Mutans Streptococci In Plaque Research Articles

Maternal and infant oral health benefits from mothers receiving prenatal total oral rehabilitation: a pilot prospective birth cohort study.

This study aimed to evaluate the maternal and infant oral health benefits from mothers receiving prenatal total oral rehabilitation (PTOR) before childbirth. Building upon our previous investigation, in which 15 expectant mothers received PTOR before their third trimester, achieving a state of oral health free from disease prior to delivery, we conducted a follow-up study to monitor these mothers and their newborns until they reached 2 years of age. We assessed the impact of PTOR on maternal and infant oral health, the utilization of dental care during the postpartum/early-life period, and the carriage of oral cariogenic microorganisms among mothers and their infants. Control groups consisting of 11 children and 17 mothers who did not undergo PTOR were included for comparative analysis. PTOR demonstrated a sustained improvement in maternal oral health outcomes by the end of 2 years postpartum, evidenced by a reduction in the Plaque Index and decayed surfaces compared with the control group (p < 0.05). PTOR was also associated with increased perinatal oral health literacy compared with the baseline of the mothers themselves (p < 0.05). In addition, PTOR led to a notable increase in maternal dental care utilization, rising from 26.7% before PTOR to 80% at 1 year postpartum and 70% at 2 years postpartum. Intriguingly, 40% of infants in the PTOR group had their first dental visit before reaching 1 year of age, in contrast to national data from the USA indicating a rate of less than 1%. Furthermore, a decrease in plaque Streptococcus mutans was observed in PTOR mothers 2 years postpartum, compared with both their baseline carriage and that of the control group (p < 0.05). Infants in the PTOR group also had a lower incidence of early childhood caries, with 18% in the PTOR group vs. 27% in the control group, although this difference was not statistically significant due to the small sample size. PTOR is associated with sustained oral health benefits and improves dental care utilization by mothers and their infants. Large-scale clinical trials are warranted to validate these study findings.

Fluorescence-based Evaluation of the Efficacy of Augmented Reality-assisted Toothbrush on Oral Hygiene Practices Among 6–8 Years Old Children

Aim: Effective toothbrushing is the most simple way to maintain a child’s oral hygiene for a cavity-free mouth. Yet, most children find it an uninteresting task and they fail to understand its scientific basis. Augmented reality (A-R)-assisted toothbrushes for pediatric population are commercially available to make toothbrushing interactive, interesting, and educative for the child, aided by gamification providing an interactive videogame platform between the real and the virtual world. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of A-R-assisted brushing experience of children with respect to fluorescence imaging data and plaque Streptococcus mutans count at clinical and microbiological levels, respectively. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 children in the age group of 6-8 years were included and allocated in two study groups (A-R-assisted toothbrushing and manual toothbrushing). Fluorescence-based lesion area scoring was done using FC, Duerr Dental, Vistaproof, Germany. Microbiological analysis of plaque Streptococcus mutans was done to evaluate change in bacterial count. The parameters were recorded again after two weeks. Pre- and post-intervention scores were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Significantly higher reduction of fluorescent scores and mean bacterial count were found in A-R-assisted tooth-brushing group when compared to that of manual toothbrushing. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, A-R-assisted toothbrushing proves to be an effective tool for motivating and maintaining oral hygiene among children and efforts should be made in incorporating this practice in daily domestic healthcare.

Efficacy of aloe vera and probiotic mouthwashes vs fluoride mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans in plaque around brackets of orthodontic patients: a randomized clinical trial.

