Mutual Fire Insurance Companies Research Articles

Cooperative Commonwealth: Co-Ops in Rural Minnesota, 1859-1939

In this groundbreaking work, Keillor examines how rural Minnesotans used the principles of co-operation in their attempt to gain control of local economies and to exercise that control according to democratic principles. More than 600 co-operative creameries, 150 township mutual fire insurance companies, hundreds of rural telephone associations, and 270 farmers' elevators were impressive proof of the power of co-operation before World War II. Minnesota became known as one of the most co-operative-minded states in the Union. Many of these types of co-operatives have never been studies, and none has been adequately analysed. This is a collective biography of Minnesota's rural people, told in their own words through newspapers and minutes of local meetings.

Common Stock Investments of Mutual Fire and Casualty Insurance Companies

Common Stock Investments of Mutual Fire and Casualty Insurance Companies

Principles of Cathodic Protection Design

SUBSTANTIAL proportion of the reported six billion dollar annual cost of all types of corrosion (1) is borne by the water works industry in steel water tanks, filtration and softening plant equipment, pipelines and other structures in distribution sys^ tems. Shortened structure life, increased maintenance costs and greater out-of-service time are all commonly encountered forms of rust and corrosion damage. The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (1) lists four main corrosion controlling techniques: (1) cathodic protection, (2) metallic coatings, (3) inorganic and organic coatings and (4) alloying. Other means include metal purification, alteration of the environment and the use of passivatore and inhibitors. Of all these, according to corrosion engineers, cathodic protection is the most effective single method, as it surmounts the shortcomings of other protective measures; and when used in conjunction with paint or other coatings, its advantages in both economy and corrosion control become even more apparent. That the process is basically sound and of economic value in controlling the wastage of metal from water works structures is now generally -accepted. This is evidenced by its growing application, by the results of the detailed study and investigation being pursued by technical men throughout the country and by its acceptance by the American Water Works Association, the Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies and other similar authoritative organizations.

Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Companies in North Carolina

Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Companies in North Carolina

Fires of electrical origin in factories

Maintenance of electrical equipment in a manner appropriate to its importance is urged as a means of combating an increasing proportion of industrial fires of electrical origin NO ONE will question the statement that electricity in its various uses is a potential source of fire hazard. It usually is kept well under control, but too frequently it “kicks over the traces” and so-called breakdowns occur, many times attended by excessive local heating which ignites insulation, and fire spreads to near-by combustible materials. After a fire starts, conditions determine its extent. Usually it is quickly put out, but sometimes it causes serious loss. It has been said that the lack of a horseshoe nail caused Napoleon to lose the Battle of Waterloo. A case is known where the breaking of some small washers needed to limit the travel of the movable contacts of an oil switch finally resulted in a fire which so damaged an exceptionally large manufacturing plant that 80 per cent of its power requirement was interrupted for about 1 1/2 days. Electricity is by far the principal cause of fire in the properties insured by the Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies. For the year 1940, of all fires reported to them for which claim was made, 21.9 per cent were of electrical origin, and this figure does not include the losses to electrical equipment when lightning was the initial cause. About 5 per cent can be added if lightning losses are included. The amount of all electrical losses in 1940 was 13.9 per cent of the total loss occasioned by fires of all causes. No exceptionally large single electrical loss occurred last year, so the percentage happens to be fairly low. In 1939 it was 65 per cent of the total.

Electricity as an industrial fire hazard

OF ALL FIRES in the United States and Canada during the years 1936 and 1937 (excluding those where lightning was the initial cause) 11.2 per cent were of electrical origin, and the loss was 10.9 per cent of all fire loss. These figures from the records of the National Fire Protection Association indicate that for all types of property, electricity ranked third as a cause of fire. The records of the Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies on the same basis show that for industrial plants, electricity rates a strong first. For the years 1931 to 1938 inclusive, 19.8 per cent of the fires for which claims were made in Factory Mutual plants were caused by electricity, and the loss was 19.2 per cent of their total fire loss. That is, one out of every five fires was of electrical origin.

