: 39.5years, 26 A-IBD, 18 R-IBD) and 44 matched healthy volunteers (HV) were prospectively enrolled. The disease stage was determined by endoscopic and patient-reported criteria. Participants underwent CMR for cardiac phenotyping: cine imaging and strain analysis were performed to assess ventricular function. T1 mapping, extracellular volume and late-gadolinium enhanced images were obtained to assess focal and diffuse myocardial fibrosis. Simultaneous T1 and T2 elevation (T1 > 1049.3ms, T2 > 54ms) was considered to indicate a myocardial segment was inflamed. 16/44 (16.4%) IBD patients described dyspnea on exertion and 10/44 (22.7%) reported chest pain. A-IBD patients showed impaired ventricular function, indicated by reduced global circumferential and radial strain despite preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction. 16% of all IBD patients had focal fibrosis in a non-ischemic pattern. A-IDB patients had increased markers of diffuse left ventricular fibrosis (T1-values: A-IBD: 1022.0 ± 34.83ms, R-IBD: 1010.10 ± 32.88ms, HV: 990.61 ± 29.35ms, p < .01). Significantly more participants with A-IDB (8/26, 30.8%) had at least one inflamed myocardial segment than patients in remission (0/18) and HV (1/44, 2.3%, p < .01). Markers of diffuse fibrosis correlated with disease activity. This study, using CMR, provides evidence of myocardial involvement and patterns of adverse left ventricular remodeling in patients with IBD. ISRCTN30941346.

Spectrum of myocardial involvement in patients with COVID-19 - An echocardiography study.

Covid-19 patients can have both regional and global ventricular dysfunction. We aim to study the spectrum of myocardial involvement in Covid-19 patients on echocardiography. This is a single center, observational study where wall motion abnormality patterns were studied in Covid-19 patients along with global and regional longitudinal strain analysis (GLS). 30 Covid-19 patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 35.3±6.4 years. Echocardiography revealed characteristic wall motion abnormality involving hypokinesia of anterolateral and apical segments, which produced an operculum like appearance in all patients. Strain derived ejection fraction(EF) was lower in 4 chamber as compared to 2 chamber indicating regional myocardial dysfunction. Reduced GLS values in presence of normal EF indicates global systolic function impairment. Endocardial effacement was also noted in these segments along with stretching of interventricular septum. Specific myocardial involvement pattern can be detected on echocardiography, thus helping in diagnosis of Covid myocarditis.

Assessing Myocardial Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients without Cardiovascular Symptoms by Technetium-99m-sestamibi Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: A Correlation Study on NT-proBNP.

In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), myocardial involvement is the third leading course of death after lupus nephropathy (LN) and infections. Previous autopsy studies have demonstrated a high incidence of cardiovascular abnormalities in the myocardium. However, the patients with typical symptoms are far much fewer than expected from post-mortem examinations. The current study aimed to evaluate the technetium-99m-sestamibi (99mTc-MIBI) gated myocardial perfusion imaging (GMPI) characteristics of lupus patients without cardiovascular symptoms, and the relationships between GMPI characteristics and biochemical markers of myocardial injury, and to explore the role of GMPI in assessing myocardial involvement. Thirty patients were studied with rest myocardial perfusion imaging, and summed rest score (SRS), summed motion score (SMS), and summed thickening score (STS) were calculated automatically. Biomarkers, including N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and creatine-kinase-MB (CK-MB), were detected simultaneously. GMPI parameters, LV functions and biomarkers were compared between two NT-proBNP groups. The relationships between these parameters were studied by correlation analysis. SMS, STS, and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were the main influencing factors of NTproBNP level (p = 0.001, <0.001, 0.042, respectively). Thirteen patients with an evaluated concentration of NT-proBNP had the lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), peak filling rate (PFR), eGFR and higher levels of CK-MB (in all comparisons, p < 0.05), and SRS was the only influencing factor of NT-proBNP (p = 0.007). Within thirteen patients with SRS≥2, there was a significant correlation between SRS and NT-proBNP (p < 0.001). 99mTc-MIBI GMPI could evaluate the left ventricular function and prompt the cardiomyocyte function at the cellular level. SMS and STS were the main influencers for plasma NT-proBNP, and SRS was the independent factor for elevated NT-proBNP. This radionuclide imaging method could provide additional diagnostic information on myocardial involvement in patients with SLE.

