Bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Research Articles

ANALYSIS AND OPTIMAL CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE SPREAD MODEL WITH VACCINATION AND CASE FINDING CONTROL (CASE STUDY: SURABAYA CITY)

Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that infects humans. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). It is the largest infectious disease in the world and has become a major global health problem. Therefore, efforts are being made to control the spread of tuberculosis disease through vaccination and case finding, with the aim of reducing the population of latently infected and actively infected individuals. This study discusses the mathematical model of tuberculosis disease spread, disease-free and endemic equilibrium points, and stability analysis around the equilibrium points. Then, using Pontryagin's minimum principle, the optimal control problem is solved numerically by the 4th-order Runge-Kutta method. Based on the analysis and simulation results, the system is asymptotically stable around the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points. Furthermore, optimal control in the form of vaccination of susceptible individuals is required to further suppress the rate of change of susceptible individuals into latent individuals, while control in the form of case finding on latently infected individuals is required until the 9th year to minimize the population size, while on actively infected individuals, it is required until the 8th year to minimize the population size. Providing optimal control resulted in a 100% increase in the susceptible population and a 100% reduction in the latent and infected populations.

HUBUNGAN JENIS PENGOBATAN ANTI TUBERKULOSIS TERHADAP KEPATUHAN MINUM OBAT ANTI TUBERKULOSIS

Pulmonary TB germs can infect various parts of the body and prefer parts of the body with high oxygen levels. The lungs are the main predilection site for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) germs. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Pulmonary TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. The number of TB cases every year always increases with new cases and the success rate of treatment is still insufficient. Based on data from the World Health Organization (2018), there are 6.4 million people in the world infected with TB germs. In Indonesia, the number of TB cases is estimated to be 842,000 new TB cases per year (319 per 100,000 population) with 107,000 deaths per year (40 per 100,000 population). One factor that can be related to non-compliance with TB drug consumption is the type of TB treatment. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between the type of anti-tuberculosis treatment and adherence to taking anti-tuberculosis medication. This research is a quantitative research study with a cross sectional approach. This research was carried out at the Deli Tua Community Health Center. The population of this study were pulmonary TB patients who were registered and receiving treatment at the Deli Tua Community Health Center, with a total of 68 respondents. The research results showed that there was no relationship between the type of treatment and compliance with taking anti-tuberculosis medication with a p value of 0.921. TB sufferers need to increase awareness of compliance with taking anti-tuberculosis medication.

Detection of tuberculosis using customized MobileNet and transfer learning from chest X-ray image

One of the most contagious diseases in the world, tuberculosis (TB) is brought on by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This hazardous scenario can cause life losses and requires expert doctors and several hours to detect the disease. Using the MobileNet transfer learning model, a computationally lightweight model has been proposed in this study. The optimal model for the diagnosis of tuberculosis has been determined after testing numerous variants on the base model with pre-trained weights. A computationally light transfer learning model is proposed to obtain the maximum overall accuracy of 98.66%. The improvement over the best existing model is quite significant. The transfer learning model (DenseNet) utilized in this existing model is based on a very complex convolutional neural network (CNN), and as a result, the model requires greater amounts of time. The performance of the other existing models is relatively less in comparison to our proposed model, and the methods have a number of other drawbacks. Our goal in this work is to create a more accurate model that requires less computational effort. When compared to previous models, our model has a very less number of trainable parameters, which causes the model to converge more quickly and predict more accurately. Our approach also has the benefit of being simply able to modify its weights when the system is further updated with new datasets. Additionally, because of its lightweight architecture, it can be installed on mobile devices as well as used in web-based applications with ease. To analyze and validate the proposed method, we have collected data from Kaggle and used MC, CHN and NIH datasets.

