Recruitment Of Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells Research Articles

Sequence of androgen receptor-targeted vaccination with androgen deprivation therapy affects anti-prostate tumor efficacy

RationaleAndrogen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the primary treatment for recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer. In addition to direct antitumor effects, ADT has immunomodulatory effects such as promoting T-cell infiltration and...

Hepatic recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells upon liver injury promotes both liver regeneration and fibrosis

BackgroundThe liver regeneration is a highly complicated process depending on the close cooperations between the hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells involving various inflammatory cells. Here, we explored the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the processes of liver regeneration and liver fibrosis after liver injury.MethodsWe established four liver injury models of mice including CCl4-induced liver injury model, bile duct ligation (BDL) model, concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis model, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatitis model. The intrahepatic levels of MDSCs (CD11b+Gr-1+) after the liver injury were detected by flow cytometry. The effects of MDSCs on liver tissues were analyzed in the transwell co-culture system, in which the MDSCs cytokines including IL-10, VEGF, and TGF-β were measured by ELISA assay and followed by being blocked with specific antibodies.ResultsThe intrahepatic infiltrations of MDSCs with surface marker of CD11b+Gr-1+ remarkably increased after the establishment of four liver injury models. The blood served as the primary reservoir for hepatic recruitment of MDSCs during the liver injury, while the bone marrow appeared play a compensated role in increasing the number of MDSCs at the late stage of the inflammation. The recruited MDSCs in injured liver were mainly the M-MDSCs (CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6Chigh) featured by high expression levels of cytokines including IL-10, VEGF, and TGF-β. Co-culture of the liver tissues with MDSCs significantly promoted the proliferation of both hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).ConclusionsThe dramatically and quickly infiltrated CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs in injured liver not only exerted pro-proliferative effects on hepatocytes, but also accounted for the activation of profibrotic HSCs.

Concomitant NAFLD Facilitates Liver Metastases and PD-1-Refractory by Recruiting MDSCs via CXCL5/CXCR2 in Colorectal Cancer

Background and AimsBoth Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are prevalent worldwide. The effect of concomitant NAFLD on the risk of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) and its mechanisms have not been definitively elucidated. MethodsWe observed the effect of concomitant NAFLD on CRLM in the mouse model, and explored the underlying mechanisms of specific myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) recruitment, then tested the therapeutic application based on the mechanisms; finally we validated our findings in the clinical samples. ResultsHere we prove that in different mouse models, NAFLD induces F4/80+ Kupffer cells to secret chemokine CXCL5, then recruits CXCR2+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to promote the growth of CRLM. CRLM with NAFLD background are refractory to the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody treatment, but when combined with Reparixin, an inhibitor of CXCR1/2, dual-therapy cures the established CRLM in mice with NAFLD. Our clinical studies also indicate that fatty liver diseases increase the infiltration of CXCR2+ MDSCs, as well as the hazard of liver metastases in CRC patients. ConclusionsCollectively, our findings highlight the significance of a selective CXCR2+/CD11b+/Gr-1+ subset myeloid cells in favoring the development of CRLM with NAFLD background, and identify a pharmaceutic medicine which is already available for the clinical trials and potential treatment.

The clinical association of programmed death-1/PD-L1 axis, myeloid derived suppressor cells subsets and regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of stable COPD patients.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have crucial immunosuppressive role in T cell dysfunction in various disease processes. However, the role of MDSCs and their impact on Tregs in COPD have not been fully understood. The aim of the present study is to investigate the immunomodulatory role of MDSCs and their potential impact on the expansion and function of Tregs in COPD patients. Peripheral blood samples were collected to analyze circulating MDSCs, Tregs, PD-1/PD-L1 expression to assess the immunomodulatory role of MDSC and their potential impact on the expansion and function of Treg in COPD. A total of 54 COPD patients and 24 healthy individuals were enrolled in our study. Flow cytometric analyses were performed to identify granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs), monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs), Tregs, and the expression of PD-1/PD-L1(L2) on MDSCs and Tregs in peripheral blood. Our results revealed a significantly higher percentage of G-MDSCs and M-MDSCs (p < 0.001) in COPD patients compared to the healthy controls. Additionally, a significantly higher proportion of peripheral blood Tregs was observed in COPD patients. Furthermore, an increased expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on Tregs (p < 0.01) was detected in COPD patients. The expression of PD-1 on CD4+ Tcells and Tregs, but not CD8+Tcells, was found to be increased in patients with COPD compared to controls. Furthermore, an elevated expression of PD-L1 on M-MDSCs (p < 0.01) was also observed in COPD patients. A positive correlation was observed between the accumulation of M-MDSCs and Tregs in COPD patients. Additionally, the percentage of circulating M-MDSCs is positively associated with the level of PD-1 (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001) and CTLA-4 (r = 0.42, p = 0.0014) on Tregs in COPD. The recruitment of MDSCs, accumulation of Tregs, and up-regulation of CTLA-4 on Treg in COPD, accompanied by an increased level of PD-1/PD-L1, suggest PD-1/PD-L1 axis may be potentially involved in MDSCs-induced the expansion and activation of Treg at least partially in COPD.