Cardiac involvement in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: diagnostic approaches.

Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). Myocardial involvement in patients with IIM is an unfavorable prognostic factor and one of the most common cause of mortality in this group of patients. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge on cardiovascular manifestations observed in IIM. Data published in English until December 2021 were selected. Clinical symptoms suggesting cardiac involvement are non-specific and require a differential diagnosis in accordance with cardiological guidelines. Troponin I is specific to cardiac injury and should be preferred to other markers to evaluate the myocardium in IIM. Abnormalities in electrocardiography are common in IIM, especially non-specific changes of the ST-T segment. In standard echocardiography left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is reported frequently. New diagnostic technologies can reveal clinically silent myocardial abnormalities. However, the prognostic value of subclinical impairment of myocardial function require further studies.

Non-invasive left ventricular myocardial work identifies subclinical myocardial involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

ObjectiveGlobal myocardial work (MW) is a novel indicator that accounts for deformation and afterload, which may provide additional value for assessment of myocardial function. Non-invasive echocardiographic estimated left ventricular (LV) MW incorporates longitudinal strain curves and blood pressure data. This study sought to assess MW in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with normal LV ejection fraction (LVEF) by two-dimensional speckle-tracking imaging (2D-STI) to reflect subclinical myocardial damage. Methods98 SLE patients and 98 gender and age-matched healthy subjects were included. The patients with SLE were divided into mild activity (SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) ≤ 4; n = 45), moderate activity (5 ≤ SLEDAI ≤ 9; n = 23), and high activity (SLEDAI ≥ 10; n = 30) subgroups. Standard transthoracic echocardiography was applied to evaluate the systolic myocardial function of the global LV. The parameters of non-invasive MW including global wasted work (GWW) and global work efficiency (GWE) were calculated from echocardiographic LV pressure-strain loops (PSL) and blood pressure at rest. ResultsThe SLE group had a significantly higher GWW (75.7 ± 39.1 mmHg% vs 37.9 ± 18.0 mmHg%, P < 0.001) and decreased GWE ratio (95.5 ± 2.0% vs 97.4 ± 1.0%, P < 0.001) compared with the controls. Among the subgroups with elevating level of disease activity, SLE patients with preserved LVEF had a significantly higher GWW (61.6 ± 29.9 mmHg% to 96.2 ± 42.2 mmHg%, P for trend = 0.001) and markedly decreased GWE (96.4 ± 1.5% to 94.4 ± 2.0%, P for trend = 0.001). In two separate multiple linear regression analyses, SLEDAI were independently associated with GWW (β = 0.271, P = 0.005) and GWE (β = −0.354, P<0.001). ConclusionGWW and GWE are promising novel tools for the early detection of subclinical LV dysfunction. GWW and GWE could distinguish distinct patterns in different grades of SLEDAI.

The prevalence and associated factors of myocardial involvement in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients in the first decade of life.

The prevalence and associated factors of myocardial involvement in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients in the first decade of life.

Strain Echocardiographic Evaluation of Myocardial Involvement in Patients with Continuing Chest Pain after COVID-19 Infection.

