Soil Mycoflora Research Articles

Prevalence of Disease Incidence and Mycoflora of Rhizosphere at Distinct Phenological Stages in Different Treatments of Okra in Hamelmalo, Eritrea

Okra (Abelmoschus esculents L. Moench.) is a vegetable widely grown in Eritrea and cultivated in 514 ha of land with an average yield of 10t/ha. However, the production of this crop is highly affected by nematodes and other diseases. There is very less information on disease occurrence and soil mycoflora, hence, this research was carried out in the field of okra, in Hamelmalo Agricultural College, to identify the occurrence of diseases; percentage occurrence of disease incidence and identification of field mycoflora at various phenological stages of okra in various treatments such as control (T1), farm yard manure (T2), intercropping with a legume (T3) and chemical fertilizer (T4). This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design. During the experiment, powdery mildew and blight were the main diseases that occurred, and diseases like damping off, wilt, and leaf spot were also observed. In addition to that various soil mycoflora were found including, two nematode predacious fungi Arthrobotris oligospora and Drechmeria sps. which were identified for the first time in the rhizosphere soils of okra, in Eritrea. The study revealed that the flowering stage was found significantly different at the incidence of powdery mildew but all growth stages of okra were non-significant at blights. Chemical fertilizer was found to be the best in cases of disease prevalence and intercropping was in cases of pests’ infestation. Based on the results of the current study it can be concluded that different phenological stages were found to be significantly influenced by all the treatments. But in T3 the cultivation which was with cowpea attracted the insect pests like African bollworms. However, the incidence of blight on all the treatments at different phonological stages was non-significant.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION OF MYCOFLORA OF GRAY FOREST SOIL UNDER DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE

This article presents the results of research on the quantitative and species composition of soil fungi, including pathogenic, gray forest soils in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe. The mycoflora of the soil was considered for different directions of agricultural land use including soils under intensive apple orchards, intensive crop cultivation and fallow. The condition of soil micromycetes was studied based on the indicators of the abundance of the main ecological and trophic groups. In soils, fungi are determined to be critical players in the ecosystem and play a huge role in agriculture and soil microbiome. The results of research showed certain changes in the content and composition of mycobiota in soils, as a result of their fourteen-year use under fallow, garden and field crop rotations. The difference in the intensity of micromycete colonization of soils of different agricultural lands was revealed: fallow 125.7 thousand CFU/g, intensive gardening 130.5 thousand CFU/g, field crop rotation 191.2 thousand CFU/g. The negative influence of intensive horticulture on quantitative and qualitative indicators of soil mycoflora was established. It was investigated that the lowest percentage of saprotrophic fungi, the highest percentage of pathogenic fungi and toxin-producing species of fungi from the total number of isolated species were observed in the soils of the apple orchard under intensive horticulture, compared to the soils of fallow and field crop rotation. A common feature of all soils of various uses is the presence of representatives of genera Penicillium, Gliocladium and Trichoderma in the soil. Fallow soils were not represented by species from the genera Rhizopus, Arthrinium and Cladosporium, compared to the other soils. However, only they contained representatives of genera Mucor and Absidia. Common to all the three presented soils was the presence of representatives of the species Trichoderma viride Pers. and Gliocladium roseum Bainier.

Physicochemical analyses and mycoflora of desert soils in Upper Egypt

Most of the desert lands contain sandy soils, which include large areas in the world. The sandy or loam soils in Upper Egypt were placed under investigate of soil texture, and moisture content –in addition some chemical analyses. Where, had very low organic matter (mean= 0.28) with available total dissolved salts (mean= 0.53) and alkaline pH-value (mean= 9.00). The moisture content of samples was very low (mean= 2.59). All of desert soil samples (100% of the samples) proved to be contaminated by filamentous fungi. A total of 121 fungal species + 7 varieties of 32 genera were isolated and identified on the isolation medium (1% glucose Czapek’s agar) at 28°C, based on dilution plate method. The gross fungal count was 94.36 colonies/mg dry soil. Aspergillus (36 sp. + 4 var.) was the most dominant genus based on frequency (95% of the samples) and count (55.34% of total fungal counts). Penicillium (28 sp. + 1 var.) had the second place (70% of the sample and 26.83% of grass count). Ulocladium occupied the third place (22.5% and 3.18%). Acremonium was one of the dominant genera (4th place). It occurred in 20% of the samples examined and 1.61% of gross fungal counts. The dematiaceous hyphomycetes, in addition ascospore-forming fungi were dominant in rare frequency. Whereas, sterile mycelia were high in frequency (52.5% of the samples) and low count (1.99% of gross fungal count).

