Mycological Materials Research Articles

Enabling community-based metrology for wood-degrading fungi

BackgroundLignocellulosic biomass could support a greatly-expanded bioeconomy. Current strategies for using biomass typically rely on single-cell organisms and extensive ancillary equipment to produce precursors for downstream manufacturing processes. Alternative forms of bioproduction based on solid-state fermentation and wood-degrading fungi could enable more direct means of manufacture. However, basic methods for cultivating wood-degrading fungi are often ad hoc and not readily reproducible. Here, we developed standard reference strains, substrates, measurements, and methods sufficient to begin to enable reliable reuse of mycological materials and products in simple laboratory settings.ResultsWe show that a widely-available and globally-regularized consumer product (Pringles™) can support the growth of wood-degrading fungi, and that growth on Pringles™-broth can be correlated with growth on media made from a fully-traceable and compositionally characterized substrate (National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference Material 8492 Eastern Cottonwood Whole Biomass Feedstock). We also establish a Relative Extension Unit (REU) framework that is designed to reduce variation in quantification of radial growth measurements. So enabled, we demonstrate that five laboratories were able to compare measurements of wood-fungus performance via a simple radial extension growth rate assay, and that our REU-based approach reduced variation in reported measurements by up to ~ 75%.ConclusionsReliable reuse of materials, measures, and methods is necessary to enable distributed bioproduction processes that can be adopted at all scales, from local to industrial. Our community-based measurement methods incentivize practitioners to coordinate the reuse of standard materials, methods, strains, and to share information supporting work with wood-degrading fungi.

なまものと標本がつなぎ広げる菌類分類学 : 菌類資料の特徴とその活用(これからの標本室〜ハーバリウムの管理・運営や情報発信,利用に関する新しい流れ〜,日本植物分類学会第14回大会(福島)公開シンポジウム講演記録)

なまものと標本がつなぎ広げる菌類分類学 : 菌類資料の特徴とその活用(これからの標本室〜ハーバリウムの管理・運営や情報発信,利用に関する新しい流れ〜,日本植物分類学会第14回大会(福島)公開シンポジウム講演記録)

Condition of the prooxidant-antioxidant system of some strains of Basidiomycetes

The article deals with the calculation and comparison indications of the condition of the prooxidant-antioxidant system (PAS) of strains of Basidiomycetes under periodic surface cultivation on a glucose-peptone medium. The research material consisted of the mycelium and culture filtrate (CF) from 57 strains, 52 of them belonging to 7 species of the order Agaricales and 5 belonging to 5 species of the order Polyporales. The intensity of the processes of lipid peroxidation was determined by a modified spectrophotometric method for contents of active products to thiobarbituric acid. Total antioxidant activity (АОА) of the mycological material was evaluated by intensity of inhibition from accumulated products of lipid peroxide oxidation (LPO) in a model reaction of oxidation by Twin-80 oxygen of the air. From the data obtained, indicators of prooxidant activity (POA), indicators of reserve of substrate peroxidation (SPO) and the balance coefficient of the prooxidant-antioxidant system (CbPАS) were calculated. It was established that strains of Basidiomycetes are characterized by significant predominance of prooxidant activity characteristic of PAS in the culture filtrate in comparison with the mycelium indicator. The highest values of POA in the Culture Filtrate were observed on the 12-th day of cultivation for the strain Р-089 genus Pleurotus and strain Gl-2 genus Ganoderma, and for the mycelium on the 9-th day of cultivation for the strains Р-сіtr, Р-089, Р-er and Р-082 of the genus Pleurotus. There is a direct dependence between the indicators of POA in the CF and mycelium for each strain, this dependence and level of indication do not reflect their systematic placement. We distinguished a more significant prevalence of indicators of reserve of substrates peroxidation of mycelium for most strains, than for such indicators with CF The highest value of reserve SPO of mycelium was recorded for strains Р-447, Р-998, Р-039, Р-94, Р-2175, Р-сіtr, Р-er, D-140 of the genus Pleurotus and strains F-107, F-610 of the genus Flammulina. For the majority of the strains there was a clear prevalence of the values of the balance coefficients for PAS of mycelium over those of CF. Maximum values of the balance coefficient PAS of mycelium on the 9-th day were recorded for strains Т-10 (F. fomentarius) and D-140, Р-035, Р-01, Р-105 (P. ostreatus) and on the 12-th day for strains Sc-10 (S. commune), Р-kl, Р-14 (P. ostreatus), Р-er (P. eryngii) і 960 (A. cylindracea). The abovementioned strains are distinguished by the with high level of AOA in the mycelium on certain days of cultivation and can be recommended as producers of antioxidants of fungal origin.