A new clinical manifestation called post or long coronavirus disease (p/l COVID) has walked into our lives after the acute COVID-19 phase. P/l COVID may lead to myocardial injury with subsequent cardiac problems. Diagnosing these patients quickly and simply has become more important due to the increasing number of patients with p/l COVID. We compared strain echocardiography (SE) parameters of patients who suffered from atypical chest pain and had sequel myocarditis findings on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). We aimed to investigate the value of SE for detection of myocardial involvement in patients with p/l COVID. A total of 42 patients were enrolled. Our population was separated into two groups. The CMR(-) group (n = 21) had no myocardial sequelae on CMR, whereas the CMR(+) group had myocardial sequelae on CMR (n = 21). The predictive value of SE for myocarditis was also evaluated by age-adjusted multivariate analysis. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. When compared with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS) and global circumferential strain (GCS) had a stronger relationship (LVEF, p = 0.05; GLS, p < 0.001; GCS, p < 0.001) with p/l COVID associated myocardial involvement. GLS < 20.35 had 85.7% sensitivity and 81% specificity; GCS < 21.35 had 81% sensitivity and 81% specificity as diagnostic values for myocardial sequelae detected with CMR. While there was no difference between the groups in terms of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, p = 0.31), a difference was observed between biochemical markers, which are indicators of cardiac involvement (brain natriuretic peptide, p < 0.001). SE is more useful than traditional echocardiography for making diagnosis quickly and accurately in order not to delay treatment in the presence of myocardial involvement.

CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS: WHEN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE ISN’T RIGHT

CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS: WHEN THE RIGHT VENTRICLE ISN’T RIGHT

Postsystolic shortening and early systolic lengthening for early detection of myocardial involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Cardiac involvement predicts a poor prognosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) are used to identify subclinical myocardial involvement in various diseases. This study objected to evaluate postsystolic shortening (PSS) and early systolic lengthening (ESL) by 2D-STE for early detection of myocardial involvement in patients with SLE. A total of 121 patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in SLE and 30 healthy controls underwent standard 2D-STE in our study. According to SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), we divided SLE patients into two groups: the group of inactive disease (SLEDAI ≤ 4) and active disease (SLEDAI ≥ 5). The maximum of postsystolic strain index (PSImax ) and early systolic strain index (ESImax ) were acquired from 17 segments of left ventricular (LV). We also compared the PSImax and ESImax of basal, medial, and apical segments between SLE patients and controls. Compared with healthy controls and the group of SLEDAI ≤ 4, the group of SLEDAI ≥ 5 had higher PSImax and ESImax value of global LV and basal segments. The absolute value of global longitudinal strain (GLS) had no difference between the group of active disease and inactive disease. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that PSS was independently associated with SLEDAI and diabetes mellitus. Detection of PSS and ESL enable to identify LV systolic impairment in SLE patients at an early stage.

Is strain echocardiography a more sensitive indicator of myocardial involvement in patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2?

The aim of the study was to evaluate the early myocardial dysfunction detected by strain echocardiography in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 47 patients diagnosed with MIS-C and 32 healthy age- and gender-matched children. All patients underwent two-dimensional, colour, pulsed, and tissue Doppler, and 2D speckle tracking echocardiography examination at admission, 2 weeks, and 2 months after discharge. The MIS-C patient group was compared with the control group. Echocardiographic changes in MIS-C patients during follow-up were evaluated. Of 47 patients, 30 (63.8%) were male and 17 (36.2%) were female. The mean age at diagnosis was 9.1 ± 4.3 (1.25-17) years. At admission, 25 patients had abnormal findings on conventional echocardiography. Among them, eight patients had left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Ejection fraction and fractional shortening were significantly lower in the patient group at admission compared to controls (p = 0.013, p = 0.010, respectively). While the ejection fraction was <55% in eight patients, and global longitudinal strain was lower than -2SD in 29 patients at admission. Global longitudinal strain z-score <-2SD persisted in 13 patients at 2-month follow-up. Ejection fraction increased above 55% in 3.42 ± 0.53 days in 7 of 8 patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, ejection fraction was 51% at discharge in one patient, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction persisted at the 6-month of follow-up. These results confirmed that speckle tracking echocardiography is more likely to detect subclinical myocardial damage compared to conventional echocardiography. In addition, it is a valuable method for follow-up in this patient group.

