Percentage Of Mycorrhizal Colonization Research Articles

Benefits of Canavalia ensiformis, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and mineral fertilizer management in tobacco production

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) has long been vital to Cuban agriculture, with its products renowned for their quality. Cuban tobacco is grown in soils with a long history of continuous farming using traditional fertilization methods characterized by recommended doses of mineral fertilizers. This study aims to improve the nutrition resource strategy in tobacco cultivation to ensure high yields of superior-grade tobacco leaves with adequate quality and increase fertilization efficiency. With this goal, a field experiment evaluated the traditional method of fallow with alternatives of nutrient supply systems for the production of black tobacco in Ultic Paleustalf soils. The experiment utilized Canavalia ensiformis (Can) treated with a mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF) based on the Glomus cubense strain (INCAM-4) as a preceding green manure, combined with successive mineral fertilizations for tobacco during four growing seasons in a randomized block design with factorial arrangement. Canavalia presented a positive response to mycorrhizal inoculation, significantly increasing dry biomass production (87.34%, 129.96%), mycorrhizal colonization (26.90%, 103.66%), and spore production (26.79%, 52.52%) for Can and Can+AMF treatments respectively. A biplot analysis established a strong relationship between the biomass and mycorrhizal performance of Canavalia and the growth, yield, and mycorrhizal colonization of tobacco. The results indicate that inoculated Canavalia enhances mycorrhizal performance in successional tobacco, with Can+AMF significantly increasing mycorrhization of tobacco roots by (110.06%). Moreover, the combination of Can inoculate with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dose consistently produced the highest tobacco yields (42.06%), growth, and mycorrhizal activity across the four years while maintaining satisfactory combustibility. In this nutrition supply system, variations of the recommended fertilizer dose significantly decreased the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. After four growing seasons using Can + AMF and Canavalia without inoculations, soil organic matter, and availability of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and pH increased slightly without decreasing available phosphorus and potassium contents. Consequently, we conclude that Canavalia ensiformis, with an inoculum based on the Glomus cubense strain and 75% of the recommended dose of mineral fertilizers, provides an enhanced nutrition alternative system for black tobacco production.

Exploring the Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbology on the Antioxidant Potential of Liverwort Asterella multiflora: A Comprehensive Study on Rhizoid and Thallus Anatomy

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a vital ecological interaction between plants and fungi that enhances nutrient uptake and plant resilience. While extensively studied in vascular plants, AM symbiosis in liverworts remains relatively unexplored. Six populations of Asterella multiflora were collected throughout the year to scan for arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and enzymatic antioxidant activity. Percent mycorrhizal colonization was measured in smooth as well as tuberculated rhizoids. Anatomical detail of the thallus was also observed. Arbuscules were observed in the cells of the storage zone of the thallus. Enzymatic antioxidant activities, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APOX) and glutathione reductase activity (GR) were calculated. Maximum enzyme activity was observed in ascorbate peroxidase, which calculated 1.92-2.09 UA/mg protein, while catalase showed minimum activity of 0.01 UA/mg protein. A positive correlation was observed between enzyme activities and percent mycorrhizal colonization. This study delves into AM symbiosis in liverworts, focusing on Asterella multiflora and investigates the impact of AM colonization on enzymatic antioxidant activities, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), catalase (CAT) ascorbate peroxidase activity (APOX) and glutathione reductase activity (GR). Antioxidants play a crucial role in stress tolerance and plant health, making them central to understanding the implications of symbiotic relationships.