Taxonomic Documentation and Statistical Analysis of Soil Mycoflora of Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Maharashtra, India

Aims: The present paper deals with documentation of diversity and analysis of ecological aspects of soil microfungal flora of Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP).
 Study Design: The study area was divided into five zones, defined over span of three ranges and 10% peripheral area.
 Place and Duration of Study: SGNP, Maharashtra, India between September 2016 and September 2020.
 Methodology: A total of 43 soil samples were collected from 5 zones. Microscopic and molecular methods were used for identification of species. We examine dissimilarity in species composition by pairwise Jaccard Dissimilarity Index. We examine diversity of microfungi using diversity indices of Gini-Simpson’s and Shannon’s, true diversity (Shannon’s effective number of species) and equitability of species with Pielou’s evenness index.
 Results: The study resulted in a total of 77 isolates of 77 soil fungi obtained from 43 soil samples. A total of 36 species were documented under 15 genera. Aspergillus was dominant genus with 16 species, whereas Aspergillus niger was dominant species representing maximum 12 isolates. Pairwise Jaccard Dissimilarity Index was found to be above 66% in all cases, with only one species common in all the zones. In diversity indices, Gini-Simpson’s was 0.9347, and Shannon’s, was 3.1450. Pielou’s evenness index was 0.8776, causing true diversity, calculated as effective number of species (23), to be less than observed species richness (36).
 Conclusion: Thus, based on systematics and statistical analysis, it can be concluded that SGNP exhibits rich diversity of soil microfungi.

Species and quantitative composition of the mycoflora of gray forest soil in intensive horticulture and crop production

The article examines the mycoflora of the soil in different areas of agricultural land use for intensive cultivation of crops. The aim of the article is too study the number of soil mycoflora in different areas of agricultural land use with intensive cultivation of crops (horticulture and feld crop rotations). In the conditions of Vinnytsia region the quantitative and species composition of fungal groups of gray forest soil under intensive horticulture and crop production was studied. Research on microbiological diversity of soils were carried out in the Tivriv district of Vinnytsia region on the example of agricultural land of the LLC «Agro-Etalon». Soil microorganisms are convenient object of observation. Based on the analysis of literature sources, the determining role of microorganisms in maintaining homeostasis, restoring soil fertility and crop formation has been established. The study of the qualitative and quantitative state of the soil microbiota allows to improve the conditions and methods of agriculture in order to improve the state of the soil microbiota, and hence soil fertility. As the result the most common types of soil micromycetes characteristic of both studied objects were identifed. Among them are Penicillium rubrum, P. variabile, P. canescens, Arthrinium phaeospermum, Mortierella alpina, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Fusarium graminear. The structure of the microbial coenosis and the ratio of the number of ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms differ depending on the direction of use of agricultural land. The soils of the apple orchard under intensive horticulture contained a smaller total number of thousands of colony-forming units per gram of soil, saprotrophic fungal species and are represented by a much smaller list of fungal genera compared to the soil under intensive vegetation. At the same time, it should be noted that soils under orchards were characterized by a higher share of pathogenic, potential toxin-forming fungi and antagonist fungi than the total number of isolated fungi compared to soils used under crops. Key words: soil, fungi, mycoflora, micromycetes, intensive gardening, intensive crop production.

Study on Soil Fungal Flora and Ecological Characteristics of Different Diets

The mycoflora of soil is momentous for plant, animal and human being. Soil is depository of all life which are carried out most of the changes that enable life to continue. In the soil dead remains of plants and animals , which are changed after decay and decomposition to the material. In this present study author focus on survey of fungal biodiversity in the soil of Patna town, Bihar state , India. Patna is located at latitude of25?.6′ and the longitude of 85?.1′, through different baits in different nature. celluolytic , keratinophillic, seasonal fruits and vegetables using different agar media. These fungal biodiversity degrade the environmental waste ie fruit and vegetables, leather, nail, hair, cotton cloth, paper and jutehich respond to clean the environment. Some fungal sps after decaying assist in soil fertility .keratinophilic fungi is called dermatophytic fungi. They cause skin diseaseie ring orm. Hence the present study focus on soil conservation and eco environmental management. Indian author Randhwa & Sandhu (1963, 1964, 1965), Mercantini et-al (1978),Pieta D KesikT2006 reported pathogenic soil borne fungi of onion cultivated field,VidyasagarGM(2005) keratinophilic fungi from hospital dust.