To compare efficacy of aloe vera and probiotic mouthwashes vs fluoride mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in the plaque of orthodontic patients and to assess patient-reported outcomes and compliance. This prospective randomized clinical trial included 90 patients aged 12-35 years and in permanent dentition, who were randomly allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to three mouthwash groups: aloe vera, probiotic, or fluoride. Smartphone-based applications were used to improve patient compliance. The primary outcome was the change in S. mutans levels in plaque between two times: pre-intervention and after 30 days using real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). Secondary outcomes were the evaluation of patient-reported outcomes and compliance. Mean differences between aloe vera vs probiotic: -0.53 (95% CI: -3.57 to 2.51), aloe vera vs fluoride: -1.99 (95% CI, -4.8 to 0.82), and probiotic vs fluoride: -1.46 (95% CI: -4.74 to 1.82) were not significant, P = .467. Intragroup comparison demonstrated a significant mean difference in all three groups of -0.67 (95% CI: -0.79 to -0.55), -1.27 (95% CI: -1.57 to -0.97), and -2.23 (95% CI: -2.44 to -2.00) respectively, P < .001. Adherence was above 95% in all groups. No significant differences in frequency of responses to patient-reported outcomes were found among groups. No significant difference in efficacy among the three mouthwashes in reducing S. mutans level in plaque was found. Patient-reported assessments concerning burning sensation, taste, and tooth staining found no significant differences among mouthwashes. Smartphone-based applications can help improve patient compliance.

Effectiveness of probiotic toothpaste in reducing streptococcus mutans in plaque around orthodontic brackets

The present study was done to evaluate and compare the effect of probiotic toothpaste in reducing streptococcus mutans and to improve periodontal status of patients who are undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. A total of 60 participants undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment in age range of 14-29 years were selected to receive probiotic toothpaste for a 30 days period. Participants were examined at 2 time points: base line (start of the study) T0 and after 30 days (T 1) of using probiotic toothpaste. In both the groups, S. Mutans Colony Count and Orthodontic Plaque Index was evaluated. At T0, the mean S. mutans colony count was found to be 63.31± 27.23x10-2 CFU/ml. At T1 the mean S. Mutans colony count was found to be 29.70 ± 15.41x10-2 CFU/ml. The mean Plaque Index was found to be 1.23+0.53 at T0. After using probiotic toothpaste twice daily for a period of 1 month (T1) the mean Plaque Index was found to be 0.11±0.32. Use of probiotic toothpaste twice daily has been found useful in reducing S. Mutans colony count after using for a period of 1 month.

Comparison of Antibacterial Effect of Probiotic Yogurt and Xylitol-Containing Chewing Gum in Geriatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of probiotic bacteria in yogurt on Streptococcus mutans (MS) count, plaque adherence and salivary pH compared to xylitol-containing chewing gum in geriatric patients.Materials and methodsTotal number of 96 high caries risk geriatric patients were randomized into two equal groups (n=48). Group 1 (intervention group) received probiotic yogurt (Activia, Danone) once per day, and group 2 (control group) received xylitol chewing gum (Trident original) three times per day. The primary outcome was salivary Streptococcus mutans count and secondary outcomes were interdental plaque Streptococcus mutans count, salivary pH and bacterial adherence.ResultsFor Streptococcus mutans count in saliva and plaque, a statistically significant reduction in the level of MS over all the examined follow up periods of the study in probiotic yogurt group as well as xylitol gum group was found. An intergroup comparison for salivary MS count showed statistically significant difference between the two materials in a two week and a three month period of time and there was no statistically significant difference between both materials at one month time period. Salivary pH results showed statistically significant increase in pH in both groups along the follow-up periods. Bacterial adherence results showed statistically significant reduction in both groups.ConclusionsProbiotic yogurt is an effective antibacterial agent against salivary and plaque bacteria in geriatric patients.

Comparison of the Streptococcus mutans colony count changes in plaque following chlorhexidine (0.12%) mouth rinse and green tea extract (0.5%) mouth rinse in 8-12-year-old children.

Mouth rinses are solutions or liquids used to rinse the mouth to have a therapeutic effect by relieving infection or preventing dental caries due to their antimicrobial properties. Aims: This study was carried out to compare the effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouth rinse and 0.5% green tea extract mouth rinse on the colony-forming units (CFUs) of Streptococcus mutans in plaque in children. The sample for the study consisted of fifty schoolchildren aged 8-12 years with four or more (decay component) of decayed, missing, and filled teeth index. Children were divided randomly into two groups and were asked to rinse with the prescribed mouth rinse twice daily for 2 weeks under supervision. The plaque samples were collected at baseline (prerinsing) and postrinsing and tested for the CFUs of S. mutans. The results of the study indicate that there was a statistically significant reduction (pre- and postrinsing) in S. mutans colony count in both the study groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the reduction of S. mutans colony count between 0.12% chlorhexidine mouth rinse group and 0.5% green tea mouth rinse group. Green tea mouth rinse is effective against S. mutans - one of the major dental plaque microorganisms.

