Mycoleptodiscus Indicus Research Articles

Characterization of bioactive compounds produced by endophytic fungi isolated from Gynura procumbens (Sambung Nyawa).

This research evaluates the bioactivity of twelve endophytic fungi successfully isolated and characterised from Gynura procumbens. The fungal extracts displayed inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi with the MIC and MBC of 5000µg/mL. High antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging assay with inhibition of 86.6% and IC50 value of 104.25 ± 18.51µg/mL were exhibited by ethyl acetate extract of Macrophomina phaseolina SN6. In contrast, the highest scavenging activity percentage of methanolic extract was exhibited by Mycoleptodiscus indicus SN4 (50.0%). Besides that, the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value of ethyl acetate and methanolic extract was recorded from M. phaseolina SN6 (239.9mg Fe (II)/g) and M. indicus SN4 (44.7mg Fe (II)/g), respectively. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of ethyl acetate and methanolic fungal extracts were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride, respectively. The highest TPC for ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts were exhibited by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides SN11 (87.0mg GAE/g) and M. indicus SN4 (35.0mg GAE/g), whereas the highest TFC of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts were showed by M. phaseolina SN6 (122.8mg QCE/g) and M. indicus SN4 (60.4mg QCE/g), respectively. Bioactive metabolites of isoelemicin (50.8%), terpinen-4-ol (21.5%), eucalyptol (24.3%), oleic acid (19.8%) and β-pinene (10.9%) were detected. Owing to the higher content of phytochemicals represented in the ethyl acetate extract of M. phaseolina, SN6 is therefore identified to be a superior candidate in exhibiting strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties be fit for further pharmaceutical studies.

Antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of metabolites from endophytic and soil fungi

BackgroundIncreased prevalence of high virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. kansasii require the development of new antimycobacterial drugs safe and more effective. And, in this context, endophytic fungi have been known as prominent sources of bioactive compounds. PurposeTo study the antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of six fungal metabolites: austdiol (1), austdiol diacetate (2), mycoleptone A (3) and eugenitin (4) isolated from cultures of endophyte Mycoleptodiscus indicus; emodin (5) from endophyte Penicillium citrinum and δ-lactam (6) from soil fungi Humicola grisea. MethodsAntimycobacterial activity against M. bovis BCG, M. tuberculosis and M. kansasii strains was evaluated using MTT method to determine the MIC50. The anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity assay were carried out in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. ResultsEmodin (5) was the most active compound against high virulent M. tuberculosis and M. kansasii strains exhibiting MIC50 of 8.2 ± 1.0 and 23.9 ± 0.9 μM respectively and against intracellular M. tuberculosis H37Rv growth (MIC50 of 6.5 ± 1.5 μM). Emodin inhibitory activity has been previously described only against extracellular M. tuberculosis strains. Azaphilones (1 and 3) also showed inhibitory activity against hypervirulent M. tuberculosis culture (MIC50 ≤ 40 μM) and intracellular growth (MIC50 ≤ 30 μM) whereas compounds 1 and 2 were active against high virulent M. kansassi strains (MIC50 ≤ 40 μM). Anti-inflammatory activity to inhibit NO, TNF-α and IL-1β production on LPS-stimulated macrophages was observed notably for austdiol (1) and emodin (5) with MIC50 ≤ 10 μM and good potential for compounds 2 and 3. ConclusionAzaphilone compounds (1, 2 and 3) and emodin (5) exhibiting both activities, antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory, being promising anti-TB agents for further investigations focusing on dual treatment of severe pulmonary TB and NMT infections associated to hyperinflammation.