Differences in Vitamin D3 Levels in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Before and After One Month of Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Therapy

Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by infection with the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis will receive Anti-Tuberculosis Drug (OAT) therapy for six months. In the first two months or what is called the intensive phase, the patient will be given a combination of OAT in the form of rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. Several types of anti-tuberculosis drugs have the potential to affect vitamin D3 metabolism, either by interfering with absorption, metabolism or changing the action of vitamin D3. The long-term treatment process for pulmonary tuberculosis also results in a decrease in vitamin D3 levels in the blood. This study aims to determine the difference in vitamin D3 levels in pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers before and after one month of anti-tuberculosis drug therapy. This type of research is descriptive observational with a prospective cohort design without comparison. The total sample was 16 newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers at the Bangetayu, Kedungmundu and Tlogosari Wetan Health Centers, Semarang City. Vitamin D3 levels in serum samples were examined using the ELISA method. The mean vitamin D3 level before OAT therapy was 19.00 ± 10.45 ng/mL, the level decreased after OAT therapy, namely 18.51 ± 4.74 ng/mL. These results indicate that administration of anti-tuberculosis drugs may have an effect on vitamin levels.

Artemisinin derivatives as potential drug candidates against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: insights from molecular docking, MD simulations, PCA, MM/GBSA and ADMET analysis

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis, one of the most ancient and formidable infectious diseases, primarily arises from the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck), a potential drug target, is essential for the growth of Mtb that involves in the pathway of gluconeogenesis at the centre of phosphoenolpyruvate-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node. This study aims to understand drug-like properties of the compounds derived from artemisinin, and to investigate their inhibitory roles against Mtb. Molecular docking was performed on a set of 56 artemisinin compounds to identify their binding efficacy to the Mtb protein target. Subsequently, the selected top three complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulations. By the trajectory analysis, root mean square deviation and radius of gyration indicated the compactness of the systems without much fluctuation. The principal component analysis revealed that the complexes were less dynamic and energetically more favourable, and Gibbs energy landscape revealed the favourable energetic transitions between conformations. The artemisinin dimer primary alcohol holding good bioavailability scores appears highly stable in complex with Pck (MM/GBSA of −37.67 kcal/mol) that stands as a potential inhibitor of the Mtb target. However, further preclinical experiments and investigations are necessary to evaluate the intrinsic properties and to confirm effectiveness of the drug candidate.

Tense Ascites in a Young Man Aged 24 Years Due to TB Peritonitis: Case Report

Tuberculous peritonitis is parietal or visceral peritoneal inflammation caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Pathogenesis Tuberculous peritonitis is preceded by M. tuberculosis infection followed by spread to the peritoneum. This is a report from a young male patient with the main complaint of an increasingly enlarged stomach in 2 weeks and weight loss accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing. Investigation showed anemia, the results of Adenosine deaminase (ADA) ascitic fluid: 36.3 U/L. Radiological examination. Thorax photo showed Sinistra pleural effusion. Abdominal ultrasound found ascites. Then an ascitic puncture of approximately 2600 cc of greenish fluid was carried out. The diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis is based on the Adenosine deaminase (ADA) test. Next, the patient received Fixed Drug Combination (FDC) therapy consisting of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol for 2 months, followed by a combination of Rifampicin and Isoniazid for 7-10 months. The prognosis of tuberculous peritonitis is fair if diagnosis is prompt and the patient is treated adequately.

Overview of Urine Cylinders in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis Undergoing Advanced First-Line Treatment at the RSUD Ciamis

Background & Objective: Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that can attack various organs, especially the lungs. Tuberculosis patients are treated with anti-tuberculosis drugs such as rifampicin and streptomycin, which can potentially cause kidney function impairment. To detect any abnormalities in the kidneys, a urine sediment examination is conducted, which can identify an increase in urine cylinders if any damage to the kidneys is present. This study aims to provide insights into urine cylinders in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis based on the duration of their treatment. Method: This is a descriptive study that utilised a purposive sampling technique. The study involved 38 Tuberculosis patients as respondents. Sampling was carried out at the DOTS clinic of RSUD Ciamis and the research was conducted between October 2021 and May 2022. Result: Out of 38 samples, 6 people tested positive for cylinders at a value of +1 (which means very little). These cylinders included hyaline, wax, granule, fat, and epithelial cell cylinders. The percentage of people who tested positive for cylinders was 15.8%. On the other hand, 32 people tested negative for cylinders, which accounts for 84.2% of the total sample. Conclusion: It can be concluded that cylinders were found in tuberculosis patients. Future researchers are advised to examine urine cylinders in pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing the sixth month of treatment in patients at a young age.