Mitigating the effects of water-deficit stress on potato growth and photosynthesis using mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria

AbstractBiofertilizers, such as arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), have been reported to enhance plant growth under water stress conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different biofertilizers on potato photosynthesis and growth under water deficit stress. The experiment was conducted over two crop years (2019 and 2020) using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four irrigation intervals (70, 90, 110 and 130 mm of cumulative evaporation) and six biofertilizer treatments (PSB, Funneliformis mosseae [FM], Rhizoglomus fasciculatum [RF], PSB + FM, PSB + RF and no use) were applied. Severe moisture stress (130 mm evaporation) compared to no stress (70 mm evaporation) increased substomatal carbon dioxide concentration. The application of biofertilizers improved tuber yield under severe moisture stress, with FM showing the highest increase (62.9%), followed by RF (59.8%) and PSB (48.4%). The use of PSB along with mycorrhizae led to a significant decrease in mycorrhizal colonization percentage at all irrigation levels. The highest percentage of colonization and net photosynthesis was obtained from the application of both mycorrhizal species under irrigation conditions after 70 mm of evaporation. The application of PSB alone resulted in a 14.6% increase in the transpiration rate, additionally, the use of mycorrhiza led to an 18.7% increase in stomatal conductivity compared to no-biofertilizer. The results suggest that the simultaneous use of PSB and mycorrhizae can be effective in mild moisture stress, but in severe moisture stress, the use of mycorrhizal species alone is more effective.

Co-inoculation of Azospirillum with mycorrhizal fungi in the cultivation of wheat in soils contaminated with copper

Copper is a micronutrient essential for plant growth since it is part of the constitution of enzymes and proteins. However, it can become toxic to plants when in high concentrations in the soil. The association between microorganisms and plants is an alternative for reducing the negative effects of excess copper on plants. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of inoculation and co-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Azospirillum brasilense in a wheat crop grown on soil contaminated with copper. The experimental design used was entirely randomized in a bifactorial arrangement of 5 x 2, with five sources of inocula, (Azospirillum brasilense; Acaulospora colombiana; Gigaspora margarita; Acaulospora colombiana + Azospirillum brasilense; Gigaspora margarita + Azospirillum brasilense;), two doses of copper (0 = natural soil content and 400 mg kg-1), and eight replicates. We evaluated the height of plants, number of tillers, root length, root volume, dry root mass, specific surface area, average root diameter, copper content in the root, straw and grain, productivity, and percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. The inoculation with A. brasilense increases the number of tillers, plant height, and productivity compared to mycorrhizal fungi. The co-inoculation of these microorganisms does not contribute positively to these evaluated parameters, regardless of the dose of Cu applied to the soil. Co-inoculation of A. brasilense with mycorrhizal fungi does not reduce copper in the aerial part of wheat plants, regardless of the evaluated species, even in soil contaminated with copper.

Coordination among root exudation C, mycorrhizal colonization, and functional traits and their responses to drought in five temperate tree species

Root exudation and mycorrhizal colonization are two critical “outsourcing” strategies for tree nutrients exploitation. Quantifying the plasticity of these two processes under water stress and their coordination with root morphological and chemical traits is important for understanding of the tree adaptations to drought. Here, we carried out a short-term rainfall exclusion experiment in a common garden with five temperate tree species in northeast China, and quantified the co-variation of root exudation carbon (C), mycorrhizal colonization, and four morphological and four chemical traits in response to drought. Root exudation C was positively correlated with resource-acquisitive root morphological traits (specific root length and area), but negatively correlated with resource-conservative ones (root diameter and tissue density). Percentage of mycorrhizal colonization decreased as increasing root non-structural C concentration but was weakly correlated with the root morphological traits. Drought increased root diameter, tissue density, nitrogen concentration, exudation C, and mycorrhizal colonization, but decreased non-structural C concentration, and specific root length and area. However, tree species and mycorrhizal types had weak effects on the responses of fine root traits to drought. Overall, our findings suggest that drought promotes resource-conservative root traits for hydraulic safety but increases root resource acquisition by “outsourcing” processes, i.e., increased C investments in rhizosphere microbes (through root exudation C) and mycorrhizal collaboration.