Soil mycoflora of Thi-Qar marshes and their enzymatic activities

A survey on soil mycoflora in Thi-Qar marshes have been studied. A total of 22 fungal species belonging to 13 genera were isolated and identified. The average of the total fungal colony count ranged between 1550-4150 colonies/gm of soil. Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Stachybotrys and Phoma were of the mostly occurred genera in soil samples constituting 98.67%, 82.67%, 69.33%, 57.0% and 52.0%, respectively, and the mostly occurred species were; A. terreus, A. flavus, C. cladosporioides and S. atra; constituting 74.67%, 69.33%, 69.33% and 57%, respectively. Nine fungal species: Alternaria chlamydospora, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus, Bipolaris spicifera, Fusarium oxysporum, Exserohilum rostratum, Trichoderma viride and Ulocladium botrytis were identified to produce the four investigated enzymes: cellulase, amylase, lipase and protease. All the tested isolates were identified as cellulase and amylase producers, A. candidus, A. flavus, B. spicifera and C. cladosporioides were an excellent producer of cellulase, while A. terreus, Stachybotrys atra and T. viride were the most active amylase producers. A. flavus, F. oxysporum and U. atrum showed the highest lipase production. The higher activity of protease was produced by A. candidus, A. flavus and T. viride.
 

STUDY OF RHIZOSPHERIC MYCOFLORA OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA L.) GROWING AREAS FROM JHANSI VICINITY

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is an ancient and sacred spice of India. It is used in diversified forms as a condiment, flavouring, colouring agents, as curry powder and as a medicine. It is grown by its finger rhizome. Turmeric grows on diversified soil types, but it thrives best in sandy loam well drained soil. Soil is the habitat of a complex microbial community where interaction and the struggle for existence in this microbial world are equally complex. Rhizosphere is a region around roots; it is complex environment inhabiting microorganisms where roots interact with physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. To explore the soil mycoflora from turmeric growing areas of Jhansi vicinity, experiment were conducted during 2018-2019 in Department of Botany, Bundelkhand University Jhansi. The most promising genera/specie abundantently present in the soil mycoflora was also estimated. For this experiment. Soil samples were collected from 15 different turmeric growing areas of Jhansi vicinity. The soil mycoflora was obtained by soil dilution technique. About 25 different fungal species belonging to 18 genera were isolated. These species were member of Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes.

Effect of soil sterilants on nematodes, microarthropods and soil mycoflora in tomato under protected conditions

The effect of metham sodium, dazomet and neem cake was observed on plant parasitic and saprophytic nematodes, microarthropods and fungi in tomato under polyhouse conditions. There was significant reduction in the population of Meloidogyne incognita (46.8 -74.8%) and Helicotylenchus (77.7–100.0%) with metham sodium (30, 50 mL per m2) and dazomet (30, 50 g per m2) at the crop harvest. Neem cake was found to be least effective and showed 21.2 and 31.7% reduction in population of M. incognita and Helicotylenchus, respectively. Saprophytic nematodes were also adversely affected by metham sodium and dazomet showing reduction in their population by 46.3–90.9%, whereas in neem cake, decrease in the population of saprophytic nematodes was 46.3%. Microarthropod population in different treatments of metham sodium and dazomet was found to decline from 85.7–100.0%. Six fungi were isolated and out of these, Fusarium sp. was relatively tolerant.

Evaluation of Fungicides and Bioagents against Fusarium proliferatum under In vitro by Spore Germination Inhibition Technique

Background: Bottle gourd is a cucurbitaceous vegetable of culinary and medicinal importance cultivated in various tropical and sub-tropical regions of world. This crop is exposed to a wide variety of seed and soil mycoflora, out of which Fusarium proliferatum is utmost important as far as seed germination, viability and seedling vigour are concerned. Methods: Study was taken up to evaluate different fungicides and bioagents for their efficacy against the fungus Fusarium proliferatum under in vitro through spore germination inhibition technique. Result: Spore germination inhibition of 86.00%, 85.00% and 81.33% was recorded with hexaconazole (5% SC) @ 0.2% (C3), mancozeb (75% WP) @ 0.3% (C3) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (1% WP) @ 2% (C3), respectively. The inhibition in spore germination by mancozeb (75% WP) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (1% WP) was upto 77.33% and it was 61.78% and 67.33% in treatments involving carbendazim (50% WP) and Trichoderma harzianum (1% WP) that could be exploited to devise integrated approach for disease management.