Phytotoxicity Optimization of Fungal Metabolites Produced by Solid and Submerged Fermentation and its Ecotoxicological Effects

Research and commercial production of bioherbicides occur to a lesser extent compared to bioinsecticides and biofungicides. In order to contribute to developing new bioherbicides with low environmental impact, this study aimed to increase the phytotoxicity of metabolites of the fungus Mycoleptodiscus indicus UFSM 54 by optimizing solid and submerged fermentation and evaluate the ecotoxicological effects on earthworms (Eisenia andrei). The Plackett-Burman and central composite rotatable designs were used to optimize metabolite phytotoxicity. The variables optimized in the fermentation were temperature, agitation, pH, water volume in the culture medium, glucose concentration, and yeast extract. The fungus was grown on sugarcane bagasse substrate, and its metabolites were applied to detached Cucumis sativus, Conyza sp., and Sorghum bicolor leaves and used in an avoidance test and acute exposure to earthworms. Metabolite phytotoxicity in submerged fermentation was optimized at 35°C, 50rpm, and 1.5gl-1 of glucose and in solid fermentation at 30-37°C and in 14-32ml of water. The metabolites severely damaged germination, initial growth, and leaves of the three plants, and at the doses tested (maximum of 113.92mlkg-1), the metabolites of M. indicus UFSM 54 were not toxic to earthworms.

Study on the In vitro and In vivo Antifungal Activities of Nano-silver against Mycoleptodiscus indicus causing Leaf Blight on Lotus in Vietnam

Background: Lotus, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn is Vietnam’s symbol and Buddhism’s flower and plays an essential part in rural Vietnam’s economy as all aspects of lotus could bring benefits to farmers. But, unfortunately, lotus yield in Vietnam is seriously affected by various plant diseases. Among them, leaf blight is currently emerging as one of the primary diseases devastating lotus crops in Vietnam, in which there are large necrotic parts on lotus leaves, flowers and seeds. Methods: Aloe barbadensis extract was used for synthesizing silver nanoparticles. Leaf blight lotus leaves were collected to isolate pathogenic fungi-infection of isolated pathogenic fungi on the healthy lotus and then identify hidden mold by 28S rRNA sequencing. Determination of in vitro minimal inhibition concentration of nano-silver was conducted according to Azizi. The reduction of disease symptoms and biological characteristics of the treated lotus was observed. Result: Morphological analysis and molecular identification of 28S rRNA sequencing showed that the pathogenic microorganism was Mycoleptodiscus indicus (M. indicus). Both in vitro antifungal activity and in vivo treatment of leaf blight lotus using a nano-silver solution showed that 30 ppm of nano-silver was the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) for totally eradicating M. indicus growth. This was the first time M. indicus was reported to infect and cause leaf blight on a lotus. Previously, M. indicus was a well-known plant pathogen that could cross-kingdom infect humans and animals. Thus, the fact that lotus is widely cultured in Vietnamese rural could increase the chance for M. indicus to spread; hence, this raised the alarm about its potential harm to plants, humans and animals. And, significantly, it revealed nano-silver as a possible approach to prevent M. indicus.

Mycoleptodiscus indicus in an Heart-Transplant Recipient. A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Mycoleptodiscus indicus in an Heart-Transplant Recipient. A Case Report and Review of the Literature

First report on the production of phytotoxic metabolites by Mycoleptodiscus indicus under optimized conditions of submerged fermentation

ABSTRACT An alternative to controlling weeds resistant to conventional herbicides is the isolation of new active principles. Fungi can produce phytotoxic metabolites that may be used in the development of new herbicides. The objectives of this study were: (1) isolate, select, and identify a fungus producer of phytotoxic metabolites and (2) optimize the culture conditions of this fungus in a low-cost culture medium, with the aim of increasing the phytotoxic effects of their metabolites in weeds and commercial plants. Fungi were isolated from the leaves of Conyza sp. with disease symptoms and selected according to the production of phytotoxic metabolites in solid and submerged fermentation in a low-cost culture medium. A Plackett–Burman Design and Central Composite Rotational Design were used to optimize the conditions of temperature, agitation, pH, and concentrations of glucose and yeast extract in submerged fermentation. The phytotoxic metabolites produced under optimal conditions were tested on 10 commercial plants and weeds that are difficult to control. Of the nine fungi isolated, Mycoleptodiscus indicus UFSM54 produced higher leaf lesions. The production of phytotoxic metabolites was optimized when the fungus was cultivated at 35°C, 50 rpm, and 1.5 g L−1 of glucose in submerged fermentation. The metabolites of M. indicus caused severe phytotoxic effects on germination and seedling growth, and enhanced lesion development on detached plant leaves. The present study is the first to report on the production of phytotoxic metabolites by M. indicus, a potential producer of bioherbicides.