Evaluating the change in Streptococcus mutans in plaque around orthodontic brackets using fluoride toothpaste, probiotic curd, and recaldent - A comparative in-vivo study

Introduction: Enamel demineralization is still a problem associated with orthodontic treatment, leading to the formation of white spot lesions;this is a grave concern to orthodontists and patients. Various methods are now employed to reduce the incidences of demineralization.Aim: To evaluate and compare the effects of Fluoride toothpaste, Probiotic curd, and Recaldent on Streptococcus mutans colonies inplaque around orthodontic brackets in different groups of patients. Further, the three agents were compared and assessed for regular useby orthodontic patients for reduction of decalcification.Materials and methods: This study consisted of 60 randomly selected patients having orthodontic treatment in the Department oforthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics. The study protocol was approved by the institutional Ethics committee of MCE Society,Azam Campus, Pune. Group A: The patients were given fluoride containing toothpaste (ParodontaxTM Daily Fluoride toothpasteGlaxoSmithKline). Group B: The patients were asked to brush twice daily with recaldent containing tooth mousse (Dentsply ToothMousse- GC). Group C: Patients were given probiotic curd(Nestle Acti Plus). Samples were collected twice, once initially, seven days afterbonding at the start of the study and secondly, after 30 days. After DNA extraction PCR analysis was done to evaluate the colonies ofS. mutans as colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) in the plaque specimens. RealPlex software programme was used to plot theresults of the colonies detected in the sample.Results: Streptococcus mutans colonies around the brackets after 30 days post use of Fluoride toothpaste, probiotic curd and Recaldentwas reduced by 44.5 %, 0.86 % and 41.8% respectively.Conclusion: The regular use of fluoride toothpaste and Recaldent will help in reducing decalcification during orthodontic treatment.Further research is needed to establish the advantages of probiotic curd in reducing white spot lesions.

Effect of Short-Term Placebo-Controlled Consumption of Probiotic Yoghurt and Indian Curd on the Streptococcus mutans Level in Children Undergoing Fixed Interceptive Orthodontic Therapy.

To examine the effect of short-term consumption of probiotic yoghurt, Indian curd, and ultra-heated yoghurt as placebo on the levels of salivary and plaque Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in children undergoing fixed interceptive orthodontic therapy. A placebo-controlled double-blind study was carried out in a total of 30 children (8-15 years). The S. mutans level in the plaque and saliva were taken at the baseline and 2 weeks after the initiation of fixed orthodontic treatment by Dentocult SM kits. An equal number of participants randomized in three groups were asked to ingest 200 g of yoghurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La-1 and La-2 (>1×109 cfu/mL) once daily, Indian curd, or ultra-heated control yoghurt without viable bacteria and were followed for the S. mutans level after 2 weeks. A significant reduction in salivary S. mutans levels was recorded after probiotic yoghurt ingestion (p=0.001) in addition to a reduction in the plaque S. mutans, which was observed after Indian curd consumption (p=0.026). Our findings suggest that short-term daily consumption of probiotic yoghurt along with Indian curd may help to reduce the levels of S. mutans in the saliva and plaque in children undergoing interceptive fixed orthodontic therapy.

Risk factors of early childhood caries (ECC) among children in Beijing - a prospective cohort study

BackgroundEarly childhood caries (ECC) was a serious oral health concern with high prevalence and a low treatment rate in China, and few researches have focused on preschool children. This study aimed to explore the risk factors of ECC in Beijing, China.MethodsTotle of 712 children (mean age: 46.37 ± 5.44 months) participated in this prospective cohort study. Questionnaires and the levels of mutans streptococci in dental plaques and non-stimulated saliva, assessed using Dentocult SM strips, were collected at baseline, respectively. Two calibrated examiners checked for dental caries according to the WHO 1997 criteria at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Negative binomial regression was used for multivariate analysis of factors related to caries development.ResultsFor caries-free children at baseline, only plaque mutans streptococci (PMS) levels were associated with caries development (odds ratio [OR] = 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–2.61, P = 0.02). Children with high PMS levels (scored 2 and 3) had higher caries incidence (46.2% vs. 33.8%) and more caries increment (1.87 ± 3.17 vs. 0.90 ± 1.89) than those with low levels (scored 0 and 1). Among all participants, PMS (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.32–2.23, P < 0.001) and previous caries experience (OR = 2.80, 95% CI: 2.20–3.56, P < 0.001) were related to caries increment.ConclusionsFor caries-free children, the only significant risk factor for ECC was high PMS levels. For all participants, besides high PMS levels, previous caries experience was another significant risk factor for caries development.Trial registrationThe study design, protocol, and informed consent forms were undertaken with the understanding of Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the School of Stomatology, Peking University, China (PKUSSIRB-2012042).