ЗАГАЛЬНА АНТИОКСИДАНТНА АКТИВНІСТЬ ДЕЯКИХ ШТАМІВ БАЗИДІАЛЬНИХ ГРИБІВ В ДИНАМІЦІ РОСТУ

<p>The work is devoted to the study of total antioxidant activity (AOA) in the growth dynamics of basidiomycetes strains in their periodic surface cultivation on glucose-peptone medium. Subjects of research are mycelium and culture filtrate (CF) from 57 strains, 5 of which are belong to 5 types of Polyporales order, and 52 of which are belong to the 7 types of Agaricales order. In order to study the dynamics of growth used method for determining the weight of absolutely dry biomass accumulation (ADB). Total AOA of mycological material was evaluated by inhibition of lipid peroxidation products accumulation intensity in the model oxidation reaction of Tween-80 by air oxygen. It was found that the most productive in terms of the accumulation of ADB are strains <em>F. velutipes</em> F-610 and <em>P. eryngii</em> P-er. Lowest values of ADB accumulation recorded for strains <em>P. ostreatus</em> P-14 and P-192 and <em>P. citrinopileatus </em>P sіtr. Were selected the most productive strains of Basidiomycetes for the level of total AOA in mycelium and CF. There are strains <em>P. eryngii</em> P-er, <em>P. citrinopileatus</em> P sіtr, <em>P. ostreatus</em> P-035, <em>F. hepatica</em> Fh-08, <em>A. cylindracea</em> 960, <em>P. ostreatus </em>P-081, P-082, P-087, <em>P. citrinopileatus</em> P sіtr. Has not been established the dependence between the growth and the antioxidant activity of the 9- and 12-day fungal cultures. Selected producers of natural antioxidants may be used as biological agents in biotechnology.</p><p> </p>

СКРИНИНГ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ И ДИНАМИКА НАКОПЛЕНИЯ ПОЛИФЕНОЛЬНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ НЕКОТОРЫХ ВИДОВ БАЗИДИОМИЦЕТОВ

<p>The <strong><em>aim </em></strong>of the study was to investigate the total content of polyphenolic substances in Basidiomycetes carpophores from 50 species, of which 27 belong to the order <em>Polyporales</em> and 23 to the order <em>Agaricales</em>. Introduced 23 strains of 8 species of Basidiomycetes. <strong><em>Methods.</em></strong> Gathered wild carpophores dried and crushed to a particle size of 0,1 till 0,01 mm and searching strains were cultured in Erlenmeyyers flasks by surface method on standard glucose-peptone culture medium. Determination of total content of polyphenolic compounds was carried out in ethanol extracts of mycological material by a modified method of Folin-Chokalteu. Completely dry biomass of carpophores and mycelium was determined gravimetrically. <strong><em>Results.</em></strong> There was identified the species of polyporal fungi <em>Ganoderma applanatum</em>, <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em>, <em>Laetiporus sulphureus</em> and <em>Fomes fomentarius</em> and types of agarical mushrooms <em>Stropharia rugosoannulata</em>, <em>Agrocybe cylindracea</em>, <em>Tricholoma flavovirens</em>, <em>Flammulina velutipes</em>, <em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em> and <em>Fistulina hepatica</em> high in polyphenolic compounds. It was determined the content of polyphenols ranging from more than 60 mg / g completely dry biomass. For introduced strains established dynamics of growth and accumulation of polyphenolic compounds in the mycelium and culture filtrate during fermentation on glucose-peptone medium. All cultures reach a maximum accumulation of biomass on the 12th day of growth. <em>Shizophyllum commune</em> Sc-1101 and 10 and <em>F. velutipes </em>F-202 have been identified as the most productive strains. The lowest accumulation of absolutely dry biomass was recorded for strain <em>P. ostreatus</em> P-192 and strain <em>F. fomentarius</em> Ff-09. Cultures have investigated individual value growth such as biomass accumulation in the applied cultivation conditions, which probably reflects the suitability of the medium for their growth and genotypic characteristics. Strains are overwhelmingly able to accumulate polyphenolic compounds in both mycelium and culture fluid during the whole period of cultivation. Maximum content of polyphenols in the mycelium to 96%, and in the culture fluid - for 91% of strains coincided with the end of their term cultivation. Calculated correlation coefficient between the content of polyphenols in the mycelium and culture fluid showed that there is a very high positive correlation of 73.2%, a positive high at 17.4% and the average 4.5% of experiment data. <strong><em>Conclusion.</em></strong> The strains of species <em>Shizophyllum</em> <em>commune</em>, <em>Pleurotus ostreatus</em>, <em>Fistulina hepatica</em> and <em>Laetiporus sulphureus</em> were selected for further research in order to obtain polyphenols mycelial and extracellular origin.<em></em></p> <p><em>Key words:</em> <em>polyphenols, Basidiomycetes, carpophores, mycelium, cultural filtrate</em></p>