Quantitative assessment of left ventricular myocardial involvement in patients with connective tissue disease: a 3.0T contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance study

The aim of this study was to evaluate left ventricular (LV) myocardial involvement in connective tissue disease (CTD) patients using multiparemetric imaging derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). CMR was performed on 146 CTD patients (comprising of 74 with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) and 72 with non-IIM) and 72 healthy controls and included measures of LV global strains [including peak strain (PS), peak systolic (PSSR) and diastolic strain rate (PDSR)], myocardial perfusion [including upslope, max signal intensity (MaxSI), and time to maximum signal intensity (TTM)], and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) parameters. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to determine the association between LV deformation and microvascular perfusion, as well as LGE. Our results indicated that CTD patients had decreased global longitudinal PS (GLPS), PSSR, PDSR, and myocardial perfusion (all p < 0.017) compared with normal controls. Non-IIM patients exhibited lower LV global strain and longer TTM than IIM patients. The presence of LGE was independently associated with global radial PS (GRPS: β = − 0.165, p = 0.011) and global circumferential PS (GCPS: β = − 0.122, p = 0.022). TTM was independently correlated with GLPS (β = − 0.156, p = 0.027). GLPS was the best indicator for differentiating CTD patients from normal controls (area under curve of 0.78). This study indicated that CTD patients showed impaired LV global myocardial deformation and microvascular perfusion, and presence of LGE. Cardiac involvement might be more severe in non-IIM patients than in IIM patients. Impaired microvascular perfusion and the presence of LGE were independently associated with LV global deformation.

Diagnosis of Simultaneous Atrial and Ventricular Mechanical Performance in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis.

Simple SummarySystemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic connective tissue disorder with an inflammatory and autoimmune nature. The disease presents with microvascular changes, endothelial cell dysfunction, and fibrosis in visceral organs and tissues including lung, skin and heart. Cardiac involvement is a predictor of poor prognosis in this disease; therefore, early and pre-clinical diagnosis of cardiac involvement can be helpful in management of SSc. Two-dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (2D-STE) is a new method for the evaluation of myocardial strain in longitudinal, circumferential and radial planes. This study aimed at evaluating the mechanical performance of all cardiac chambers by using 2D-STE in patients with scleroderma, and its comparison with normal individuals. This study demonstrated that using 2D-STE can result in the diagnosis of impaired chamber mechanics and function in subclinical stages. Based on our findings, the simultaneous evaluation of all cardiac chambers by 2D-STE provides valuable information regarding myocardial involvement in patients with SSc.Objective: Cardiac involvement is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc); therefore, preclinical diagnosis of heart involvement is crucial. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE), a method for evaluating the myocardial strain, could be helpful for the early diagnosis of cardiac mechanical function abnormalities. In this study, the simultaneous evaluation of all cardiac chambers was studied in patients with SSc, compared with normal individuals. Methods: The results of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and 2D-STE of 37 patients with SSc and 37 healthy individuals and the longitudinal strain (LS) of all chambers was precisely evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 16, and independent-sample t test and Chi-square test were used for comparison between the groups. Results: The mean ± SD of the participants’ age was 45.7 ± 11.54 (range of 17 to 68) years; most of them were women (75.7%). TTE showed higher left atrial (LA) volume (p < 0.001), right atrial (RA) area (p = 0.007), the severity of ventricular dysfunction (p < 0.05) and inferior vena cava diameter (p = 0.005), compared with the control group. Spectral and tissue Doppler echocardiography showed higher systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) and mitral A wave velocity, and lower E/A ratio, E’ velocity of left ventricular (LV) septal and lateral wall in the case group (p < 0.05). Color Doppler echocardiography showed a higher frequency of valvular regurgitation in the case group (p < 0.05). The results of 2D-STE showed lower LA roof LS (p < 0.001), LA average LS (p = 0.015), LA global LS (p = 0.028), and LA ejection fraction (LAEF) (p = 0.001), lower mean RA left wall (p = 0.048) and EF (p < 0.001), and higher RV global LS in the case group (p = 0.025). Conclusions: Simultaneous evaluation of all cardiac chambers by 2D-STE provides valuable information about the myocardial involvement in patients with SSc. Therefore, it is suggested to use this method for the early diagnosis of cardiac involvement in such patients.