The effect of Ramadan fasting on plaque count of Streptococcus Mutans in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliance. A clinical study

Aim: This clinical study is to investigate the effect of fasting (Sawm) Ramadan on thecount of streptococcus mutans in plaque surrounding fixed orthodontic appliances.Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with orthodontic appliances wereparticipated in this study. Plaque specimens were collected from those patients attwo occasions, during Rmadan fasting (Sawm) and after they break there fastingafter Ramadan. The plaque Streptococcus mutans number of colony-formingunits (CFU) was analyzed by using Dentocult SM Strip mutans test.Results: This study demonstrated highly significant difference in Streptococcusmutans (CFU) counts in plaque between the values obtained from fasting patientsduring Ramadan and when they are breaking the fast after Ramadan.Conclusions: during Ramadan fasting, persons change timing and types of their foodand beverages consuming as well as teeth cleaning habits. Therefore orthodontistshould be aware of their patients’ oral hygiene during Ramadan by promoting andmaintaining satisfactory teeth cleaning during fasting (Sawm) and Iftar hours.

The effects of mode of delivery on Mutans Streptococci colonization and dental caries in a sample of Iraqi children aged 3-5 years from Baghdad city

Aim: To investigate whether mode of delivery is associated with mutans streptococci(MS) colonization and dental caries in pre school children.Methods: This study includes 64 pairs of mothers and their children aged 3- 5 yearsold (34 born vaginally and 30 born by Caesarean section).Data included a dentalexamination, a questionnaire survey of mode of delivery, maternal gestationalage, as well as children's birth –weight, and laboratory assessment (by collectingnon stimulated saliva for each woman and child and homogenizing them thenMutans Streptococci (MS) were counted ,isolated, purified and diagnosedaccording to morphological characteristic .Results: Dental caries, salivary and plaque streptococcus mutans counts weresignificantly higher in children delivered by caesarean section mode than thosedelivered normally (P&lt;0.05).There was a positive linear correlation between themean value of DMFS, salivary and plaque streptococcus mutans count of childrenand their mothers, and this association statistically significant (P&lt;0.05). Gender,gestational age and birth weight had no significant correlations with the dmfs ofchildren (P&gt;0.05).Conclusion: The mode of delivery is significantly correlated with MS colonizationand caries outcomes in pre-school children.

Comparison of the efficacy of mouth rinses camellia sinensis extract, guava leaves extract and sodium fluoride solution, on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in children (an in vivo study)

AimThe aim of the present study is to assess and compare intraorally the effectiveness of 0.5% Camellia sinensis extract, 0.5% guava leafs extract, 0.2% sodium fluoride solution on the number of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli spp. in the oral cavity. Materials and methodsForty four healthy children of age group 7–12 years was carried out. The subjects were randomly assigned to four groups: (A) 0.5% C. sinensis extract, (B) 0.5% guava leafs extract, (C) 0.2% sodium fluoride, and (D) Saline mouth wash, with 11 subjects per group. Plaque samples were taken and streptococcus mutans bacterial count was assessed before and after using the mouth rinses. Salivary samples were taken and lactobacilli bacterial count was assessed before and after using the mouth rinses. ResultsIn the in vivo analysis Wilcoxon matched pair test and Mann-Whitney U test showed that fluoride, green tea, and guava extract significantly reduced Streptococcus mutans colony counts in plaque compared to saline. While in vivo analysis of lactobacilli in saliva showed that there was a significant difference between the reduction percentage changes of all tested groups but there was no significant difference in the bacterial counts between all the tested groups before and after rinsing. ConclusionIn this in vivo study, green tea extract more effective than guava extract on streptococcus mutans in plaque in comparison to Fluoride while guava extract was more effective than green tea extract on lactobacilli in saliva in comparison to fluoride.