Screening of bioactive compound from soil mycoflora and its therapeutic effect on fish borne pathogens of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes)

Soil samples were collected from diverse agricultural fields of Erode Taluk. There were 7 fungal genera which include 11 fungal species observed in composite soil sample in which 9 were identified and 2 of the Aspergillus species could not be identified. Among the fungal genera the genus Aspergillus was predominant in the test soil sample with five of its species. Total bacterial population in the gills and intestine of test fish were counted and recorded. The high percentage of occurrence was shown by E. coli and Aeromonas hydrophila (17.2%). There were 9 bacterial genera isolated from C. idella and identified as E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, E. faecalis, Salmonella, Vibrio, Aeromonas hydrophila and Proteus. The bacterial pathogens were tested against selected antibiotics. Biofilm was produced as black colonies. Trichoderma species 1 was found to exhibit high antimicrobial activity against all selected pathogens.

Isolation of Soil Mycoflora from Agricultural Fields of Narmada District

Isolation of Soil Mycoflora from Agricultural Fields of Narmada District

Rhizospheric Soil Microfungal Diversity under Hippophae salicifolia D.Don ecosystems of Garhwal Himalayas

The present communication attempts to provide information on the distribution and diversity of rhizospheric soil mycoflora under Hippophae salicifolia D.Don of Garhwal Himalayas. To achieve the target, soil samples were collected from two different localities, viz., Mana of Chamoli and Yamnotri of Uttarkashi districts of Garhwal Himalaya. Samples were also analysed for physicochemical properties, including texture, soil reaction (pH), and organic carbon. The serial dilution method was used to isolate the soil mycoflora. During the investigation, pH ranged from 5.95±1 to 6.67±1, and the moisture content was between 3.86±1 % and 1.63±1 %. Thirty-four species of microfungi belonging to 21 genera were isolated from all the sampling sites. Cladosporium was the most dominant genus, followed by Aspergillus and Fusarium. Cladosporium cladosporiodes was the most common fungi isolated from Hippophae growing sites with maximum contribution (7.43%) whereas, Nigrospora sphaerica was the least important species with minimum contribution ( 0.80%). The highest number of species (23) was isolated from the Mana site of Chamoli District of Garhwal Himalaya. Of the 34 species recorded, six were common, ten frequent, 12 moderate, and six rare occurrences. Similarity ranged from 16.21% to 96.26%. The Shannon-Wiener's diversity index was highest in Mana 2 (2.972), followed by Yamnotri 1 (2.217). Total richness and abundance were the highest in Mana 2 whereas lowest in Yamnotri 1. Evenness was highest in Mana 1 (0.966), followed by Mana 3 (0.954), while lowest observed in Yamnotri 3 (0.905). It was noteworthy in the present contribution that all the soil microfungi reported under H. salicifolia associated rhizospheric soils are new reports to such ecosystems of Garhwal Himalaya. Thus, it is hoped that further investigation of soils under different vegetation regimes of these altitudinal zones mainly dominated by Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Betula utilis, Alnus nepalensis, Abies pindrow will definitely add to the knowledge of microfungal flora adapted to different ecosystems.

Fungal Diversity of Winter Wheat Parts, Seed and Field Soil in Iraq, Basra Province

This study was conducted to survey the fungal microflora in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), ear, stem, root, seed and field soil in 17 field distributed on Basra province, Iraq. The mycoflora of plant parts, seeds and soil were determined morphologically and molecularly. In total 46 genera with 66 species of different fungal groups were found. The prevalent fungal group on all examined sources was the anamophic Ascomycota (85.34%), followed by Zygomycota (5.46%). Telemorphic Ascomycota was only at (3.64%) and Basidiomycota was in less than (1%). Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium were the dominant genera in soil and rhizosphere region. The same genera were found in seed but Alternaria was instead of Fusarium. The fungal diversity in plant parts was different, as Alternaria, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Aspergillus genera were more occurrence. The highest total fungal population was observed in rhizosphere region and soil, and the lowest was in wheat head. The occurrence of collective fungal community was almost identical in wheat seed, root and stem.

Study of rhizospheric soil mycoflora of Cajanus cajan L. Millisp. in Halol taluka of Gujarat, India

Study of rhizospheric soil mycoflora of Cajanus cajan L. Millisp. in Halol taluka of Gujarat, India

Improvement of the Culture Medium for the Dichlorvos-Ammonia (DV-AM) Method to Selectively Detect Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Soil.