Analysis Of Factors Associated With The Occurrence Of Tuberculosis Treatment Dropout In The Work Area Of The Subulussalam City Health Office Year 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) poses a grave threat to those afflicted, contributing significantly to the global mortality rate. Caused by the infectious bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB primarily targets the lungs, with Indonesia ranking second in its prevalence worldwide. This study aims to scrutinize factors associated with TB treatment discontinuation within the Subulussalam City Health Service Work Area in 2023, employing a quantitative, cross-sectional approach. A sample of 203 TB patients under treatment within the area was subjected to logistic regression and multiple logistic regression analyses. Findings revealed a correlation between treatment discontinuation and factors such as inadequate knowledge (p = 0.00; OR = 27.81) and adverse drug reactions (p = 0.02; OR = 13.05). Recommendations include enhancing patient education on TB risks to bolster awareness and deter treatment abandonment, instituting recognition programs within health centers to incentivize treatment completion, and acknowledging the proactive role of healthcare personnel in facilitating patient adherence.

Factors Related to the Incident of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Working Area of the Tarok Health Center Payakumbuh Citi West Sumatra Province 2023

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tarok Health Center has the highest incidence rate of pulmonary TB in Payakumbuh City in 2022. In 2019 the CNR of TB cases was 178 per 100,000 populations. In 2020, the number of CNR TB cases was 112 per 100,000 populations. The CNR of TB in 2021 was 122 per 100,000 populations, in 2022 the CNR of TB cases will be 56 cases with a CNR of 284 per 100,000 populations. This research uses quantitative methods with case control methodology. The total sample was 88 samples; the research was carried out from September to October 2023 with analysis using the chi-square statistical test. This research shows that there is a relationship between ventilation area (0.005), humidity (0.031), temperature (0.029) and contact history (0.017) with the incidence of pulmonary TB in the working area of the Tarok Health Center, Payakumbuh City, then no relationship was found between floor type (=1) and residential density (0.052) and the incidence of pulmonary TB in the working area of the Tarok Health Center, Payakumbuh City.

GAMBARAN PEMERIKSAAN TES CEPAT MOLEKULER (TCM) GENEXPERT PADA PASIEN DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH PALEMBANG BARI

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The diagnosis of pulmonary TB is made based on the clinical picture, physical examination, radiological picture, laboratory examination, and tuberculin test. The pulmonary TB diagnosis currently used routinely in laboratories including hospitals and health centers is bacteriological diagnosis using the rapid molecular test (TCM) technique, while microscopic examination is used as a follow-up examination (monitoring) in patients receiving treatment. TCM examination is a molecular detection method based on nested real-time PCR. The use of TCM is a priority for TB testing because it has several advantages, including: it can diagnose TB and resistance to rifampicin quickly, accurately with high sensitivity, and results can be known in approximately 2 hours.
 Objectives: The aim of this study is to see the description of TCM examinations in patients at Palembang BARI Regional Hospital based on gender and age groups. Method: This research was conducted at the Palembang BARI Regional General Hospital Laboratory Installation. The samples taken were from patients at the Palembang BARI Regional General Hospital and not referrals from other health service facilities. 50 samples were taken and grouped based on TCM results, gender and age. Result: In grouping based on TCM results, the highest result was negative. In gender grouping, more male patients underwent TCM examinations. In the age grouping, the elderly are more likely to undergo TCM examinations. Conclusion: There are several factors that cause a person to become infected with TB, namely social status, smoking, and having the habit of drinking alcohol.