Abstract 3880: LYTAC targeting galectin-1 to enhance radioimmunotherapy of cancers in the upper aerodigestive tract

Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and head and neck cancer (HNC), ranking respectively as a leading cause of cancer-related death and the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Despite treatment advancements, there's a pressing need for more effective strategies to improve survival and quality of life for NSCLC and HNC patients. Carolyn Bertozzi group recently reported in Nature the groundbreaking protein degraders named lysosome-targeted chimeras (LYTACs), which have bispecific binding affinity that drives cell-surface endocytic receptors to drag membrane or extracellular oncogenic proteins to lysosomes for degradation. They have successfully targeted critical oncoproteins such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and more. However, current degradation demonstration was limited to in vitro cancer cells, LYTACs' impact on immune cell modulation and their therapeutic potentials in preclinical animal models remain unknown and require extensive evaluation before venturing to clinical trials.Our group and others have identified galectin-1 (Gal-1) as a multifaceted immunosuppressive biomarker overexpressed in NSCLC and HNC. By interacting with glycosylated receptors (e.g. CD45) on immune cells, it results in apoptosis of cytotoxic T cells, expansion of regulatory T cells, and intratumoral recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Despite promising as an immune checkpoint target, effective anti-Gal-1 therapies are currently absent in clinical trials.Through histopathological analyses, we have confirmed substantial LYTAC receptor (cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor, CI-M6PR) expression in ~200 HNC and ~400 NSCLC patient samples. Collaborating with Bertozzi group, we have developed the first Gal-1 targeting LYTAC named G-M6Pn which triggers significant target protein degradation in various human HNC and NSCLC cell lines. Such efficient Gal-1 degradation leads to significant immunosuppression reversal by stimulating CD8+ T cell and natural killer (NK) cell activation while dampening regulatory T cell (Treg) activity in both cell experiments and humanized mouse tumor models, resulting in excellent tumor/metastases control and survival improvement on both NSCLC and HNC models. When synergized with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy, the antitumor immune responses are further amplified and G-M6Pn also mediates ‘abscopal effect’ inhibiting non-irradiated tumors. This study thus contributes to expediting clinical translation of LYTACs as novel immune checkpoint degraders to improve personalized radio-immunotherapy of cancer. Citation Format: Yuyan Jiang, Green Ahn, Mobeen Rahman, Hongbin Cao, Carolyn Bertozzi, Qunh Le. LYTAC targeting galectin-1 to enhance radioimmunotherapy of cancers in the upper aerodigestive tract [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3880.

Abstract 1593: Intercellular network in immune suppressive microenvironment of pancreatic cancer

Abstract Despite constant efforts to improve treatment, the prognosis remains poor, with an overall survival rate of 6% (ranges from 2% to 9%) due to lack of efficient chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been reported to be effective in various solid cancers, such as melanoma, lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. However, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is resistant against ICIs. The responsiveness of immune therapy is mainly determined by immune tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and stromal cells. PDAC possesses unique TME, which is abundant of fibrosis, termed of desmoplasia, and the role of fibrosis in constructing immune suppressive TME remains unclear. First, in this study, to examine the immunological characteristics of TME, we constructed an integrated data base of TIL profiling, RNA-seq and whole exome seq using 31 fresh resected tissues of PDAC. An unsupervised clustering of based on numbers and percentages of 12 TIL types analyzed by flow cytometry showed that PDAC was divided into 2 types of cluster (myeloid cell-, T cell-dominant type), and the prognosis of myeloid type was significantly poorer than T cell-type. Myeloid type contained the high frequency of myeloid cell lineage including monocytes, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Only MDSCs were significantly associated with poor prognosis among various immune cell types. Furthermore, gene enrichment analysis identified activated and suppressed pathways in each immune type, and in myeloid cell-dominant type, the immune-related pathways were significantly down-regulated. Then, to understand the characteristics of MDSCs infiltrated into pancreatic cancer tissues, single cell RNA-seq with surgical specimens was performed, and the analysis showed that a specific subtype of MDSCs infiltrated into cancer tissues. In addition, activation status of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was related with MDSC recruitment and activation, indicating that the interaction between MDSCs and CAFs is crucial to create MDSC-rich TME. Inhibition of interaction between MDSCs and CAFs is expected to overcome immunosuppressive TME can be a therapy in PDAC. Citation Format: Kazunori Aoki, Hironori Fukuda, Yukihiro Mizoguchi, Kosuke Arai. Intercellular network in immune suppressive microenvironment of pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1593.