Multilocus sequence analysis of endophytic fungi from Justicia brandegeana with the culture-dependent method and their bioprospection for health field

• Phylogenetic analysis of endophytic fungi by the MLSA method. • Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of the isolate mycoleptodiscus indicus . • Chemical evaluation of endophytic extracts by GC–MS and NMR. The endophytic fungi live inside plant tissues and do not develop any disease to their hosts. These microorganisms can produce bioactive compounds. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the leaf endophytic fungi microbiota from J. brandegeana using the culture-dependent method and multilocus sequence analysis. The endophyte's isolation was performed by the fragmentation method and the MLSA phylogeny was made using ITS, elongation factor 1-α, β-tubulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and, actin genes. For the screening selection, agar piece test was performed and, amongst the strains, JB06 isolate was chosen for metabolic extraction from the fermented culture and the evaluation of the antibacterial, antioxidant, antiproliferative activities and, phenolic compounds assay. Through the MLSA analysis, there were five genera of fungi identified, with Colletotrichum the higher isolated. For the antioxidant assay using the fungal extract obtained from Mycoleptodiscus indicus (JB06), the best results were obtained with the ABTS method. Antiproliferative effects by the crude extract of the endophyte against the tumor hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2/C3A) were found. In summary, our findings revealed highly diverse endophytic fungi associated with J. brandegeana , with the bioprospection of the endophyte M. indicus with biotechnological potential for the health field.

Inhibition of quorum sensing-associated virulence factors and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by Mycoleptodiscus indicus PUTY1.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the second most emerging multidrug-resistant, opportunistic pathogen after Acinetobacter baumannii that poses a threat in nursing homes, hospitals, and patients who need devices such as ventilators and blood catheters. Its ability to form quorum sensing-regulated virulence factors and biofilm makes it more resistant to top most therapeutic agents such as carbapenems and next-generation antibiotics. In the current study, we studied the quorum quenching potential of secondary metabolites of Mycoleptodiscus indicus PUTY1 strain. In vitro observation showed a mitigation in virulence factors such as rhamnolipids, protease, elastase pyocyanin, exopolysaccharides, and hydrogen cyanide gas. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the motility such as swimming, swarming, twitching, and inhibition in biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was observed. Results of in vitro studies were further confirmed by in silico studies through docking and molecular dynamic simulation of GC-MS-detected compounds of Mycoleptodiscus indicus employing LasR and RhlR proteins. Both in vitro and in silico observations indicate a new alternative approach for combating virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by targeting its protein receptors LasR and RhlR. Graphical abstract.

A new 24-homo-30-nor-cycloartane triterpenoid from a Hawaiian endophytic fungal strain

A new triterpenoid belonging to the uncommon 24-homo-30-nor-cycloartane class was separated from the endophytic fungus Mycoleptodiscus indicus FT1137, which was isolated from the Hawaiian plant Stenocereus sp. The structure of compound 1 was determined by analysis of HRMS and NMR spectroscopic data. Compound 1 was also evaluated against human ovarian cancer cell line A2780.

Laboratory diagnostics, phylogenetic analysis and clinical outcome of a subcutaneous Mycoleptodiscus indicus infection in an immunocompetent cat