The Use of Compost Tea in a Containerized Urban Tree Nursery Shows No Evident Benefits to Tree Growth or Mycorrhizal Colonization

Compost tea is a liquid organic amendment that has been reported to benefit plant growth and performance through positive effects on microbial communities and plant nutrition. However, few studies have demonstrated this for containerized plants produced in tree nurseries. Five common urban tree species (Acer negundo, Corymbia maculata, Ficus platypoda, Hymenosporum flavum, Jacaranda mimosifolia) were grown in a containerized experiment to investigate the effects of compost tea application on tree growth and root mycorrhizal colonization over six months. The microbial composition of compost tea was also determined with 16S (bacteria) and ITS1 (fungi) metabarcoding. No significant positive effect of compost tea on plant growth or root mycorrhizal colonization was observed. Roots of all tree species were colonized by one type of mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizae (ECM), or vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM). However, no relationship between the mycorrhizal colonization percentage and plant growth was detected. Thus, there was no evidence that a once-off application of compost tea had benefits for mycorrhizal colonization and growth of containerized trees in a nursery setting. Further research is needed to investigate whether any benefit from compost tea is evident once containerized trees are planted into urban landscapes where growth conditions may be more challenging.

Improving the quality of media and Robusta coffee seedlings with mycorrhizal (AMF) and rock phosphate

The quality of the nursery media is very important to producing healthy and good Robusta coffee seeds. This study aims to improve the quality of media and Robusta coffee seedlings by the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rock-phosphate (RP). The AMF as the first factor consisted of four levels, namely 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/polybag, while the second factor RP consisted of four levels, namely 0, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.75 g/polybag. Each treatment was repeated three times and the whole treatments were arranged according to a completely factorial randomized block design. The seedling in a nursery was planted in the polybag and placed in a screen house with 20% shade. Each polybag is contained 10 kg of Podzolic soil (Ultisols) which was collected in Keumala sub-district, Pidie, Aceh. Before being transferred to polybags, seedlings were planted on Rockwall media. After 90 days after planting (DAP), the soil was dismantled for analysis. Indicators of soil quality from the media nursery analyzed included pH, organic C, available P, and exchangeable K. The parameters of seedling growth measured were plant height, number of leaves, and mycorrhizal colonization percentage at 90 DAP. The results of the experiment showed that there was an interaction effect between mycorrhizae (AMF) and RP application. The application of AMF and RP can improve the quality of Robusta coffee seedling media, indicated by the significant effect on soil pH H2O, available P, and the number of leaves. The best combination application was generally obtained from AMF 15 g/polybag and RP 2.50 g/polybag treatment.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provides enhanced development and reduced mite incidence in Phaseolus vulgaris L. by direct root colonization and via the common mycorrhizal network

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important to agriculture due to positive effects on development and resistance to attack by herbivores in agricultural crops. AMF can affect a single plant by directly colonizing its roots and two or more plants through the common mycorrhizal network (CMN). This work aimed to analyze the influence of AMF on the development of Phaseolus vulgaris and on the incidence of the mite Tetranychus urticae in bean plants colonized directly by mycorrhizal propagules or linked by the CMN. The root systems of two plants were either separated by an impassable barrier so that one or both plants could be colonized by the mycorrhizal propagules without forming the RMC, or they were separated by a steel mesh that allowed the outer hyphae of the AMF on the roots of one of the plants to colonize the non-mycorrhizal roots of the other plant and form the RMC. The mite infestation occurred first on one plant and at the end of the experiment on all. Percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, dry mass of aerial part and roots, number of reproductive structures and mite incidence were analyzed. The colonization by the mycorrhizal propagules and the hyphae of the MRC positively influenced the vegetative and reproductive development of P. vulgaris and resulted in lower mite incidence on the leaflets of the plants. Therefore, direct colonization of P. vulgaris roots by AMFs and via CMR improves plant development and resistance of bean plants to T. urticae mite infestation.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote photosynthesis in Antirrhinum majus L. under low-temperature and weak-light conditions