The dichlorvos-ammonia (DV-AM) method is a simple but sensitive visual method for detecting aflatoxigenic fungi. Here we sought to develop a selective medium that is appropriate for the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi among soil mycoflora. We examined the effects of different concentrations of carbon sources (sucrose and glucose) and detergents (deoxycholate (DOC), Triton X-100, and Tween 80) on microorganisms in soils, using agar medium supplemented with chloramphenicol. The results demonstrated that 5–10% sucrose concentrations and 0.1–0.15% DOC concentrations were appropriate for the selective detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in soil. We also identified the optimal constituents of the medium on which the normal rapid growth of Rhizopus sp. was completely inhibited. By using the new medium along with the DV-AM method, we succeeded in the isolation of aflatoxigenic fungi from non-agricultural fields in Fukui city, Japan. The fungi were identified as Aspergillus nomius based on their calmodulin gene sequences. These results indicate that the new medium will be useful in practice for the detection of aflatoxigenic fungi in soil samples including those from non-agricultural environments.

Isolation and Identification of Soil Mycoflora in the Upland and Lowland Soils of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State

A total of 14 different fungal species belonging to 7 genera were isolated from the upland and lowland soils of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, between October to December, 2015. The mycoflora were isolated using dilution plate technique on Potato dextrose agar amended by 1% streptomycin. Identification was made microscopically using the lacto-phenol cotton blue method and macroscopically by comparing the cultural and morphological features with the help of authentic fungal manual and taxonomic key. The identified species are; Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. oryzae, Alternaria longifes, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. mangifera, Rhizopus stolonifer, R. orizae, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichophytum quallinum. The highest number of fungi (50 isolates) were obtained from lowland uncultivated soils (D), followed by the upland uncultivated soils (B) with about 34 strains, and the least (22 isolates) were obtained from upland cultivated soils (A) out of the total 132 isolates. Variations between sites were statistically analyzed.

Seasonal distribution of soil mycoflora in Mattavara state forest of Chikkamagalur, Karnataka, India.

Seasonal distribution of soil mycoflora in Mattavara state forest of Chikkamagalur, Karnataka, India.

Epidemiologic Study of Opportunistic Fungi Contaminating Soil of Schools, Mosques and Hotels in Diwaniya City - Iraq

Soil mycoflora in several schools, mosques and hotels in Diwaniya city were examined using dilution plate technique and three different culture media with and without supplementation of cycloheximide antifungal. A total number of fungal isolates observed in all experiments were 2589 that represent 57 species related to 48 genus, in addition to the white and dark sterile mycelium. Cycloheximide substantially affected the frequency of isolated fungi. Where Penicillium chrysogenum was the most frequent species (44.73%) on culture media free from cycloheximide. Acremonium kiliense was the most with more capability than other examined fungi in tested blood which took 3 days only while this ability of other species was varied from 4 to 12 days . frequent one (26.85%) on media supplemented with this antifungal. In contrast the frequency and occurrence of P. chrysogenum in both soils of school (41.26%) and (95.95%) respectively and of mosques (43.63%) and(100%) respectively was higher than other species, also this species was the most occurring (90%) in hotels soil. Memoneilla subimplex was the most frequent species (18.87%) in this soil. Number of isolates were varied according to the addition of cycloheximide and the composition of culture media: highest number of fungal isolates (337) were recorded when potato dextrose agar used, in contrast the greatest numbers of fungal species (21) were identified when sabouraude dextrose agar was used. In culture media free of cycloheximide the number of fungal isolates and fungal species were substantially increased to 720 and 37 respectively. The results of this experiment revealed a negative correlation between soil fungi and pH ( as r= 0.307 with fungal isolates and 0.185 with the number of fungal species ) while this correlation was positive with organic content of soil salinity (r= 0.042 and 0.130 with fungal isolates and fungal species respectively ) moreover the results showed negative correlation between fungal isolates and soil salinity (r=0.202) while the number of species of fungal society was positively correlated ( r= 0.109). The hemolytic activity of 30 species in vitro using blood agar culture:18 species showed variable capabilities in hemolysis. Aspergillus fumigatus was

Three New Soil-inhabiting Species of Trichoderma in the Stromaticum Clade with Test of Their Antagonism to Pathogens.

Trichoderma is a dominant component of the soil mycoflora. During the field investigations of northern, central, and southwestern China, three new species in the Stromaticum clade were encountered from soil, and named as T. hebeiense, T. sichuanense, and T. verticillatum. Their phylogenetic positions were determined by analyses of the combined two genes: partial sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha and the second largest RNA polymerase subunit-encoding genes. Distinctions between the new species and their close relatives were discussed. Trichoderma hebeiense appeared as a separate terminal branch. The species is distinctive by its oblong conidia and aggregated pustules in culture. Trichoderma sichuanense features in concentric colony and produces numerous clean exudates on aerial mycelium in culture. Trichoderma verticillatum is characterized by its verticillium-like synanamorph and production of abundant chlamydospores. In vitro antagonism towards the new species was tested by dual culture technique.