Mycelial Growth Of Test Fungi Research Articles

Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant activity of leaf and fruit of Alangium salviifolium L. (Cornaceae)

Objectives: Alangium salviifolium L. is one of the medicinally important plant belonging to the family Cornaceae. The present study evaluates antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of leaf and fruit extracts of A. salviifolium. Methods: Extraction of shade dried and powdered leaf and fruit was carried out by maceration technique. Antibacterial and antifungal activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and poisoned food technique, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined by antiradical (DPPH and ABTS assays) and ferric reducing assays. Results: Both leaf and fruit extracts displayed inhibitory activity against test bacteria. Fruit extract was shown to be more effective against test bacteria when compared to leaf extract. Leaf extract was more effective in causing inhibition of mycelial growth of test fungi when compared to fruit extract. Both leaf and fruit extracts scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals dose dependently and exhibited ferric reducing activity. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated the potential of leaf as well as fruit of A. salviifolium to exhibit antimicrobial and antioxidant activities which justifies the traditional medicinal uses of the plant.

Efficacy of different fungicides, plant extracts and bio-agents for the management of root rot of cluster bean incited by Macrophomina phaseolina

An investigation was made to minimize root rot of cluster bean incited by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Macrophomina phaseolina) by use of Trichoderma, neem leaf extract and carbendazim. It was observed in Dual Culture Technique, Trichoderma harzianum showed highest inhibition of mycelial growth of the test pathogen when compared to Trichoderma viride and Bacillus subtilis. The extract of five plants part and five fungicides were evaluated against Rhizoctonia bataticoa by Poisoned Food Technique. Among these the extract of garlic (10%), neem (10%) and carbedazim were found most effective to inhibiting mycelial growth of test fungus followed by tebuconazole + tryfloxystrobin. Plant extracts, bio-agents and fungicides which were found most effective in in vitro studies were tested as seed treatment in pot against R. bataticola. Carbendazim, Trichoderma harzianum and garlic extract were proved most effective in reducing disease incidence.

Effect of essential oils on seed borne Fusarium sp., and seed quality of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is as an important oilseed crop and seed borne fungi are reducing the yield as well as quality of the seeds produced. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of essential oils for control of seed borne fungi as well as enhancement of seed quality of sesame. Fusarium sp., was isolated from sesame seeds by agar plate method. Four essential oils such as camphor oil, cinnamon oil, clove oil and rose oil were screened for their antifungal potential against the isolated Fusarium sp., by poisoned food method. Selected essential oils were tested at different concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm concentrations for their ability to inhibit the mycelial growth of test fungi. All the oils completely inhibited the mycelial growth of test fungi at 500 ppm concentration. The effect of selected essential oils on sesame seed quality was analyzed by standard blotter method. All the four oils increased the germination percentage and seed vigour while the fungal infection was completely inhibited without any phytotoxic effects. Comparatively, clove oil showed the best activity followed by camphor oil, cinnamon oil and rose oil. These results observed of the essential oils indicate the possible usage of them for the sesame seed treatment following further investigations.

Screening of an ethnomedicinal plant Erythrina indica Lam. for their antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical properties against ear pathogens

A significant use of plants and their products as herbal medicine is the traditionally important mode of treatment all over the world. The present work is aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Erythrina indica leaves extracts. The crude extract of Erythrina indica leaves was evaluated for antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical analysis against ear pathogens. E. indica crude extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activities. The Minimum inhibitory concentration 3.12 mg/ml of methanol extract was found effective against S. epidermidis and H. influenzae. The fungitoxic effects of the methanol extract on the mycelial growth of test fungi was determined which is found above 600 µg/ml. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Erythrina indica leaves was found lower than ascorbic acid by DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The phytochemical screening for MeOH extract of E. indica revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and tannins. This study supports the use of Erythrina indica in herbal medicine and as a base for the development of new drugs and phytomedicine in rationale for its use in treatment of ear diseases.