BackgroundMycoleptodiscus indicus is a dematiaceous hyphomycete fungus found on plant leaves. It has been rarely reported as a cause of human or animal disease, possibly because it is difficult to culture and identify from clinical specimens. Infections are presumably acquired by traumatic implantation.Case presentationAn 8-year-old non-immunosuppressed cat from Georgia, USA, presented with a left front leg swelling without lameness. Cytology from a fine needle aspirate revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation with both cytoplasmic and extracellular fungal elements. There were septate hyphae with irregularly sized segments, non-staining uneven walls, and rounded yeast-like forms from which longer hyphae arose in a hub-and-spoke pattern. A mold was isolated on agar from a fine needle aspirate collected 1 week later and identified as M. indicus by morphology, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The cat recovered completely and uneventfully with antifungal treatment.ConclusionsWe report a previously undescribed presentation of M. indicus causing a subcutaneous infection in a cat with successful antifungal treatment. In this study we highlight the potential of M. indicus to infect immunocompetent animals, and the veterinary medical community should be aware of its unusual but characteristic clinical, microbiological and cytologic presentation.

Antibacterial Activity of Austdiol Isolated from Mycoleptodiscus indicus Against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Passiflorae

Plant diseases caused by bacteria result in severe losses to agriculture. The chemical study of endophytic fungi represents a potential area in the development of biological pesticides. Thus, the present work aimed to verify the antibacterial activity of the extract of the endophytic fungus Mycoleptodiscus indicus NF12 from Morinda citrifolia against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae, a bacterium that causes bacterial blight of passion fruit, as well as to determine which compound is responsible for the observed activity. The compound austdiol (1) was isolated by chromatographic methods from the methanolic biomass extract of the endophytic fungus M. indicus NF12 and showed bacteriostatic activity at all concentrations tested on five strains of X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae.

First report of leaf blight and twig dieback caused by Mycoleptodiscus indicus on Ixora coccinea

Ixora coccinea (Rubiaceae), native to Eastern India is widely cultivated as an ornamental shrub and because its flowers, leaves, roots and stems contain phytochemicals with medicinal properties. In December, 2017, a severe foliar blight and twig dieback was observed in the gardens of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal. Disease incidence was up to 100% in some areas. Initial symptoms included small, reddish-brown lesions (Fig. 1a) on the leaf tip and leaf margin. Sporodochia were prevalent on both lower and upper leaf surfaces and occured singly and in clusters (Fig. 1b). The initial reddish-brown lesions enlarged and coalesced into large necrotic areas (Fig. 1c) giving rise to severe dieback due to abscission of infected leaves and flowers. (Fig. 1d). Great numbers of dark brown to black sporodochia were produced on necrotic leaf tissues. Under favourable conditions masses of hyaline, aseptate conidia were produced by conidiogenous cells. Infected leaf and twig samples were surface sterilised with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for two minutes, plated on 2% (w/v) potato dextrose agar amended with chloramphenicol (0.5 mg/l) and incubated at 25°C under a 12 hr/12 hr light/dark cycle for seven days. Fungal growth from the material was cream coloured but yellowish when viewed from beneath (Fig. 2). Hyphae were septate, branched, brown to dark brown and 3-7.5 μm wide, and formed many clypeate, dark brown sporodochia consisting of compressed phialides which were ampulliform to doliiform or irregular in shape. The number of conidiogenous cells in a sporodochium varied widely and many sporodochia failed to produce conidia. The conidiogenous cells showed non-pigmented, circular, phialidic apertures. Conidia were few and were hyaline, aseptate, often guttulate and curved, with an apical setula measuring up to 3 μm long but rarely with a basal setula. Conidia (n=50) measured 10-16 μm x 4.5-7.0 μm. On the basis of conidial and cultural characteristics, the fungus was identified as Mycoleptodiscus indicus (Sutton, 4; Sutton & Hodges, 5). The identification was confirmed by molecular analysis of the 5.8S subunit and flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) of rDNA amplified from DNA extracted from single-spore cultures with the ITS1/ITS4 primers (White et al., 6) and sequencing. The sequence obtained from present study (GenBank Accession No. MH479058) showed 99% identity with Mycoleptodiscus indicus isolate JSP05-02C3.1 (KR093950). Pathogenicity was tested by spraying a conidial suspension (1 × 106/ml) onto five needle-pricked young leaves and twigs; comparable inoculations were done with sterile water as a control. The procedure was repeated five times and inoculated plants were maintained in a controlled environment (25°C, 80-85% humidity with a 12 hr photoperiod). After 12-15 days all the inoculated leaves developed necrotic symptoms (Fig. 3a) similar to those observed on naturally infected leaves, whereas control leaves remained symptomless. Twig dieback symptoms developed ten days after inoculation (Fig. 3b). Re-isolation from the inoculated leaves and twigs consistently yielded M. indicus. Mycoleptodiscus indicus has previously been recorded as a plant pathogen (Ostazeski, 3; Alfieri et al., 1; El-Gholl & Alfieri, 2) but to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of disease on I. coccinea caused by M. indicus.