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Theobromine Toothpaste and a Low-fluoridated Toothpaste against Plaque Streptococcus mutans in Children

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Theobromine Toothpaste and a Low-fluoridated Toothpaste against Plaque Streptococcus mutans in Children

Lobak stew (Raphanus sativus L) to dental plaque

TITLE Lobak stew (Raphanus sativus L) to dental plaque ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp. and Candida albicans are the dominant microorganisms found in dental plaque, acidogenic and acidophilic in nature and have the ability to convert carbohydrate to acid. Plaque control is an effort to remove and prevent plaque buildup on tooth surfaces that can be done mechanically or chemically. Radish extract can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans in biofilm formation in vitro. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of stewed water rinse of radish (Raphanus sativus L) to the formation of dental plaque. This study is a quasi-experimental research with Pre-and Post-test Group design. The sample in this study is the students of grade V and VI SDN Kadirejo 03 Semarang regency, amounting to 34 students. The samples were divided into two groups, the first group was given 50% concentration of stewed waterof radish and the second group was given 100% concentration of stewed waterof radish each for 30 seconds followed by index plaque measurement by PHP (Personal Hygiene Performance) method. The data obtained were analyzed using statistical Independent t-test. The results showed that 100% concentration of stewed waterof radish can decrease the index plaque by 0.34 while 50% concentration of stewed waterof radish can decrease the index plaque by 0.28. But statistics show no difference of stewed water rinse of radish of 100% concentration and 50% concentration. From the research results can be recommended to conduct research by material extraction methods that do not damage the active substance of the material. Keywords : Stewed of radish (Raphanus sativus L), dental plaque

Effect of Magnetized Water Mouthrinse on Streptococcus mutans in Plaque and Saliva in Children: An in vivo Study.

AimThis study was conducted to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of magnetized water as a mouthwash on colony count of Streptococcus mutans in children.Materials and methodsTotal sample size of 30 children were selected out of screened 290 children by simple random sampling between the age group of 7 and 12 years. The study was conducted over a period of 2 weeks. After selection of the children according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, children were allowed using 10 mL of 72 hours magnetized water for 3 minutes twice in a day for a period of 2 weeks, and further plaque and saliva samples were collected at 1- and 2-week intervals from baseline. Microbiological analysis of plaque and saliva samples was done by Dentocult SM strip kit (Orion Diagnostica, Finland), and the results were statistically analyzed and tabulated.ResultsStatistically, there was highly significant reduction in S. mutans count in plaque as well as in saliva after 1- and 2-week intervals from baseline.ConclusionSo, finally our study showed that magnetized water is as effective a mouthwash against S. mutans and has better action in plaque as compared with saliva. It can be used as an adjunct to commercially available mouthwashes.How to cite this article: Goyal AK, Rathore AS, Garg M Mathur R, Sharma M, Khairwa A. Effect of Magnetized Watei Mouthrinse on Streptococcus mutans in Plaque and Saliva in Children: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017 10(4):335-339.

Xylitol in preventing dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analyses.

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol having the properties that reduce levels of mutans streptococci (MS) in the plaque and saliva. To assess the role of xylitol in preventing dental caries. Systematic review and meta-analysis developed by Cochrane cooperation were adapted. Electronic search was carried out in PubMed through the period up to 2014. Included clinical studies were done on (1) humans (2) participants include both individuals and as pairs (mother-child) (3) participants using orthodontic appliances (4) xylitol dispensed in any form (5) compare the effect of xylitol on dental caries and on other phenotype that determines the preventive effect on dental caries, such as decayed, missing, and filled (DMF/dmf) and salivary or plaque MS level. Twenty articles of the 477 articles initially identified. Among 20 studies indexed, 16 articles were accessed, systematically reviewed, and the meta-analysis was carried out. The evaluation of quality of the studies was done using risk of bias assessment tool. The quality of the studies was high risk and unclear risk for six and five trials. The meta-analysis shows a reduction in DMF/dmf with the standard mean (SM) of −1.09 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], −1.34, −0.83) comparing xylitol to all controls. The effect of DMF/dmf reduction by xylitol to fluoride varnish was with the SM of −1.87 (95% CI, −2.89, −0.84). The subgroup analysis, there was a reduction in MS count with SM of 0.30 (95% CI, 0.05, 0.56) when compared with all other caries preventive strategies; however, it was insignificant. Xylitol was found to be an effective strategy as self-applied caries preventive agent.