Low-temperature and weak-light conditions have major effects on the growth and flower quality of horticultural plants. A greenhouse pot experiment was performed to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Funneliformis mosseae and Glomus versiforme) on the growth, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) under low-temperature and weak-light stress. The growth and biomass of snapdragon were higher following inoculation with F. mosseae and G. versiforme compared with control plants. The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization and root activity were high in A. majus plants with AMF. AMF inoculation enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency of plants under low-temperature and weak-light conditions. Furthermore, the chlorophyll content, potential activity of photosystem II (PSII), effective photochemistry quantum efficiency of PSII, actual photochemical quantum efficiency of PSII, and photochemical quenching coefficient were higher in AMF-inoculated plants than in uninoculated plants. The application of AMF reduced the intercellular CO2 concentration and non-photochemical quenching coefficient. Thus, snapdragon plants treated with F. mosseae and G. versiforme are more resistant to low-temperature and weak-light stress than untreated plants.

Lianas have a faster resource acquisition strategy than trees: Below‐ground evidence from root traits, phylogeny and the root economics space

Abstract The competitive advantage of lianas over trees has been widely documented in studies of their leaf functional traits across diverse habitats; however, the relative contribution of root functional traits to the competitive superiority of lianas over trees has not yet been evaluated. The aim of this study was to explore the root functional traits, phylogenetic structure of these traits and root trait dimensions of lianas to clarify why lianas can outperform trees. We sampled 69 liana species from tropical and temperate forests in China and measured nine key functional traits of first‐order roots of each species, including morphological, architectural, anatomical and chemical traits, as well as the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. Data on these traits were then compared with similar data of 127 tree species from the same biome obtained from the Global Root Traits (GRooT) database and our previous studies. Liana roots had lower construction costs and could acquire resources more rapidly compared with tree roots. Significant differences were observed in most tree root traits between tropical and temperate sites. However, no significant differences were observed in any of the liana root traits between tropical and temperate sites, apart from the root branching ratio. Lianas showed much weaker phylogenetic conservatism in their root traits than trees when species were pooled across sites. Phylogenetic constraint was lower for nearly all root traits of both temperate lianas and trees compared with those of tropical lianas and trees. The root economics space of lianas and trees had two orthogonal dimensions with ‘conservation’ and ‘collaboration’ axes. However, lianas occupied the trait space with higher root nitrogen concentration and greater specific root length, showing ‘fast’ resource acquisition strategy, while trees placed opposite space and exhibited relatively ‘slow’ strategy. Synthesis. The ability of lianas to outcompete trees in harsh environments might be explained by their faster resource acquisition strategy and the lower phylogenetic constraint in root traits. Generally, lianas might play an increasingly important role in the structure and function of forest ecosystems in the future with ongoing habitat fragmentation and climate change.

Effect of Glomus intraradices spore abundance of the inoculum on percent mycorrhizal colonization and growth of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are well known symbiotic microorganism found to improve the growth of host plant by mobilizing immobile nutrients, mainly phosphorus, from the soil. However, the effect of AM fungi on host plant growth depends on the percentage mycorrhizal colonization, whereas it is not clear that the percent mycorrhization impacts by AM fungal spore abundance of the inoculum. Therefore, the current investigation was conducted to know the effect of percent mycorrhization of Glomus intraradices on the growth of blackgram inoculated with varied numbers of AM fungal spores via seed biotization (1 to 10 AM fungal spores per seed). Percent mycorrhizal colonization and plant growth characteristics of blackgram were recorded after 10, 20 and 30 days of sowing (DOS). Our results are revealed that the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization significantly influenced based on the availability of AM fungal spore richness of the biotized seeds, which leads to altered crop growth. Percent mycorrhizal colonization in the roots of blackgram increased with increasing AM fungal spore abundance per seed and it ranges from 10 to 70 %. Moreover, mycorrhizal colonized plants recorded higher shoot and root length, leaf area, leaf area index, shoot and root biomass production as well as chlorophyll content over control, conversely it was increased further with increasing percent mycorrhizal colonization, which is directly proportional to the richness of the AM fungal spores per seed. Therefore, AM fungal spore abundance is one of the governing factors that influence percent mycorrhizal colonization in roots of plants besides AM fungal and plant species and soil condition.