ANTIRADICAL, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF HARPULLIA ARBOREA (BLANCO) RADLK. (SAPINDACEAE)

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate antiradical and antimicrobial potential of extract of Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) leaves obtained by maceration process.Methods: Antiradical activity of leaf extract was performed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Antibacterial activity of leaf extract was carried out by Agar well diffusion assay. Antifungal activity of leaf extract was carried out by Poisoned food technique.Results: Leaf extract displayed concentration dependent scavenging of radicals with potent scavenging activity against ABTS radicals (IC50 value 4.26µg/ml) when compared to DPPH radicals (IC50 value 27.26µg/ml). Extract exhibited inhibitory activity against all test bacteria. Marked and least activity was observed against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli respectively. Considerable reduction in the mycelial growth of test fungi was observed in poisoned plates. Curvularia sp. and Alternaria sp. were inhibited to highest and least extent respectively. Conclusion: In suitable form, the plant can be used to treat oxidative damage, infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and to manage seed-borne fungi.

Management of wilt and root rot disease of sugarcane in nursery

Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) is one of the most important cash crops cultivated in Maharashtra. Many biotic and abiotic factors limit the sugarcane production. Among the biotic factors fungal diseases are major constraints in reducing the yield of sugarcane. Wilt and root rot diseases of sugarcane are major threat to sugarcane cultivation in Maharashtra. The pure culture of wilt and root rot causing pathogen Fusarium moniliforme . and Pythium gramenicola sp. was successfully isolated from sugarcane wilt and root rot diseases infected samples. Pathogenicity was proved by Koch postulate test was carried out in pot culture under glasshouse conditions by inoculating the soil with pathogenic culture of Fusarium moniliforme and Pythium gramenicola. In vivo management of wilt and biofertilizer and Trichoderma indicated that Fusarium moniliforme and Pythium gramenicola were found in carriers (cocopeat, vermicompost, bagasse, FYM and soil) and the bioagent Trichoderma was proved to be the best antagonists in inhibiting the growth of the fungus. Among these, cocopeat was found most superior and recorded maximum germination percentage, plant height and minimum wilt and root rot disease incidence at 30 and 45 DAP in vivo conditions. it was observed that Blitox and Bavistin inhibited mycelial growth of test fungus at 0.2 per cent concentration and lower disease incidence. It clearly indicated that, these two fungicides are quite effective against the wilt and root rot diseases of sugarcane nursery caused by Fusarium moniliforme and Pythium gramenicola . All the treatments of biofertilizers and Trichoderma were observed to minimize the diseases incidence.

Antifungal Activity of Cow Urine Extracts of Selected Plants Against Phytopathogenic Fungi

The present study was performed to determine inhibitory effect of cow urine extract of 14 plants (belonging to 7 families) against the mycelial growth of two phytopathogenic fungi viz., Colletotrichum capsici (isolate from anthracnose of chilli) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi (isolate from rhizome rot of ginger) by poisoned food technique. The extracts inhibited the mycelial growth of test fungi to a varied extent. Among fungi, C. capsici was susceptible to maximum extent when compared to F. oxysporum. All extracts were effective in inhibiting C. capsici while 10 out of 14 extracts inhibited F. oxysporum. Extent of inhibition of C. capsici and F. oxysporum ranged between 12.50 to 90% and 0.0 to 47.61% respectively. These extracts appear to be useful as antimycotic agents with activity against test fungi especially C. capsici. The cow urine extracts may be used in the management of anthracnose of chilli and rhizome rot of ginger. Further studies in field conditions are to be carried out to justify the observations of this in vitro study.