Efficacy of probiotic lozenges to reduce Streptococcus mutans in plaque around orthodontic brackets

Efficacy of probiotic lozenges to reduce Streptococcus mutans in plaque around orthodontic brackets

Efficacy of probiotic lozenges to reduce Streptococcus mutans in plaque around orthodontic brackets

Background: Probiotics were defined as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. The aim was to evaluate the effect of the application of probiotic lozenge on the Streptococcus mutans levels in the plaque of orthodontic patients. Materials and Methods: A sample of 30 randomly selected patients (14 females and 16 males) having orthodontic treatment were selected for the study. They were divided into two groups of 15 each. One group of patients (Group 2) was given the probiotic ( Lactobacillus brevis CD2) lozenges, and the other group (Group 1) was given the placebo lozenges. The lozenges were administered to the patients from day 1 after the first plaque sample had been assessed and continued until day 30. Plaque samples were again taken and evaluated at the end of day 30. The samples were placed into individual microcentrifuge tubes with anonymous coding and sealed for transport for real-time polymerase chain reaction to the 3B Blackbio Biotech India Ltd., Bhopal, India. Results: After the use of the probiotic lozenges, 14 of 15 subjects in Group 2 showed reduction in the S. mutans levels; in two subjects, there was no detectable S. mutans after 30 days. In Group 1 after use of placebo, 3 out of 15 patients showed a decrease in S. mutans levels. Conclusion: This indicates that daily short-term ingestion of a Lactobacilli brevis derived probiotic through a lozenge tablet could reduce the levels of S. mutans in plaque around orthodontic brackets.

AN OVERVIEW ON THE PREVALENCE OF DRUG RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS IN DENTAL CARIES PATIENTS

Drug resistance is a worldwide problem. Drug resistant bacteria are more common in health clinic. Streptococcus mutans is the etiological agent of dental plaque. Over a number of decades epidemiological studies on human populations have indicated an association between the presence of Streptococcus mutans in plaque and their prevalence in dental caries. S. mutans has been implicated as cariogenic bacteria, because they produce high level of lactic acid and extracellular polysaccharide. It is observed that S.mutans is gaining resistance to commonly prescribed drugs. In the present study dental plaque samples were collected from patients of different locality within Bangalore city at M. S. Ramaiah Dental College, to study the pattern of drug resistance. Among 100 dental samples collected, 40 samples were grouped under Bangalore urban population and S. mutans was isolated. The isolates were identified as S. mutans by standard biochemical tests and fermentation studies. The isolates which showed positive results for gram staining and fermentation test were further confirmed with haemolysis test. The subculture of this S. mutans isolates were maintained in TH slants for further analysis. Antibiotic Sensitivity test with commonly used antibiotics signified the emergence of drug resistance in S. mutans. Out of 40 isolates 23 isolates were drug-resistant S. mutans. About 56% isolates showed sensitivity to penicillin and Ciprofloxacin, while 30% of the isolates showed sensitivity to Erythromycin and 70% showed complete resistance. The present study indicated the increased resistance in S. mutans of urban population, towards the effective antibiotics Penicillin, Erythromycin and Ciprofloxacin.

Effect of Green Tea as a Mouth Rinse on Streptococcus Mutans

Plant extracts have been widely used in topical and oral applications for disease treatment. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of green tea as mouth rinse for children on plaque streptococcus mutans and to compare it with that of a chlorhexidine mouth rinse. Plaque samples were tested for Streptococcus Colony Forming Units before and following a 21 day period of oral rinsing. A significant reduction in plaque S.mutans counts was observed with Green tea mouth rinse, which was not significantly different from that of the time tested chlorhexidine mouth rinse. The use of a green tea as a mouth rinse appears to be effective for regular use as part of a daily preventive regime in children.