The Role of Inoculation with Glomus macrocarpum and Saprophytic Fungi on Growth of Wheat Plant Grown in Addition with Olive Mill Residues

This study was carried out to test the influence of olive mill dry residue (DOR), Aqueous extraction (ADOR) and (SDOR) fraction treated with saprobe fungi on growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants colonized by G. macrocarpum.These fungal genera Aspergillus niger and Penicillium crustaceum were reported to possess the ability of detoxifying by degrading its phenolic compounds found in olive mill dry residue (ADOR and SDOR) ) fraction . The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization by G. macrocarpum strongly decreased in presence of DOR, but the level of AMF colonization likewise increased in presence of ADOR or SDOR. Our study demonstrates that, in controlled conditions, The use of certain saprobe and AM fungi allows the possibility of using DOR as an organic fertilizer.

Mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate fertilization in the production of Euterpe edulis seedlings

The present study evaluated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on growth and nutrition of Euterpe edulis seedlings, supplemented or not with phosphate fertilization. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. The randomized block design, consisted of a 3x2 factorial arrangement and 4 replicates, with two phosphorus doses (0 and 50 mg dm-3 of soil), two microbiological treatments (Rhizophagus clarus; laroideoglomus etunicatum; R. clarus + C. etunicatum) and control (without fungus). Sowing and inoculation occurred concurrently in 2 kg plastic bags. Height, collar diameter, leaf area, dry shoot mass, macronutrient content and mycorrhizal colonization percentage were determined after 226 days. Regarding mycorrhizal colonization percentage, R. clarus resulted significantly beneficial for the production of E. edulis seedlings. In the absence of phosphate fertilization, R. clarus and mixed inoculum increased all biometric variables and macronutrient contents in seedlings. Therefore, it is concluded that AMF inoculations provide beneficial effects for growth and nutrition of E. edulis seedlings, resulting in more vigorous plants at a low-cost strategy. Highlights: Rhizophagus clarus resulted significantly beneficial for the production of E. edulis seedlings and in the absence of phosphate fertilization, and mixed inoculum ( clarus + Claroideoglomus etunicatum) increased all biometric variables and macronutrient contents in seedlings. The AMF inoculations provide beneficial effects for growth and nutrition of E. edulis seedlings, resulting in more vigorous plants at a low-cost strategy. The AMF, a biological agent of mutualistic associations with plants, constitutes an innovative approach to sustainable agriculture, contributing to increase plant survival rate, a key-factor for the successful reintroduction and conservation of E. edulis, as well as for its commercial exploitation.

Development of mycorrhizal soybean grown in copper-contaminated soil

High concentrations of copper in the soil are toxic to the development of plants and microorganisms. The aim of this study was to select arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi efficient for the development and yield of soybeangrown in copper-contaminated soil. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with a 7 × 4 factorial arrangement corresponding to seven rates of copper (0, 80, 160, 240, 320, 400, and 480 mg kg-1 of soil) and four inocula (uninoculated control and three mycorrhizal fungi, namely, Acaulospora colombiana, Dentiscutata heterogama and Rhizophagus clarus), in seven replicates. Shoot height; collar diameter; number of grains per plant; shoot and root-system dry mass; leaf area; specific root surface; copper content and accumulation in the shoots, roots, and grain; chlorophyll parameters; and mycorrhizal colonization percentage were evaluated. Inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Acaulospora colombiana, Dentiscutata heterogama and Rhizophagus clarus increases the phenological and physiological parameters of soybean and its yield when grown in soil contaminated with up to 480 mg kg-1 of copper applied to the soil. The Rhizophagus clarus isolate provides greater development and yield in soybean grown in soil contaminated with up to 480 mg kg-1 of copper applied to the soil, as compared with the other isolates.