Abstract 7521: Tumor NLRP3 inflammasome activity mediates resistance to Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in advanced gastroesophageal cancer

Abstract The addition of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy to the therapeutic armamentarium of advanced gastroesophageal (GE) cancer patients has resulted in modest improvements in clinical outcomes for a subset of patients. More robust predictive biomarkers to guide patient management and to select optimal combination immunotherapy strategies for the individual patient are needed. Our previous studies indicate that the tumor-intrinsic NLRP3 inflammasome-HSP70 signaling axis promotes the recruitment of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) and drives resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. The KEYLargo phase II clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of pembrolizumab (pembro) in combination with capecitabine/oxaliplatin (CAPOX) in HER2-negative advanced GE cancer patients. An 8-day lead-in period of pembro monotherapy in 36 advanced GE cancer patients allowed for the acquisition of blood and tumor tissue specimens to determine which immune-mediated alterations within the tumor microenvironment correlated with resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Baseline and on-treatment specimens were collected for HSP70 ELISA, immunofluorescence microscopy, spatial transcriptomics, NLRP3 FISH, IHC, and NLRP3-ASC proximity ligation assays (PLA) to measure NLRP3 pathway activity levels. All data was correlated with best objective response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and PMN-MDSCs were increased in responders and non-responders, respectively. While PD-L1 CPS failed to associate with response, elevated baseline NLRP3 PLA activity correlated with increased tumor-infiltrating PMN-MDSCs (P = 0.001) and resistance to pembro/CAPOX therapy (P = 0.01). Only non-responding tumors exhibited an increase in NLRP3 PLA activity and NLRP3 amplification. Transcriptional studies revealed tumors with enhanced NLRP3 activity to exhibit decreased expression of the NLRC5 transactivator, MHC class I antigen presentation genes, and an increase in the NK cell negative regulator, HLA-G. Baseline plasma HSP70 levels correlated with tumor NLRP3 activity (P = 0.043) and with resistance to pembro/CAPOX therapy (P = 0.001). Elevated baseline NLRP3 PLA activity and amplification were associated with diminished PFS (P = 0.008) and OS (P = 0.009). In additional studies, pharmacologic inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome suppressed PMN-MDSC recruitment, upregulated MHC class I, and reversed anti-PD-1 resistance in an orthotopic model of GE cancer. Together, these findings implicate tumor-intrinsic NLRP3-HSP70 signaling as an important mediator of anti-PD-1 resistance in advanced GE cancer. The NLRP3-HSP70 pathway is a promising source of therapeutic targets and biomarkers capable of improving treatment outcomes for this patient population. Additional clinical studies are warranted. Citation Format: Nagendra Yarla, Kaylee Howell, Y-Van Nguyen, Donna Niedwiecki, Hope Uronis, John Strickler, Nicholas C. DeVito, Bala Theivanthiran, Brent A. Hanks. Tumor NLRP3 inflammasome activity mediates resistance to Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in advanced gastroesophageal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7521.