Radical Scavenging, Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Efficacy of <i>Parmotrema cristiferum</i> and <i>Dirinaria applanata</i>

Lichens are self-supporting symbiotic association of mycobiont and photobiont. The present study was conducted to investigate antimicrobial, insecticidal and radical scavenging potential of methanol extract of two macrolichens viz . Parmotrema cristiferum (Taylor) Hale and Dirinaria applanata (Fee) D.D. Awasthi. Antibacterial activity was tested against a panel of 5 bacteria by Agar well diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined against 2 bacteria by broth dilution method. Antifungal efficacy was determined against 5 molds by Poisoned food technique. Free radical scavenging activity was screened by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic content was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent method. Insecticidal activity was determined against 2nd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti Among lichen extracts, D . applanata exhibited stronger inhibition of bacteria as evidenced by wider zones of inhibition and low MIC values. Extract of D . applanata suppressed the mycelial growth of test fungi to higher extent when compared to extract of P . cristiferum The scavenging of DPPH radicals was also marked in case of D. applanta when compared to P. cristiferum . The content of total phenolics was also higher in D. applanata than that of P. cristiferum . Lichen extracts showed concentration dependent larvicidal effect. D. applanata exhibited stronger larvicidal effect than P. cristiferum . Overall, D. applanata displayed marked bioactivities when compared to P. cristiferum . This could be mainly due to high phenolic content. The macrolichens of this study appear to be promising sources of bioactive agents.

<i>In Vitro</i> Antifungal Activity of <i>Citrus aurantifolia</i> Linn Plant Extracts against Phytopathogenic Fungi <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i>

The aqueous extracts of leaf of Citrus aurantifolia L were assessed in vitro for inhibitory activity against Macrophominaphaseolina isolated from dry root rot specimens of Gingelly. The antifungal activity was determined by poison food technique. The extracts have shown dose dependent inhibition of mycelial growth of test fungi. The extracts were more effective in inhibiting Macrophominaphaseolina. The extracts of Citrus aurantifolia were found effective against Gingelly dry root rot pathogens. Further field experiments are to be carried out to recommend the extracts against the disease.

Antifungal activity of Leaf and Pericarp of <i>Polyalthia longifolia</i> Against Pathogens Causing Rhizome Rot of Ginger

The aqueous extracts of leaf, unripe pericarp and ripe pericarp of Polyalthia longifolia were assessed in vitro for inhibitory activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi and Pythium aphanidermatum isolated from rhizome rot specimen of ginger. The antifungal activity was determined by poison food technique. The extracts have shown dose dependent inhibition of mycelial growth of test fungi. The extracts were more effective in inhibiting F. oxysporum than P. aphanidermatum. Ripe pericarp extract inhibited test fungi to maximum extent followed by unripe pericarp extract and leaf extract respectively. The extracts of P. longifolia were found effective against ginger rhizome rot pathogens. Further, field experiments are to be carried out to recommend the extracts against the disease.

Exploitation of Various Crude Plant Extracts Against Black Scurf Disease of Potato in Saudi Arabia

Antifungal activities of five plant species (Thymus vulgaris, Lavandula vera, Menta viridis, Rosmarinus officinalis and Cassia italic) extracts were tested against Rhizoctonia solani using three different solvents (methanol, acetone and chloroform). Using linear growth technique, the percentages of growth inhibition caused by extracts were determined. The methanol extracts of all test plants were the most effective to inhibit the mycelial growth of test fungus. The percent of growth inhibition of R. solani was least affected by the chloroform extract. Whereas, at 8 % concentration, methanol extracts of R. officinalis and T. vulgaris caused complete (100 %) inhibition of R. solani growth. Similar results for M. viridis were attained only at 10 % concentration, compared to control treatment. The analysis of High performance liquid chromatography of five plants indicated that, the extraction with different solvents will lead to different types and concentrations of phenolic compounds.

In vitro Antifungal Properties of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) Extracts against Colletotrichulll falcatum went

In vitro studies were conducted to test the anti-fungal properties of garlic ( Allium sativum L.) extracts, extracted with different solvents against the pathogen, Colletotrichum jalcatum Went, which is a causal organism of red rot disease in sugarcane. Among the extracts tested, garlic with acetone followed by garlic with methanol were found to be significantly effective in inhibiting the growth of test fungi, inoculated in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium. The mean weight of mycelial growth of test fungi in acetone, methanol, kerosene and water extracts were 0.0205, 0.0251,0.1032 and 0.1744 mg, respectively.