Mycorrhizal dependency and growth response of A. chinensis (Osbeck) Merrill and Pongamia pinnata (L.) pierre in soil media with low pH and high aluminium

Silica sand post mining has low nutrient soil, acidic soil pH (3.2), hight Al content (7.70 cmol/kg) which are the limiting factors of plant growth. Therefore, soil quality might be improved by the addition of soil ameliorant and fertilizer application. MycoSilvi is consortium of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi and Mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHBs). This study was aimed to analyze the dependence of plants against FMA contained in MycoSilvi. There are three variants of MycoSilvi, both single or in combination with soil ameliorant to enhance Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merrill and Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre growth. The research design was a factorial sheme with two factors, MycoSilvi (M) consists of four levels (M0=Without MycoSilvi, M1=MycoSilvi variant 1, M2 = MycoSilvi variant 2 and M3 = MycoSilvi variant 3) and Soil ameliorant (LC) consisting of four levels (L0C0 = Without soil ameliorant, L1C0 = Lime, L0C1 = Compost, L1C1 = Lime and Compost). Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Dry weight of shoot and root, top root ratio, percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, growth response and the relative dependence of mycorrhiza were observed after 12 weeks of planting. The results showed that combination of MycoSilvi and soil ameliorant can made dry weight of a shoot, root and top root ratio better than all treatment. Whereas the best growth response and mycorrhiza dependency was shown in MycoSilvi variant 3 without lime and compost (M3L0C0). The results showed that A. chinensis and P. pinnata plants had a high degree of dependence on FMA for their life force.

Mycorrhizal Inoculation and Chemical Fertilizer Interactions in Pineapple under Field Conditions

Excessive inorganic fertilizers applied to pineapple crops in Mexico cause the progressive degradation and pollution of soils in the short- and long-term, and they also increase production costs. An alternative to reduce excessive fertilization is its partial substitution by nutrition and growth enhancing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The goal of this research was to compare the effect of AMF inoculation combined with different fertilizer doses and full chemical fertilization on pineapple yield variables in a commercial plantation. We used a randomized block design with six treatments: a non-inoculated control with 100% chemical fertilization, and five treatments with AMF inoculation and fertilization doses of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% chemical fertilization. There were four replicates of each treatment containing 30 plants in each experimental unit (plot). We measured the dry weight of the D-leaf 9 months after planting, and the root mycorrhizal colonization percentage, yield, and fruit quality after 18 months. Mycorrhizal inoculation equated to 100% chemical fertilization already when combined with 25% fertilization and surpassed it when combined with 50% fertilization in most of the yield variables measured. The fruit mass and organoleptic variables were significantly higher in mycorrhizal plants with 50% fertilization than in the non-inoculated control and the treatments inoculated with AMF and combined with 0%, 25%, 75%, and 100% of a dose of chemical fertilizer. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi in the field could reduce chemical fertilizer application by 50%, with no yield loss and with improved fruit quality.

Pengaruh Inokulasi Glomus mosseae terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Artemisia cina Berg ex Poljakov

Artemisia cina is a wild herbaceous plant that has secondary metabolites as a source of antioxidants. The addition of mycorrhizal species Glomus mosseae can increase the antioxidant activity of plants Artemisia cina. This study aims to determine the effect of mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae on the growth and content of antioxidant compounds in Artemisia cina. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD), with four levels of treatment, namely: media without G. mosseae (control), media with G. mosseae 5,10 and 15 g with 5 replications for each treatment. Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, 5th leaf length and width, wet and dry weight, root length, percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, chlorophyll content, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenols were also observed. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method. The results showed that the treatment Glomus mosseae with a dose of 15 g was significantly different from the control on plant growth parameters, number of leaves, root length, wet weight and dry weight of plants, and percentage of mycorrhizal colonization in plants. Treatment of Glomus mosseae 15 g on the test results of antioxidant compounds also showed the highest content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, phenols and flavonoids from the statistical test results found in the 15 g treatment, respectively, namely 6,405 g/ml; 0.766 g/ml; 70.9 g/ml; and 335 g/ml had a significant difference to the control treatment. While the results of the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method showed that the control treatment had the highest antioxidant activity with an ICvalue50 of 9,494 g/ml. The results showed that the mycorrhizal species of G. mosseae increased the growth and content of antioxidant compounds inplants A. cina.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization Status in Selected Alien Invasive Plants of Asteraceae