Abstract 6861: PIK3CA activating mutation promotes an immune suppressive microenvironment in squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a leader in cancer incidence worldwide. Recently, immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) have offered great promise in treating many solid tumors, including HNSCCs, that are refractory to chemotherapy and radiation. Challengingly, HNSCC patients often relapse following ICB treatment due to the lack of a thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer immune evasion. These disparities in patient outcomes strongly suggest the existence of genetic variations that underlie their distinct responses to ICB. Although the specific oncogenic mutations responsible for driving relapse in SCC patients remain unclear, it is imperative to grasp the mechanisms of cancer immune evasion in individuals with specific genetic profiles to enhance the precision of immunotherapy. Cancer immune evasion has emerged as a hallmark of cancer and is facilitated by a highly complex tumor microenvironment (TME). We aim to understand the genetic basis shaping the immune suppressive TME and hypothesize that oncogenic driver mutations play a dominant role in preventing the immune clearance of transformed cells by reprogramming the immune landscape in the tumors. To determine the critical genetic signatures enriched in SCC patients that can impact anti-tumor immunity, we analyzed TCGA data which revealed a strong negative correlation between PIK3CA level and CD8 T cell signatures. We have identified that activating mutations in the PIK3CA gene, found in 20% of HNSCCs, promote rapid tumor relapse after initial response to anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 ICB treatments. Utilizing single-cell analysis, quantitative immune profiling, and multiplexed imaging, our lab showed that tumor-initiating cells (TICs) in SCCs can have an intricate dialogue with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) where TICs secrete factors to enhance MDSC recruitment and suppressive function on cytotoxic T cells. Additionally, our data supports that the tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) of PIK3CA mutant SCC tumors can enhance the suppressive activity of MDSCs on cytotoxic T cells. These results suggest that the acquisition of PIK3CA mutation may trigger TICs to release additional factors to further modify MDSC activities. A critical method by which MDSCs suppress T cells is through the production and respiratory burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RNA sequencing revealed that PIK3CA mutant SCCs have multiple mechanisms of increasing ROS in the TME and specifically in MDSCs, while simultaneously upregulating lipid metabolism genes, such as SCD1, to protect itself from MDSC-derived ROS. This study reveals a potential strategy for targeting PIK3CA mutant SCCs as a promising precision immunotherapy to enhance the efficacy of ICB treatments. Citation Format: Benjamin T. Nicholson, Weijie Guo, Yuxuan Miao. PIK3CA activating mutation promotes an immune suppressive microenvironment in squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6861.

Shuangshen Granules Suppress Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cell-mediated Lung Premetastatic Niche Development by Targeting Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor-1/Signal Transducer, Activator of Transcription 3 Signaling

Abstract Background: Shuangshen granules (SSGs) are extensively utilized for the treatment of lung cancer in China and have been reported to possess tumor-protective and anti-metastatic effects. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the precise mechanism. Building upon the findings of our previous study, the objective of the present study was to explore the impact of SSGs on the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) axis, as well as the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during the formation of the premetastatic niches (PMNs). Methods: In a mouse xenograft model utilizing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells that express green fluorescent protein (GFP), the initiation of lung metastasis was monitored every three days until day 35 following transplantation. Lung metastasis, MDSC recruitment, the expression of PMN and S1PR1/STAT3 axis biomarkers, as well as the blood levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were assessed in the SSG treatment and control groups. Results: The LLC cells did not reach the lung until 14–17 days following subcutaneous implantation, which was concurrent with the formation of lung PMNs. SSG significantly postponed the initiation of lung metastasis and reduced the recruitment of MDSCs to the lung PMNs. SSG also suppressed the S1PR1/STAT3 axis in tumor tissues, bone marrow, and lung PMNs. Additionally, SSG suppressed the blood levels of GM-CSF and TGF-β, as well as the PMN markers, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and versican. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that SSG suppressed the development of MDSC-mediated PMNs by inhibiting the S1PR1/STAT3 axis, consequently postponing the initiation of lung metastasis.

Modulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cell functions by oral inflammatory diseases and important oral pathogens.

The oral cavity presents a diverse microbiota in a dynamic balance with the host. Disruption of the microbial community can promote dysregulation of local immune response which could generate oral diseases. Additionally, alterations in host immune system can result in inflammatory disorders. Different microorganisms have been associated with establishment and progression of the oral diseases. Oral cavity pathogens/diseases can modulate components of the inflammatory response. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) own immunoregulatory functions and have been involved in different inflammatory conditions such as infectious processes, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of generation, phenotypes, and biological functions of the MDSCs in oral inflammatory diseases. Also, it is addressed the biological aspects of MDSCs in presence of major oral pathogens. MDSCs have been mainly analyzed in periodontal disease and Sjögren's syndrome and could be involved in the outcome of these diseases. Studies including the participation of MDSCs in other important oral diseases are very scarce. Major oral bacterial and fungal pathogens can modulate expansion, subpopulations, recruitment, metabolism, immunosuppressive activity and osteoclastogenic potential of MDSCs. Moreover, MDSC plasticity is exhibited in presence of oral inflammatory diseases/oral pathogens and appears to be relevant in the disease progression and potentially useful in the searching of possible treatments. Further analyses of MDSCs in oral cavity context could allow to understand the contribution of these cells in the fine-tuned balance between host immune system and microorganism of the oral biofilm, as well as their involvement in the development of oral diseases when this balance is altered.