The Influence of Deterioration of Kidney Function on the Diagnostic Power of Laboratory Parameters Used in the Prognostic Classification of AL Amyloidosis.

There is a possibility that renal dysfunction may potentially reduce the diagnostic power of the laboratory parameters Tn, NT-proBNP and sFLC levels, used in the current prognostic classification of AL amyloidosis and the diagnosis of heart involvement by amyloid. In this study, the impact of lowering the eGFR value on the usefulness of these parameters in the prognosis and diagnosis of the presence of amyloid in the myocardium was assessed in a group of 71 patients with newly diagnosed primary amyloidosis. The assessment of diagnostic power of laboratory parameters was performed on the entire study group, and in the ranges of eGFR ≥ 60 and < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. It has been proven that, with a decrease in the eGFR value, the concentrations of NT-proBNP and the κ uninvolved light chains increase significantly (p < 0.001). To assess the diagnostic power of laboratory parameters used in the diagnosis of myocardial involvement in patients with AL amyloidosis, an ROC analysis was performed. The highest values of AUC were obtained for the NT-proBNP concentration (AUC = 0.906). The lowest values of the AUC and Youden’s index were obtained for the dFLC values (AUC = 0.723), and involved κ FLC concentration (AUC = 0.613). For all compared parameters, the smallest values of the AUC were obtained for eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2). It seems that the most suitable cardiac parameter used in the prognostic classification of AL amyloidosis, independent of renal function, is TnI. It should be noted that a concentration of involved λ chains hada higher diagnostic power to assess the heart involvement, compared to the routinely used “cardiac parameters”, TnI and NT-proBNP. It can therefore be an additional parameter used to assess the presence of amyloid in the myocardium. A decrease in eGFR value influenced the change in the diagnostic cut-off points of the most analyzed laboratory parameters. Finally, it is concluded that lowering the eGFR value reduces the utility of laboratory parameters used in the prognostic classification of AL amyloidosis.

Morphological, Functional, and Tissue Characterization of Silent Myocardial Involvement in Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis

Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is a major complication and cause of morbidity in end-stage primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). However, it is unclear whether there is clinically silent myocardial involvement at the early stage of PBC before cirrhosis and cardiac manifestations. This prospective, three-center, multi-modality cardiac imaging study on the early identification of myocardial impairment in PBC (EARLY-MYO-PBC) was designed to identify silent myocardial impairment in PBC patients without cardiac manifestations. A total of 112 subjects (56 with PBC and 56 age- and sex-matched controls) undergoing cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) were enrolled. Demographic, serologic, and cardiac imaging data were prospectively collected. All participants had no cardiac discomfort or previous heart disease and had normal electrocardiographic findings. Subclinical myocardial involvement, as evidenced by cardiac morphologic, functional, and tissue characterization changes on CMR, including hyperdynamic left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (median, 75% in PBC patients vs 69% in controls, P= .029), subclinical myocardial edema by T2-short tau inversion recovery (21% vs 2% in controls, P= .001), elevated extracellular matrix indices (30% vs 26% in controls, P < .001), and impaired myocardial viability by positive late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) (36%), was detected in PBC patients. Importantly, a mid-wall "stripe" at the LV septum was identified as a PBC-specific LGE pattern that differs from other known cardiomyopathies. In multivariate analysis, gp210 positivity (odds ratio [OR]= 9.909, P= .010), lower hemoglobin (OR= 0.919, P= .004), and body mass index (OR= 0.638, P= .005) were independent predictors of cardiac abnormalities in PBC. This study demonstrates clinically silent cardiac impairment with specific CMR patterns in PBC, allowing optimal screening for early myocardial impairment and potentially timely therapies. (Trial registration no.: NCT03545672).

Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Assessment of Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019

Background: Long-term effects of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) causing pulmonary fibrosis are a well-established fact. Whether similar changes persist in myocardium remains a cause of concern. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), although logistically limited during the acute phase of illness, is an excellent modality for evaluating persisting myocardial involvement in patients recovering from COVID-19. No previous study has described cardiac MRI in Indian patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: We summarize cardiac MRI findings in 43 patients (29 males) who underwent cardiac MRI at our center for various clinical indications after recovering from their COVID-19 episodes. All cardiac MRI examinations were performed on Siemens Verio 3 Tesla Scanner System with 70 cm bore. Necessary precautions and safety measures were taken as per the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance recommendations and standard imaging protocols were followed. Results: Half of all patients (22, 51.2%) had presented after 6 weeks of their initial COVID-19, whereas most of the remaining patients (19, 44.2%) underwent MRI during 3–6 weeks after recovering from COVID-19. Exercise intolerance was the most common clinical presentation observed in 22 (51.2%) patients, followed by fatigue or generalized weakness (15 patients), fast heart rate (12 patients), and breathlessness (12 patients). The most common cardiac MRI finding was elevated T1 and T2 mapping values (14 patients, 32.6%). The other common findings were late gadolinium enhancement in 12 (27.9%) patients, pericardial effusion ± enhancement in 12 (27.9%) patients, and impaired left ventricular systolic function in 9 (20.9%) patients. Eleven (25.6%) patients had normal cardiac MRI. Conclusions: Our findings summarize common cardiac abnormalities detected by cardiac MRI in patients with recent COVID-19. Although these results cannot be postulated to estimate the overall burden of cardiac involvement in COVID-19, they provide valuable insight into clinical spectrum of these patients in Indian scenario.

Burden of Coronavirus Disease-19 on cardiovascular system

The rapid emergence and spread of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into a worldwide pandemic has caused unprecedented crisis on already overwhelmed healthcare system and global economy leading to healthcare and social emergency. Since its outbreak, the disease prognosis has largely been influenced by multisystem involvement. Comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular diseases have been the most common risk factor for its severity and outcome. Although the exact mechanism of myocardial involvement in patients with COVID-19 is unknown, several plausible mechanisms have been proposed, of which uncontrolled and dysregulated immune response is most implicated in its causation. In the present article, an attempt has been made to summarize the literature available on COVID-19 and its impact on the cardiovascular system.

Myocardial disease and ventricular arrhythmia in Marfan syndrome: a prospective study

BackgroundAortic root dilatation and—dissection and mitral valve prolapse are established cardiovascular manifestations in Marfan syndrome (MFS). Heart failure and arrhythmic sudden cardiac death have emerged as additional causes of morbidity and mortality.MethodsTo characterize myocardial dysfunction and arrhythmia in MFS we conducted a prospective longitudinal case–control study including 86 patients with MFS (55.8% women, mean age 36.3 yr—range 13–70 yr–) and 40 age—and sex-matched healthy controls. Cardiac ultrasound, resting and ambulatory ECG (AECG) and NT-proBNP measurements were performed in all subjects at baseline. Additionally, patients with MFS underwent 2 extra evaluations during 30 ± 7 months follow-up. To study primary versus secondary myocardial involvement, patients with MFS were divided in 2 groups: without previous surgery and normal/mild valvular function (MFS-1; N = 55) and with previous surgery or valvular dysfunction (MFS-2; N = 31).ResultsCompared to controls, patients in MFS-1 showed mild myocardial disease reflected in a larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), lower TAPSE and higher amount of (supra) ventricular extrasystoles [(S)VES]. Patients in MFS-2 were more severely affected. Seven patients (five in MFS-2) presented decreased LV ejection fraction. Twenty patients (twelve in MFS-2) had non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) in at least one AECG. Larger LVEDD and higher amount of VES were independently associated with NSVT.ConclusionOur study shows mild but significant myocardial involvement in patients with MFS. Patients with previous surgery or valvular dysfunction are more severely affected. Evaluation of myocardial function with echocardiography and AECG should be considered in all patients with MFS, especially in those with valvular disease and a history of cardiac surgery.