The effects of the mycotoxin austdiol on cell cycle progression, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells

Austdiol is a mycotoxin mainly produced byAspergillus ustus andMycoleptodiscus indicus. These fungi are found in rye, oats, barley, corn and feed grains; thus, as a potential contaminant of human food and animal feed, this mycotoxin is of great concern. As such, the elucidation of the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of austdiol is important. In this study, austdiol was purified from a rice-oat solid medium culture ofM. indicus using chromatographic separation techniques. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells were then used to study the effect of austdiol on mammalian cell cycle, clonogenicity and DNA damage. Austdiol induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, with a decreased S phase population and increased sub-G1 population. Austdiol also increased the polyploid population. These events resulted in cell death detected 7 days after treatment by clonogenic assay. DNA damage represents the main mechanism of action of austdiol, which induces DNA breaks and increases the frequency of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges in binucleated cells in a CHO-K1 cell line. Moreover, cells exposed to austdiol and doxorubicin (DXR) combined treatments presented a reduced number of colonies and increased frequencies of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges compared with negative control and cells treated with austdiol or DXR alone.

Mycoleptones A–C and Polyketides from the EndophyteMycoleptodiscus indicus

Three new azaphilones with an unusual methylene bridge, named mycoleptones A, B, and C (2, 4, and 5), were isolated from cultures of Mycoleptodiscus indicus, a fungus associated with the South American medicinal plant Borreria verticillata. Additionally, four known polyketides, austdiol (1), eugenitin (3), 6-methoxyeugenin (6), and 9-hydroxyeugenin (7), were also isolated. The structural characterization of compounds was carried out by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy, time-dependent density functional theory calculations, and X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1-9 were weakly active when tested in antileishmanial and cytotoxicity assays.

Endo-xylanase GH11 activation by the fungal metabolite eugenitin

Eugenitin, a chromone derivative and a metabolite of the endophyte Mycoleptodiscus indicus, at 5 mM activated a recombinant GH11 endo-xylanase by 40 %. The in silico prediction of ligand-binding sites on the three-dimensional structure of the endo-xylanase revealed that eugenitin interacts mainly by a hydrogen bond with a serine residue and a stacking interaction of the heterocyclic aromatic ring system with a tryptophan residue. Eugenitin improved the GH11 endo-xylanase activity on different substrates, modified the optimal pH and temperature activities and slightly affected the kinetic parameters of the enzyme.

InvasiveMycoleptodiscusfungal cellulitis and myositis

We report progressive necrotizing fungal cellulitis and myositis in the leg of a patient with glioblastoma multiforme treated with temozolomide and corticosteroids. While the morphologic appearance of the isolate and its ability to grow at temperatures greater than 32°C were suggestive of Mycoleptodiscus indicus, some of the conidia were atypical for this species in that they had single septa and occasional lateral appendages. Furthermore, the isolate was different from M. indicus based on the sequencing analysis of two rDNA regions. This is the first case of Mycoleptodiscus invasive fungal disease in which the causative agent could not be resolved at the species level because of inconsistencies between morphological and molecular data.