Pengaruh Pengetahuan Dan Dukungan Keluarga Terhadap Kepatuhan Berobat Pada Pasien Tuberkulosis Paru Di RSUD Dr. Soeroto, Kabupaten Ngawi

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the number one deadly infectious disease in the world caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indonesia ranks third globally, and East Java ranks second in Indonesia. Secondary data from Dr. Soeroto Ngawi Regional Hospital in 2022 indicate that there will be 15 patients resistant to drugs. The research aims to determine the influence of knowledge and family support on medication adherence among tuberculosis patients at Dr. Soeroto Ngawi Regional Hospital. The research design is quantitative observational with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consists of all pulmonary TB patients aged ≥ 12 years recorded from January to July 2022 at Dr. Soeroto Ngawi Regional Hospital, with a selected sample of 48 respondents using simple random sampling probability techniques. Research instruments include direct observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The research period was from December 4, 2022, to April 9, 2023. The results showed that the majority of pulmonary tuberculosis patients are female, aged between 26 and 45 years, with educational levels ranging from junior high school to high school. Most respondents have good knowledge (56.2%) and good family support (60.4%). The analysis indicates that there is an influence of knowledge factors and family support factors on medication adherence in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The most dominant factor affecting medication adherence in pulmonary tuberculosis patients is family support.

Non-contact Respiration Monitoring Using Bio- Radar Sensor Based on Linear Regression Classifier

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that mainly attacks the lungs, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To reduce its spread, hospitals use special rooms for TB patients and health workers follow strict Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Recent advances in medical technology have led to the development of contactless respiratory monitoring techniques, such as bio-radar sensors that utilize the Doppler principle to detect lung movement. This research aims to explore the application of bio-radar sensors for contactless respiratory rate monitoring and then combine it with machine learning methods, specifically using linear regression algorithms, to translate bio-radar output into measurable respiratory rate values. By training a regression model using a processed raw data set to identify inspiration and expiration, where 1 is inspiration and 0 is expiration. To test the performance of the contactless breathing module, it was compared to a patient monitor. The module and comparison tool were run simultaneously with 10 measurement distance points for 10 patients or respondents with each distance point taken three times. The data that has been obtained from the results of comparisons between modules and comparison tools is entered into machine learning data analysis techniques, namely accuracy, precision and recall. The accuracy results were 74.9%, precision 71.4% and recall 83.3%. This research has proven that bio radar can be used to detect lung movement.

Interaction of eugenol-based anti-tuberculosis nanoemulsion with bovine serum albumin: A spectroscopic study including Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol

Tuberculosis (TB), a deadly infectious disease, is primarily caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The misuse of antibiotics has led to the development of drug resistance, prompting researchers to explore new technologies to combat multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB). Phospholipid-based nanotherapeutics, such as nanoemulsions, are gaining traction as they enhance drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Our study focuses on the interaction between Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and a drug-loaded nanoemulsion based on Eugenol. This nanoemulsion incorporates Eugenol, Clove, cinnamon oil, and first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs like Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol. The primary objective is to assess the biosafety profile of the nanoemulsion upon interaction with BSA. We employed Fluorescence, UV–visible, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze this interaction.UV–visible spectroscopy detected changes in hydrophobicity due to structural alterations in BSA near the tryptophan residue, leading to the formation of ground-state complexes. Fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that the nanoemulsion effectively quenched fluorescence originating from tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Studies using synchronous and three-dimensional spectroscopy point to a potential modification of the aromatic environment of BSA by the nanoemulsion. Resonance light scattering spectra indicated the formation of large aggregates due to the interaction with the nanoemulsion. The second derivative FTIR spectra showed an increase in the magnitude of secondary structure bands, suggesting a conformational shift. This research has significant pharmacological implications for developing safer, more targeted drug delivery systems. The information obtained from the interaction of the nanoemulsion with the blood carrier protein is vital for the future development of superior carriers with minimal adverse effects on patients. It is crucial to remember that conformational changes brought on by drug-ligand complexes attaching to carrier proteins may have negative consequences. Therefore, this study enhances the in vitro evaluation of potential adverse effects of the nanoemulsion on serum proteins.