РЕГУЛЯЦІЯ СИНТЕЗУ ПОЛІФЕНОЛЬНИХ РЕЧОВИН ДЕЯКИМИ ШТАМАМИ БАЗИДІОМІЦЕТІВ

<p>The effect of specific carbon-containing compounds as additional components glucose-peptone medium (GPM), the intensity of the polyphenolic substances and carotenoids synthesis by some strains was investigated by surface cultivating basidiomycetes. The total content of polyphenolic substances set out in alcoholic extracts of the modified procedure by Folin-Chokalteu and in acetone carotenoids extracts of mycological material by spectrophotometric method and calculated by Vetshteyn formula. In GPM we used 13 carbonaceous components compounds belonging to mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides and carboxylic acids The effect of the 13 carbon-containing compounds on the accumulation of biomass, carotenoids and polyphenols Basidiomycetes strains <em>L. sulphureus</em> Ls-08, <em>F. fomentarius</em> Ff-1201 and <em>F. hepatica</em> Fh-18 was identified. For the purpose of inducing the synthesis of carotenoids by strains Ls-08 and Fh-18 may recommend changes in the standard GPS by fructose, and for strain Ff-1201 by sucrose. In order to induce synthesis of polyphenols strains Ff-1201 and Fh-18 to make appropriate standard GPS by mannose and for strain Ls-08 by sucrose.</p> <p><em>Keywords: Basidiomycetes, mycelium, culture filtrate, polyphenols, carotenoids</em></p>

THE TOTAL MELANINS CONTENT OF BASIDIOMYCETES ORDERS POLYPORALES AND AGARICALES

The aim of the study was to investigate the total content of melanin in carpophorus, mycelia and culture filtrate species of Basidiomycetes. Methods. Extraction of melanin mycological material carried by its alkali hydrolysis 2 N NaOH solution in the ratio of 1:10, followed by precipitation with concentrated HCl. The precipitate after the addition of hydrochloric acid dissolved in 5 ml of 2 N solution of NaOH. The total pigment content was determined by spectrophotometric method and were calculated using a calibration curve (by pyrocatechol). The melanin content in the culture filtrate was determined by the direct colorimetry CF. Results. The total melanin content in fruiting bodies of 50 species of Basidiomycetes, 27 of which are belonging to order Polyporales and 23 to order Agaricales was investigated. The comparative analysis on the basis of the obtained data showed the highest total melanin content in Ganoderma applanatum, Fistulina hepatica and Laetiporus sulfureus сarpophorus. Dynamics of growth and carotenoid synthesis in mycelium and cultural filtrate of 30 strains of 10 basidiomycetes species isolated in mycelial culture was studied on glucosepeptone medium. Conclusion. Selected strains of Fomes fomentarius and Lentinus edodes are promising for further studies to optimize the culture conditions for mycelial melanin origin.

E. J. H. Corner's mycological material transferred to E

SummaryWatling, R.: E. J. H. Corner's mycological material transferred to E. – Taxon 46: 366. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Prof E. J. H. Corner's mycological material has been transferred to the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.

An Easy Method for the Study of Simple Hyphales in Cultures

For several years I have been employing an easy method for the study of the morphological characteristics of Mucedineae, Dematiaceae and Mycelia sterilia in cultures, which has given me excellent results and to which I refer as follows. Said method is, in part, a perfection of the well-known drop culture of van Tieghem and Le Monnier, and, in part, of the Unna method, of dry culture.2 It has the advantage over the first one in that it is much easier, it does not produce contractions in the hyphae when it dries, and it does not alter in the least the form and disposition of the different organs. The minimum care required for an ordinary agar or gelatine culture is sufficient to guarantee against any contamination, which is not true of the drop culture method; the process of fixation, staining, mounting, etc, does not alter the position of the organs, and the mycological materials solidly attached to the cover glass are not wasted in the immersions and manipulations. It has the advantage over the Unna method (or the lames seches method of Beurmann and Gougerot) of allowing a much more ample development on the surface, and, later, securing more satisfactory results by allowing the use of solid nutrient media as desired, results difficult to obtain with the Unna method.