Speckle tracking echocardiography can predict subclinical myocardial involvement in patients with sarcoidosis: A meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the utility of speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) as a tool to evaluate for cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) early in its course. Electrocardiography and echocardiography have limited sensitivity in this role, while advanced imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) are limited by cost and availability. We compiled English language articles that reported left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) or global circumferential strain (GCS) in patients with confirmed extra-cardiac sarcoidosis versus healthy controls. Studies that exclusively included patients with probable or definite CS were excluded. Continuous data were pooled as a standard mean difference (SMD), comparing sarcoidosis group with healthy controls. A random-effect model was adopted in all analyses. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q and I2 statistics. Nine studies were included in our final analysis with an aggregate of 967 patients. LVGLS was significantly lower in the extra-cardiac sarcoidosis group as compared with controls, SMD -3.98, 95% confidence interval (CI): -5.32, -2.64, P<.001, also was significantly lower in patients who suffered major cardiac events (MCE), -3.89, 95% CI -6.14, -1.64, P<.001. GCS was significantly lower in the extra-cardiac sarcoidosis group as compared with controls, SMD: -3.33, 95% CI -4.71, -1.95, P<.001. LVGLS and GCS were significantly lower in extra-cardiac sarcoidosis patients despite not exhibiting any cardiac symptoms. LVGLS correlates with MCEs in CS. Further studies are required to investigate the role of STE in the early screening of CS.

Cardiac Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging With T1 Mapping to Assess Myocardial Perfusion and Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis: Association With Cardiac Events From a Prospective Cohort Study.

Myocardial involvement may occur during systemic sclerosis (SSc) and can lead to impaired myocardial contraction and/or arrhythmia. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used for noninvasive characterization of the myocardium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of cardiac MRI with intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and longitudinal relaxation time (T1) sequence mapping for assessment of myocardial microvascular and interstitium impairment in SSc. In this single-center prospective cohort study, 40 consecutive patients with SSc and 20 healthy controls were assessed by cardiac MRI with IVIM DWI and T1 mapping sequences on a 3T scanning system. Images were analyzed independently by 2 assessors, and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess interreader concordance and reproducibility. Characteristics of the patients were compared according to quartiles of T1 and perfusion fraction (f-coefficient) values, using exact Cochran-Ermitage trend tests for qualitative variables and analysis of variance for quantitative variables. Kaplan-Meier cardiac events-free survival curves were plotted and compared with a log-rank test for trend. T1 values were higher in SSc patients than in healthy controls, and were higher in the diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) subset (P=0.02). Higher T1 values were associated with the immunologic pattern seen in patients with the dcSSc form (P=0.0001), a higher modified Rodnan skin thickness score (MRSS) (P=0.003), and a higher frequency of interstitial lung disease (P=0.03). Moreover, higher T1 values were correlated with higher MRSS scores (r=+0.32, P=0.04) and reduced forced vital capacity (r=-0.34, P=0.048), and tended to be correlated with reduced total lung capacity (r=-0.30, P=0.07). Lower f-coefficient values, as a measure of decreased tissue perfusion, were associated with less frequent use of vasodilators (P=0.02 for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and P=0.06 for calcium-channel blockers) and more frequent use of glucocorticoids (P=0.02). The f-coefficients were inversely correlated with the T1 values (r=-0.31, P=0.02). Furthermore, higher T1 values were associated with higher incidence of cardiac events (log-rank test for trend P=0.03). Increased T1 values, potentially suggesting microscopic fibrosis, were observed more frequently in patients with dcSSc, and higher T1 values were associated with interstitial lung disease and more frequent cardiac events during follow-up. The results of this study show that cardiac MRI with T1 mappingsequences and IVIM DWI may be useful in assessing myocardial involvement in patients with SSc.