Upregulation of IL4-induced gene 1 enzyme by B2 cells during melanoma progression impairs their antitumor properties.

B cells present in human cutaneous melanoma have been associated with protective or detrimental effects on disease progression according to their phenotype. By using the RET model of spontaneous melanoma and adoptive transfer of B16 melanoma cells, we show that immature and follicular B2 (B2-FO) cells exert a protective effect on melanoma progression by promoting the generation of effector memory T cells and limiting the recruitment of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Unfortunately, this beneficial effect progressively wanes as a consequence of enhanced expression of the IL4-induced gene 1 (IL4I1) enzyme by immature B cells and B2-FO cells. Endogenous IL4I1 selectively decreases CXCR5 expression in splenic immature B cells, subverting their trafficking to primary tumors and enhancing the production of IL-10 by B2 cells, thereby promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Accordingly, B2 cells from RET IL4I1KO mice more efficiently controlled B16 melanoma growth than B2 cells from IL4I1-competent RET mice. Collectively, immature B cells and B2-FO cells are key actors in the control of melanoma growth, but their mobility and functions are differently impaired by IL4I1 overexpression during melanoma progression. Thus, our present data strongly urge us to associate an IL4I1 antagonist with current immunotherapy to improve the treatment of metastatic melanoma.

Chidamide improves gefitinib treatment outcomes in NSCLC by attenuating recruitment and immunosuppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

Clinical resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a significant challenge. Recent studies have indicated that the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) increases following gefitinib treatment, correlating with a poor patient response in NSCLC. Our study revealed that gefitinib treatment stimulates the production of CCL2, which subsequently enhances monocyte (M)-MDSC migration to tumor sites. Chidamide, a selective inhibitor of the histone deacetylase subtype, counteracted the gefitinib-induced increase in CCL2 levels in tumor cells. Additionally, chidamide down-regulated the expression of CCR2 in M-MDSCs, inhibiting their migration. Furthermore, chidamide attenuated the immunosuppressive function of M-MDSCs both alone and in combination with gefitinib. Chidamide also alleviated tumor immunosuppression by reducing the number of M-MDSCs in LLC-bearing mice, thereby enhancing the antitumor efficacy of gefitinib. In conclusion, our findings suggest that chidamide can improve gefitinib treatment outcomes, indicating that MDSCs are promising targets in NSCLC.

Abstract A020: Molecular basis of immune suppressive microenvironment specified by cancer-associated fibroblasts in pancreatic cancer

Abstract Despite constant efforts to improve treatment, the prognosis remains poor, with an overall survival rate of 6% (ranges from 2% to 9%) due to lack of efficient chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been reported to be effective in various solid cancers, such as melanoma, lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. However, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is resistant against ICIs. The responsiveness of immune therapy is mainly determined by immune tumor microenvironment (TME) composed of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and stromal cells. PDAC possesses unique TME, which is abundant of fibrosis, termed of desmoplasia, and the role of fibrosis in constructing immune suppressive TME remains unclear. First, in this study, to examine the immunological characteristics of TME, we constructed an integrated data base of TIL profiling, RNA-seq and whole exome seq using 31 fresh resected tissues of PDAC. An unsupervised clustering of based on numbers and percentages of 12 TIL types analyzed by flow cytometry showed that PDAC was divided into 2 types of cluster (myeloid cell-, T cell-dominant type), and the prognosis of myeloid type was significantly poorer than T cell-type. Myeloid type contained the high frequency of myeloid cell lineage including monocytes, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Only MDSCs were significantly associated with poor prognosis among various immune cell types. Furthermore, gene enrichment analysis identified activated and suppressed pathways in each immune type, and the immune-related pathways were significantly down-regulated in myeloid cell-dominant type. Then, to understand the characteristics of MDSCs infiltrated into pancreatic cancer tissues, single cell RNA-seq with surgical specimens was performed, and the analysis showed that a specific subtype of MDSCs infiltrated into cancer tissues. In addition, activation status of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) was related with MDSC recruitment and activation, indicating that the interaction between MDSCs and CAFs is crucial to create MDSC-rich TME. Inhibition of interaction between MDSCs and CAFs is expected to overcome immunosuppressive TME can be a novel immunotherapy in PDAC. Citation Format: Kazunori Aoki, Hironori Fukuda, Eri Hashimoto, Kosuke Arai. Molecular basis of immune suppressive microenvironment specified by cancer-associated fibroblasts in pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Pancreatic Cancer; 2023 Sep 27-30; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A020.