Mutual Fire Insurance Companies

Trends among farmers' mutual fire insurance companies indicate that there is need for analysis and comparison of their operations for the guidance of officials of the companies themselves and of their farmer members. In some states, at least, it would benefit farmers if a member of the agricultural college staff were prepared to counsel the officers of such cooperative companies in the light of established facts about their businesses. Analytical data such as are described in this article might answer such a purpose. 'They might also serve as a basis for information available to farmers generally for guidance in insuring their property. A method of analyzing the businesses of individual farmers' mutual fire insurance companies is outlined below. The period selected is the decade 1921 through 1930. The data used are derived from the annual reports of 16 domestic Maryland mutuals originally organized as county companies insuring chiefly farm property. All of them still have a considerable farmer membership and a few insure farm property almost exclusively. Ten are advance premium companies, while six operate on an assessment basis. Their annual reports on standard forms are on file in the office of the Insurance Commissioner of Maryland. In almost all states, similar data, in more or less detail, covering the domestic mutual fire insurance companies are available in the files and reports of the official in charge of insurance. Each individual item of expense for each company was summarized for the 10-year period, 1921 through 1930. In some instances, expenditures reported under the wrong heading were transferred to their correct place. Many items originally reported under miscellaneous were placed under headings to which they could be properly assigned. Data for each company were then reduced to a comparable basis by expressing them in terms of cents per one hundred dollars of average net insurance in force. The figures so derived are given in Table 1. The last item before the total is a reconciliation of all entries relating to realized and book losses on investments, Items 35 and 36 in the report, with Items 33 and 34 of the income statement, covering realized and book gains on investments. Where a net gain for an individual company appeared as a result of this reconciliation, it was included in the income statement, a sum-

A Practicable Program for the Elimination and Control of Cross Connections

Journal AWWAVolume 22, Issue 8 p. 1061-1071 Article A Practicable Program for the Elimination and Control of Cross Connections† C. W. Mowry, C. W. MowryManager, Inspection Department, Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, Boston, Mass.Search for more papers by this author C. W. Mowry, C. W. MowryManager, Inspection Department, Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, Boston, Mass.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 August 1930 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1930.tb20872.xCitations: 1 †Presented before the Florida Section meeting, April 10, 1930. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume22, Issue8August 1930Pages 1061-1071 RelatedInformation

Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Companies

Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Companies

Testing of Check Valves

In the year 1908 the water department of the city of Auburn caused an examination to be made of the check valves of the mill and factory connections in the city of Auburn. And as these check valves were of the type that are bought on a competitive basis, and simply represented a design made looking towards an economy of material and labor, the results of this examination can be easily imagined. It was found in many cases that even the locations of the valves were unknown to the factory, and some had been buried in the ground for a period of twenty years, without ever having been examined. The final result of this inspection was that each and every mill or factory using city water for fire protection, and having a polluted auxiliary supply, was required to install double check valves of a special design, and to be placed in a brick or concrete vault, accessible at all times to inspection and test. The specifications under which the check valves were made, require that the seat ring, disc holding ring, and screws, and in fact all moving parts, and the hinge pin and bushings of samebe of bronze, the disc to be faced with medium hard rubber, and liberal clearance to be made all around the clapper, the pin, the arm, etc. These specifications were largely determined by the inspection department of the Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies of Boston, and they also had to meet with the approval of the water department of the city of Auburn. The regulations are that they shall be tested once every six months by the water department, and taken apart once each year and examined for defects or obstructions, and during this latter inspection a representative from the Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Company is present to observe the condition of the valve and assist at the test. It is specified by the water department that the inspection and test shall be at the expense of the factory or mill where the tests are made. Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of an installation made in the city of Auburn. The stop gate valves A and D are so

Mutual Fire Insurance Companies. Power to Create Guaranty Fund. Kennan v. Rundle et al., 51 N. W. Rep. 426 (Wisconsin)

Mutual Fire Insurance Companies. Power to Create Guaranty Fund. Kennan v. Rundle et al., 51 N. W. Rep. 426 (Wisconsin)

On the Progress of Fire Insurance in Great Britain, as compared with other Countries (Concluded from p. 349, vol. vii)

The returns of the various Insurance Companies are published in some of the United States, so that if all the facts were fully stated as required, a fair estimate could be formed of the extension of the business of the Companies from year to year, with their premiums, capital, reserve, &c. Those of the commonwealth of Massachusetts are given agreeably to the requirements of Acts passed in 1837 and 1842. In 1850, the requirement of returns from the mutual Fire Insurance Companies was repealed by an Act of May 3rd in that year.

France: On the Combination of Mutual Fire Insurance Companies for the purposes of Reinsurance, &c

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America: Commonwealth of Massachusetts—Abstract of the Returns of Insurance Companies incorporated with specific Capital; also of Mutual Marine, and Mutual Fire and Marine Insurance Companies

America: Commonwealth of Massachusetts—Abstract of the Returns of Insurance Companies incorporated with specific Capital; also of Mutual Marine, and Mutual Fire and Marine Insurance Companies