The fungal metabolite eugenitin as additive for Aspergillus niveus glucoamylase activation

Abstract Endophytic microorganisms live inside tissues of host plants apparently do not causing warning to them, and are a promising source of bioactive molecules as antimicrobial and antitumoral drugs. In this work, we report the isolation of eugenitin from cultures of the endophyte Mycoleptodiscus indicus and its potential as additive for Aspergillus niveus glucoamylase activation. The glucoamylase hydrolytic activity increased twofold using 5 mM of eugenitin and this activation could be explained by the binding mode of eugenitin with the three-dimensional structure of glucoamylase. The in silico prediction of ligand binding sites revealed at least 9 possible interaction sites able to accommodate eugenitin on glucoamylase from Hypocrea jecorina . Besides, we evaluated the effect of pH and temperature on activity and stability, as well as in the hydrolysis of different substrates and kinetic parameters either in presence or absence of eugenitin. The results displayed by eugenitin as additive to glucoamylase activation are promising and provide novel perspectives for applications of fungal metabolites.

Fungal arthritis of the knee caused by Mycoleptodiscus indicus

Mycoleptodiscus indicus is a recognized plant pathogen which has very rarely been reported as a cause of human infection. It is a tropical or subtropical fungus which is difficult to culture and identify from clinical specimens. This is the first report of septic arthritis with this fungus in a healthy Canadian male. The fungal infection was contracted on a vacation in Costa Rica, probably through direct inoculation through injured skin. The fungus was isolated from synovial fluid and identification was confirmed by DNA sequencing. There has only been one previous case of septic arthritis of the knee and one skin infection reported with this fungus; both cases involved immunocompromised hosts. Both septic arthritis patients required joint surgery and lavage to eradicate the fungus, however, only the immunocompromised patient required antifungal medications. In the future, it is very likely that the number of patients identified with M. indicus infection will rise due to increasing awareness of this pathogen as well as increasing exposure. Many immunocompromised patients on anti-retroviral or biologic therapy are healthy enough to travel, thereby exposing themselves to exotic and infected plants which increase the risk of unusual fungal infections.

A case of subcutaneous Mycoleptodiscus indicus infection in a liver transplant recipient successfully treated with antifungal therapy

Mycoleptodiscus indicus, a dematiaceous mold, occurs on the leaves of a number of different host plants and has been only recently described as a cause of human infection. Immunosuppressed individuals are at risk for developing infections with opportunistic fungal pathogens, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. In addition, the treatment of infections caused by these fungi is frequently challenging. We report a case of M. indicus subcutaneous infection in a 51-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C co-infection, who had a liver transplant. He developed skin nodules with a sporotrichoid lymphangitic distribution. Histopathology demonstrated unusual fungal elements with angioinvasion. Mycology cultures isolated a dematiaceous mold with the characteristic curved hyaline conidia of M. indicus. Initial treatment involved a combination of amphotericin B lipid complex and voriconazole, followed by monotherapy with voriconazole. The subcutaneous lesions resolved completely after 4 months of antifungal therapy.

Mycoleptodiscus indicus: a new etiologic agent of phaeohyphomycosis

Mycoleptodiscus indicus, a dematiaceous hyphomycete, was identified as the causal agent of subcutaneous infection in the knee of a 72-year-old male gardener residing in coastal South Carolina. The patient had Wegener's granulomatosis and immunodeficiency. Synovial fluid and biopsy tissue sections from the prepatellar bursa stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Gomori methenamine silver stains revealed branched, septate hyphae and many moniliform hyphal elements. When tissue sections were stained by the Fontana-Masson procedure, melanin pigment in the hyphal cell walls and at the septa was evident. A velvety, dematiaceous mold was isolated from both synovial fluid and the biopsy tissue. Sporulation was induced by exposure of slide cultures on potato dextrose agar to UV light for 12 h at 25 degrees C followed by incubation of the slide cultures at 25 degrees C in the dark for 4 weeks. Clypeate sporodochia consisting of ampulliform, compressed, phialidic conidiogenous cells produced curved, hyaline, one-celled conidia with setulae at one or both ends. Initial treatment with fluconazole for 7 days was not effective, and cultures were positive after treatment. Treatment with amphotericin B with concomitant irrigation and debridement of the affected area followed by treatment with itraconazole resulted in resolution of the infection.