Enhancing the efficacy of vaccinia-based oncolytic virotherapy by inhibiting CXCR2-mediated MDSC trafficking.

Oncolytic virotherapy is an innovative approach for cancer treatment. However, recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) into the tumor microenvironment (TME) after oncolysis-mediated local inflammation leads to tumor resistance to the therapy. Using the murine malignant mesothelioma model, we demonstrated that the in situ vaccinia virotherapy recruited primarily polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) into the TME, where they exhibited strong suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in a reactive oxygen species-dependent way. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirmed the suppressive profile of PMN-MDSCs at the transcriptomic level and identified CXCR2 as a therapeutic target expressed on PMN-MDSCs. Abrogating PMN-MDSC trafficking by CXCR2-specific small molecule inhibitor during the vaccinia virotherapy exhibited enhanced antitumor efficacy in 3 syngeneic cancer models, through increasing CD8+/MDSC ratios in the TME, activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and skewing suppressive TME into an antitumor environment. Our results warrant clinical development of CXCR2 inhibitor in combination with oncolytic virotherapy.

NLRP3/IL-1β induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells recruitment and PD-L1 upregulation promotes oxaliplatin resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Oxaliplatin is commonly used as the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, the acquired resistance, limits the effectiveness of oxaliplatin and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, we explored the role of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/IL-1β in mediating oxaliplatin resistance in HCC. We observed that NLRP3/IL-1β expression was much higher in oxaliplatin-resistant HCC cells. To further understand its impact on drug resistance, we knocked down NLRP3 and observed that it sensitized HCC cells to the growth-inhibitory effects of oxaliplatin and induced cell apoptosis. NLRP3/IL-1β overexpressing tumor cells also attracted polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Using mouse models, we demonstrated that NLRP3/IL-1β inhibition by short hairpin RNA or MCC950 effectively overcame oxaliplatin resistance. Furthermore, NLRP3/IL-1β inhibition resulted in reduced expression of PD-L1. We also found that PD-L1 antibody combined with NLRP3/IL-1β blockade displayed significant antitumor effect in HCC. Overall, our study provides compelling evidence supporting the essential role of NLRP3/IL-1β in conferring resistance to oxaliplatin and reshaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment in HCC. Targeting NLRP3/IL-1β presents a potential therapeutic target for overcoming oxaliplatin resistance and reshaping microenvironment of HCC.

The Tautomerase Activity of Tumor Exosomal MIF Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression by Modulating MDSC Differentiation.

Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease that is largely resistant to immunotherapy, in part because of the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Much evidence suggests that tumor-derived exosomes (TDE) contribute to the immunosuppressive activity mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) within the pancreatic cancer TME. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, we report that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in TDEs has a key role in inducing MDSC formation in pancreatic cancer. We identified MIF in both human and murine pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes. Upon specific shRNA-mediated knockdown of MIF, the ability of pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes to promote MDSC differentiation was abrogated. This phenotype was rescued by reexpression of the wild-type form of MIF rather than a tautomerase-null mutant or a thiol-protein oxidoreductase-null mutant, indicating that both MIF enzyme activity sites play a role in exosome-induced MDSC formation in pancreatic cancer. RNA sequencing data indicated that MIF tautomerase regulated the expression of genes required for MDSC differentiation, recruitment, and activation. We therefore developed a MIF tautomerase inhibitor, IPG1576. The inhibitor effectively inhibited exosome-induced MDSC differentiation in vitro and reduced tumor growth in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model, which was associated with decreased numbers of MDSCs and increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the TME. Collectively, our findings highlight a pivotal role for MIF in exosome-induced MDSC differentiation in pancreatic cancer and underscore the potential of MIF tautomerase inhibitors to reverse the immunosuppressive pancreatic cancer microenvironment, thereby augmenting anticancer immune responses.