Highly sensitive ZnO/Ag/BaTiO3/MoS2 hybrid structure-based surface plasmon biosensor for the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria

This study presents a novel biosensor utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology, comprising og zinc oxide (ZnO), silver (Ag), barium titanate (BaTiO3), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria was accomplished through the utilization of the hybrid structure. The transfer matrix method (TMM) and finite element method are employed to analyze the suggested surface plasmon resonance (SPR) structure. A comparative analysis has been conducted to evaluate the angular sensitivity between normal blood samples (NBS) and cells affected by tuberculosis (TB). The optimization of the performance of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) structure involves adjusting the thickness of ZnO, Ag and BaTiO3 layer. The accurate measurement of the full width at half maximum (FWHM), detection accuracy (DA), quality factor and figure of merits (FOM) has also been conducted. The optimal angular sensitivity has been determined to be 10 nm for ZnO, 40 nm for Ag, 1.5 nm for BaTiO3, and one layer of MoS2 with a sensitivity of 525 deg./RIU. Additionally, this study compared the effects on sensitivity of two dimensional materials graphene, WS2 and MoS2. In contrast to the currently available biosensor utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR), the suggested structure exhibits higher angular sensitivity. Due to its improved sensitivity, the biosensor under consideration exhibits potential for detecting a wide range of biological analytes and organic compounds.

Novel Inhibitors to MmpL3 Transporter of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Structure-Based High-Throughput Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Tuberculosis (TB)-causing bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) utilizes mycolic acids for building the mycobacterial cell wall, which is critical in providing defense against external factors and resisting antibiotic action. MmpL3 is a secondary resistance nodulation division transporter that facilitates the coupled transport of mycolic acid precursor into the periplasm using the proton motive force, thus making it an attractive drug target for TB infection. In 2019, X-ray crystal structures of MmpL3 from M. smegmatis were solved with a promising inhibitor SQ109, which showed promise against drug-resistant TB in Phase II clinical trials. Still, there is a pressing need to discover more effective MmpL3 inhibitors to counteract rising antibiotic resistance. In this study, structure-based high-throughput virtual screening combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identified potential novel MmpL3 inhibitors. Approximately 17 million compounds from the ZINC15 database were screened against the SQ109 binding site on the MmpL3 protein using drug property filters and glide XP docking scores. From this, the top nine compounds and the MmpL3-SQ109 crystal complex structure each underwent 2 × 200 ns MD simulations to probe the inhibitor binding energetics to MmpL3. Four of the nine compounds exhibited stable binding properties and favorable drug properties, suggesting these four compounds could be potential novel inhibitors of MmpL3 for M. tuberculosis.

Human Macrophages Activate Bystander Neutrophils' Metabolism and Effector Functions When Challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Neutrophils are dynamic cells, playing a critical role in pathogen clearance; however, neutrophil infiltration into the tissue can act as a double-edged sword. They are one of the primary sources of excessive inflammation during infection, which has been observed in many infectious diseases including pneumonia and active tuberculosis (TB). Neutrophil function is influenced by interactions with other immune cells within the inflammatory lung milieu; however, how these interactions affect neutrophil function is unclear. Our study examined the macrophage-neutrophil axis by assessing the effects of conditioned medium (MΦ-CM) from primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) stimulated with LPS or a whole bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) on neutrophil function. Stimulated hMDM-derived MΦ-CM boosts neutrophil activation, heightening oxidative and glycolytic metabolism, but diminishes migratory potential. These neutrophils exhibit increased ROS production, elevated NET formation, and heightened CXCL8, IL-13, and IL-6 compared to untreated or unstimulated hMDM-treated neutrophils. Collectively, these data show that MΦ-CM from stimulated hMDMs activates neutrophils, bolsters their energetic profile, increase effector and inflammatory functions, and sequester them at sites of infection by decreasing their migratory capacity. These data may aid in the design of novel immunotherapies for severe pneumonia, active tuberculosis and other diseases driven by pathological inflammation mediated by the macrophage-neutrophil axis.