Invasive alien plants tend to grow much faster than non-invasive plants. The colonization by AM fungi is confirmed by the presence of mycorrhizal structures in the roots of invasive plants. The pattern of hyphae and arbuscules denotes Arum and Paris type of AM fungal morphology. The most common and abundant invasive plants from Asteraceae family were selected for the study. Ageratum conyzoides, Mikania micrantha, Ageratum haustonianum and Bidens Pilosa were selected and eventually showed that they have a high percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. Arum type of morphology is found in three of the plant species and Paris type of morphology is found in one of the species. The extent of AM fungal colonization is fairly high ranging from 60% to 90% among the studied plants. The percentage of arbuscular colonization is highest in Bidens pilosa and the percentage of vesicle and hyphal colonization is highest in Ageratum conyzoides.

EKSPLORASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI MIKORIZA DARI BERBAGAI MACAM VEGETASI PADA LAHAN AGROFORESTRY

Soil fertility degradation has been accelerated by the heavy use of inorganic fertilizers for a long time, especially in agroforestry lands of Sumbermanjing Wetan, Malang, East Java. This study was aimed to find out arbuscular mycorrhizae that can be used for improving soil fertility. This study was conducted by purposive random sampling continued by randomized block design with the measured variables were basal area, canopy, number of spores, percentage of root mycorrhizal colonization, soil pH, soil C-organic, available P, litterfall, and types of spores. The results showed that the most common type of spore found was Glomus sp. The spore populations depended on vegetation and were most commonly found in Albicia falcataria. The soil pH of agroforestry land ranged from 5.1 to 5.4, organic carbon content ranged from 3.43 to 4.04%, and available P content ranged from 7.7-9.9 kg P2O5 ha-1. Vegetation affected the soil physicochemical and biological properties.

Pinus greggii ENGELM.: RESPUESTA A LA INOCULACIÓN MICORRÍCICA CONTROLADA Y A LA FERTILIZACIÓN EN VIVERO

En México, la producción de planta de Pinus greggii Engelm. en vivero debe alcanzar estándares morfológicos y fisiológicos fijados por la Norma Mexicana para la Certificación de la Operación de Viveros Forestales (NMX-AA-170-SCFI-2016), donde destaca la nutrición y la presencia de micorrizas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento de Pinus greggii en la etapa de vivero, con base en la inoculación micorrícica con dos productos comerciales y el uso de un fertilizante de liberación controlada en dos dosis. La hipótesis fue que al menos una combinación del tipo de inoculante y dosis de fertilización, favorece el crecimiento de las plantas en proporción mayor. El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar con nueve tratamientos, los datos se analizaron con ANDEVA y las medias de los tratamientos se compararon con la prueba de Tukey. A los 11 meses de la siembra se analizaron variables morfológicas, índices de calidad, porcentaje de supervivencia y de micorrización; además, se caracterizaron las ectomicorrizas desarrolladas. La supervivencia varió de 64 a 99%, con los porcentajes mayores en los tratamientos inoculados solo con hongos nativos o exóticos. Las plantas mostraron diferencias significativas en las variables morfológicas; los tratamientos combinados, sin importar la dosis o tipo de inoculante, mostraron resultados mejores. El porcentaje de colonización micorrícica varió de 37 a 63%, y destacaron los tratamientos inoculados con esporas de hongos exóticos y fertilizados (en ambas dosis). La diversidad de esporas de hongos contenidos en los inoculantes comerciales no coincidió con las especies de hongos que establecieron simbiosis con P. greggii. En conclusión, la adición de fertilizante de liberación controlada e inoculación con productos comerciales dio como resultado una producción de planta de calidad.