EXTH-11. ADOPTIVE CELLULAR THERAPY OVERCOMES GLIOMA IMMUNE ESCAPE BY DISRUPTING MDSC PROLIFERATION AND RECRUITMENT

Abstract INTRODUCTION Our group has previously shown that adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) significantly extends survival in models of medulloblastoma, brain stem glioma, and glioblastoma. Further, ACT significantly decreases myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), suggesting that ACT may ameliorate glioma-mediated immunosuppression. We hypothesize that ACT-mediated reduction of MDSCs is driven by cell proliferation and recruitment mechanisms, but these mechanisms have not been defined. In this study, we quantified the proportions and cell cycle states of MDSCs in the TME and peripheral lymphoid tissues as well as chemokines in serum to determine how ACT affects MDSC recruitment. METHODS ACT was performed in C57BL/6J mice bearing a syngeneic high-grade glioma derived from KR158B-luciferase cell line. The treatment platform included total body irradiation, hematopoietic stem cell rescue, total tumor ribonucleic acid (ttRNA) electroporated dendritic cells, and tumor-reactive T cells. Following ACT completion, we evaluated the proportions and cell cycle states of MDSCs using flow cytometry. Bromodeoxyuridine (BRDU) and 7-aminoactinomycin (7-AAD) defined cell cycle phases. Serum chemokines were measured using a membrane-based sandwich immunoassay. RESULTS We replicated our previous findings that ACT reduces the level of MDSCs in the TME. Additionally, ACT significantly decreased the proportion of MDSCs in S-phase in the TME. Conversely, levels of MDSCs in peripheral lymphoid tissue were significantly increased in mice treated with ACT, with a significant increase of MDSCs in S-phase. Analysis of serum chemokines revealed significant decreases in multiple chemokines implicated in MDSC recruitment such as CXCL13 and CXCL16. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that ACT decreases proliferation and chemotactic recruitment of MDSCs to the TME, which may also explain MDSC accumulation peripheral lymphoid tissue in ACT-treated mice. These immune mechanisms likely contribute to ACT’s efficacy against brain cancer, preventing tumor immune escape, and offer new therapeutic targets for optimizing cellular immunotherapies.

E3 ligase TRIM28 promotes anti-PD-1 resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by enhancing the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

BackgroundAlterations in several tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) family proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. TRIM28, a member of the TRIM E3 ligase family, has been associated with tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, and inflammation. However, little is known about TRIM28 expression and its role in the immune microenvironment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsWe assessed the clinical significance of TRIM28 in tissue microarrays and TCGA cohorts. We investigated the function of TRIM28 in syngeneic mouse tumor models, the KrasLSL−G12D/+; Tp53fl/fl (KP) mouse model, and humanized mice. Immune cell composition was analyzed using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.ResultsOur findings revealed a positive correlation between TRIM28 expression and the infiltration of suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in NSCLC. Moreover, silencing TRIM28 enhanced the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy by reshaping the inflamed tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that TRIM28 could physically interact with receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and promote K63-linked ubiquitination of RIPK1, which is crucial for sustaining activation of the NF-κB pathway. Mutagenesis of the E3 ligase domain corroborated the essential role of E3 ligase activity in TRIM28-mediated NF-κB activation. Further experiments revealed that TRIM28 could upregulate the expression of CXCL1 by activating NF-κB signaling. CXCL1 could bind to CXCR2 on MDSCs and promote their migration to the tumor microenvironment. TRIM28 knockdown increased responsiveness to anti-PD-1 therapy in immunocompetent mice, characterized by increased CD8+T tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and decreased MDSCs.ConclusionThe present study identified TRIM28 as a promoter of chemokine-driven recruitment of MDSCs through RIPK1-mediated NF-κB activation, leading to the suppression of infiltrating activated CD8+T cells and the development of anti-PD-1 resistance. Understanding the regulation of MDSC recruitment and function by TRIM28 provides crucial insights into the association between TRIM28 signaling and the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. These insights may inform the development of combination therapies to enhance the effectiveness of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in NSCLC.

THU475 Ovarian Tumor-cell Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity Modulates Cytokine Secretion Promoting Recruitment And Activation of Immunosuppressive Cells Into The Tumor Microenvironment