The Role of Genes and Genetic Variation in Human Tuberculosis Susceptibility: A Population Perspective

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacteria that affected many people around the world. However, not everyone who was exposed to Mtb got sick, which implied that some genetic factors influenced how people responded to TB infection. The question of whether TB was influenced more by genes or by the environment had been a topic of research for a long time. In this review paper, we examined the findings and difficulties of the studies on the genetic determinants of human TB susceptibility and how much genetic variation contributed to it, from twin and candidate gene studies to genome-wide association studies. This comprehensive review developed into the then-current state of knowledge and the intricate challenges inherent in researching the genetic underpinnings of human susceptibility to TB. The exploration of this genetic aspect spanned a spectrum, from classical twin studies and candidate gene investigations to more contemporary approaches like genome-wide association studies and genetic variation in noncoding RNA analysis.
 Within this evolving landscape, we highlighted the genes such as TNF, NRAMP, IFN-γ, NOS2, IGR, VDR, TYK2, TLR, MBL, IGRM, ASAP1, AGMO, FOXP1, P2X7, SP110, and UBLCP1 and the mechanisms involved in the development of TB. Furthermore, we explored the role of genetic variation in regulating the immune response to MTB infection collectively with environmental factors. Hence, we also reviewed how environmental factors, such as diet, living conditions, and co-infections, affected the likelihood and severity of TB. Understanding the interplay of genetic and environmental factors allowed us to identify the people who were most vulnerable to TB and design better strategies to prevent and treat it.

PENGARUH FISIOTERAPI DADA TERHADAP POLA DAN FREKUENSI NAFAS PADA PASIEN TUBERKULOSIS DI PUSKESMAS SIBANDE

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that causes many problems in the lungs, and the bacteria that cause this disease are bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). TB has several typical symptoms with the main symptoms such as experiencing a cough that produces phlegm or does not produce phlegm. Therefore, non-medical therapy can be used to treat and help expel phlegm, namely chest physiotherapy. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chest physiotherapy on breathing patterns and frequency. The research method is a quasi-experimental design using a single group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study was 22 people suffering from TB. The sampling technique was saturated sampling, and the sample size was 22 people. Analysis of this research data uses a non-parametric test, namely the Wilcoxon test. The research results obtained a significant value of 0.000<0.005 indicating the influence of chest physiotherapy on respiratory frequency. Furthermore, a significant value of 0.002 <0.005 indicates the influence of chest physiotherapy on breathing patterns. The results of this study can be concluded that chest physiotherapy has an influence on breathing patterns and frequency in TB patients.

Comparison of Tuberculosis Knowledge Between Health and Non-Health Students

Tuberculosis or tuberculosis is one of the chronic diseases that are dangerous to health. Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that attack the respiratory organs of the lungs. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of students related to the comparison of tuberculosis knowledge between health and non-health students. This research is a descriptive quantitative research using survey methods. Data collection was carried out by questionnaire via Google form which was then analyzed to be able to describe the results of the study. The results obtained from this study show that health students have a very good level of knowledge about tuberculosis knowledge, namely at University A (34.3%) and University B (14.7%) compared to non-health students at University C (17.6%) and University D (33.3%)

A brief overview of mathematical modeling of the within-host dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains one of the major infectious diseases of humans with 10 million TB cases and 1.5 million deaths due to TB worldwide yearly. Upon exposure of a new host to Mtb, bacteria typically infect one local site in the lung, but over time, Mtb disseminates in the lung and in some cases to extrapulmonary sites. The contribution of various host components such as immune cells to Mtb dynamics in the lung, its dissemination in the lung and outside of the lung, remains incompletely understood. Here we overview different types of mathematical models used to gain insights in within-host dynamics of Mtb; these include models based on ordinary or partial differential equations (ODEs and PDEs), stochastic simulation models based on ODEs, agent-based models (ABMs), and hybrid models (ODE-based models linked to ABMs). We illustrate results from several of such models and identify areas for future resesarch.