Abstract Disclosure: M. Taya: None. E. LeBlanc: None. L. Bennett: None. S.D. Conzen: None. Elevated levels of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) circulate in the peripheral blood or infiltrate both tumors and ascites in ovarian cancer patients, however the cause for this observed phenotype is unknown. MDSCs contribute to tumor immune tolerance primarily via inhibition of cytotoxic T-cells or by activation of immunosuppressive T-regulatory cells. We previously showed that high tumor cell glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression is associated with a relatively poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. Additionally, using primary tumor data retrieved from the ovarian cancer TCGA dataset, we show high tumor GR expression is associated with significantly higher expression of Foxp3, a marker of immunosuppressive T-regulatory cells, as well as CD33, a marker of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, further suggesting an immunosuppressive phenotype in ovarian cancer patients. We thus hypothesize that tumor-intrinsic GR activation in ovarian cancer is associated with increased MDSC infiltration into the tumor microenvironment partly due to the modulation of tumor cell cytokine secretion. To determine whether tumor-cell GR activation modulates the cytokine secretome, we previously showed that GR activation in ovarian cancer cells upregulates secretion of immunomodulatory factors including G-CSF, TGFb and CXCL5. Moreover, co-treatment of cells with a selective GR modulator (SGRM) reverses this effect. Preliminary gene expression data indicate GR mediated cytokine secretion and signaling may involve post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms. Considering that elevated levels of these cytokines are necessary for the production and recruitment of MDSCs, these data highlight the relevance of this evident glucocorticoid receptor-cytokine circuit in ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, we show that this tumor-cell cytokine secretome has the capacity to promote differentiation of MDSCs from precursor myeloid cells in healthy PBMCs. Importantly, measuring expression of activation markers such as Arginase-1 and NOS2 illustrated that these MDSCs are in their functional state. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that a nuclear receptor in ovarian cancer tumor cells is actively driving MDSC differentiation. Finally, employing ovarian cancer xenograft models as well as a syngeneic ID8 tumor model, treatment with SGRMs demonstrated reduced levels of circulating MDSCs in the peripheral blood as well as tumor infiltrated MDSCs. Using neutralizing antibodies for cytokines, we will now identify key mechanisms, specifically, which targetable immunomodulatory factors are contributing to immune suppression. Based on the insight provided by these data, we propose to determine whether targeting ovarian tumor cell-intrinsic GR activation and resulting MDSC infiltration contributes to improved anti-tumor immune response. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

The Effect of MDSC-Derived Exosomes Played in Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma Cells after Ionizing Radiation

Radiotherapy is the main treatment for esophageal cancer. Previous studies have shown that radiotherapy not only kills tumor cells directly, but also reshapes the immune microenvironment of the tumor. It has been reported an increase in the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) can occur in tumor tissue after ionizing radiation. Exosomes are mediators of intercellular information exchange and are also involved in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we wanted to understand whether MDSC in esophageal cancer tissue are involved in the regulation of tumor cell response to ionizing radiation via exosomes. KYSE-150 was used to construct a subcutaneous transplantation tumor model in nude mice. And then mice irradiated with 5 Gy×5fx and 0 Gy×5fx respectively. After irradiation, the spleens of the mice were used to isolate MDSC, and collect the cell supernatants to extract the exosomes. Based on the exosomes, we divided the experiment into three groups (control, exosomes, exosomes+radiation). Exosomes were injected into a nude mouse model of esophageal cancer via the tail vein or co-cultured with KYSE-150 cells. Mice were irradiated with a 5 Gy×5fx after completion of injection, and KYSE-150 cells were irradiated with a single dose 4 Gy. After radiation, KYSE-150 cells were used to detect cell cloning, apoptosis and cell cycle by flow cytometry, cell proliferation by CCK 8. XRCC4,XRCC5,XRCC6,γH2AX,ATM expression in cells and tumor tissue were measured by Western blot and RT-PCR. The tumor volume was significantly reduced after 5 Gy x 5fx radiation. When exosomes co-cultured with KYSE-150 cells, decrease in apoptosis and increase in cell cloning and cell proliferation were found in the exosomes+radiation group and exosomes group after radiation when compared with the control group, with this change being more pronounced in the exosome+radiation group. The results of the cell cycle assay showed that after ionizing radiation, the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase was significantly lower, and the proportion of cells in the S and G2/M phases were significantly higher in the exosomes+radiation group and exosomes group when compared to the Control group. The protein and mRNA expression of XRCC4,XRCC5,XRCC6,γH2AX,ATM in cells were increased in exosomes+radiation group and exosomes group after radiation when compared with the control group, with this change being more obvious in the exosome+radiation group. After irradiation, tumor volumes were measured in nude mice and the results showed that exosomes+radiation group tumors were the largest in volume, while the control group regressed most significantly after irradiation. MDSC-derived exosomes have a tumor growth-promoting effect in esophageal squamous carcinoma, which is enhanced by ionizing radiation, and this may be related to the accelerated repair of damage in tumor tissue after radiation.