Mustard Aphid Lipaphis Erysimi Research Articles

De novo transcriptome assembly and global analysis of differential gene expression of aphid tolerant wild mustard Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern infested by mustard aphid Lipaphis Erysimi (L.) Kaltenbach.

Rapeseed-mustard, the oleiferous Brassica species are important oilseed crops cultivated all over the globe. Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (L.) Kaltenbach is a major threat to the cultivation of rapeseed-mustard. Wild mustard Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern shows tolerance to mustard aphids as a nonhost and hence is an important source for the bioprospecting of potential resistance genes and defense measures to manage mustard aphids sustainably. We performed mRNA sequencing of the R. indica plant uninfested and infested by the mustard aphids, harvested at 24 hours post-infestation. Following quality control, the high-quality reads were subjected to de novo assembly of the transcriptome. As there is no genomic information available for this potential wild plant, the raw reads will be useful for further bioinformatics analysis and the sequence information of the assembled transcripts will be helpful to design primers for the characterization of specific gene sequences. In this study, we also used the generated resource to comprehensively analyse the global profile of differential gene expression in R. indica in response to infestation by mustard aphids. The functional enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes reveals a significant immune response and suggests the possibility of chitin-induced defense signaling.

Efficacy of Plant Extracts against Aphid <i>Lipaphis erysimi</i> (Kalt) in Brown Mustard <i>Brassica juncea</i> L

Brown mustard is one of the widely consumed leafy vegetables in Sikkim, India. The present investigation was an effort to find out an alternative approach to control aphid incidence organically, by using locally available plant extracts with high spray efficacy on mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (kalt) in the organic state of Sikkim. The experiment included six plant extracts viz. Schima wallichii, Datura stramonium, Athyrium filix-femina, Piper betle, Alnus nepalensis and Artemisia vulgaris along with cow urine and neem oil at two concentrations. Results revealed that maximum reduction in incidence was observed with Schima wallichii @5%. Growth, yield and quality components were also found to be significantly superior in the treatment with S. wallichii.

Population Dynamics of Mustard Aphid <i>Lipaphis erysimi</i> (Kalt) and its Coccinellid Predators

Field experiments were conducted during 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 to determine the population dynamics of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) and its coccinellid predators on two mustard varieties viz. Rohini (highly susceptible) and RH0749 (least susceptible) in relation with different abiotic factors. The infestation was observed in last week of December to the first week of March, the overall mean indicates the incidence was at its peak in the second week of February. Maximum incidence of 160-120/ five plants was recorded on Rohini while 160-100/five plants on RH0749. The predatory activities of coccinellids viz., Cheilomenes sexmaculata (L), Coccinella septempunctata (F) and Coccinella transversalis (F) revealed significant positive correlation with aphid incidence.

Efficacy of Some Bio-pesticides against Mustard Aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) in Mustard (Brassica juncea)

Management of Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (kaltbach) using Bio-pesticides in field condition was carried out during Rabi 2022-23 at central Research field SHUATS Prayagraj,UP, India. The management of Mustard aphid was done using 8 different treatments and benefit cost ratios were calculated. One spray is applied to protect the crop from mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) using randomized block design with three replications. The observations of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) 24 hours before (Pre-treatment) and 3rd, 7th and 14th day after spraying (post-treatment) were recorded for computing the per cent of pest reduction. The treatment Spinosad 45%SC (T6) (86.75%) shows highest per cent reduction and the most effective treatment followed by Imidacloprid 17.8%SL (T7) (76.97%), Nisco sixer plus 45 SC (T1) (61.83 %), Verticillium lecanii (2×108 Spore/ml) (T2) (51.04%), Beauveria bassiana (2CFU×108 ml) (T4) (47.60%), Metarhizium anisopliae (2×108 CFU/gm) (T3) (42.01%), Least percentage reduction was obtained with Neem oil 5% EC (T5) (33.42%). While Spinosad 45%SC (T6) shows higher cost benefit ratio with (1:7.96), followed by Imidacloprid 17.8%SL (T7) (1:7.83), Nisco sixer plus (1:6.57), Metarhizium anisopliae (2×108 CFU/gm) (T3) (1:5.79), Beauveria bassiana (2CFU×108 ml) (T4) (1:5.64), Verticillium lecanii (2×108 Spore/ml) (T2) (1:5.63) and Neem oil 5% EC (T5) (1:5.03).

Efficacy of Some Insecticides and Biopesticides Against Mustard Aphid <I>Lipaphis Erysimi</I> Kalt.

The mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt can reduce yields up to 96%. In rabi 2017-18, a field study was conducted at the Crop Research Centre (CRC), Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Modipuram, Meerut (Uttar Pradesh), to assess the efficacy of some insecticides and biopesticides. Thiamethoxam 25WG @ 100 g/ ha was observed to be more effective with least incidence at 3, 7, and 10 days after the first and second sprays. Imidacloprid 17.8SL @ 100 ml/ ha was the second-best treatment. Dimethoate 30EC @ 1000 ml/ ha, fipronil 5 SC @ 500 ml/ ha, Beauveria bassiana @ 2.0 kg/ ha, and Metarhizium anisopliae @ 2.0 kg/ ha were the other treatments found effective.

Efficacy of Botanicals Against Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis Erysimi Kalt.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) On Brassica Campestris L.

Efficacy of neem leaf extract, mahogany seed dust, and neem seed kernel dust against the mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt., (Homoptera: Aphididae) on the mustard plant (Brassica campestris L.) was investigated during November 2014 to January 2015. The trial included four treatments, namely T1: neem leaf extract, T2: mahogany seed dust, T3: neem seed kernel dust, T4: control. The treatments began 22 DAS and were repeated every 7 days. T4 had the maximum number (9500 ± 1226.3) of aphid pest population at 57 DAS, and the lowest number (3 ± 0.9) of aphid pest population was found in T4 at 29 DAS. The aphid population was found to be nil at 22 and 71 DAS in all treatments. Furthermore, in case of T2, the aphid population was zero at 29 DAS. There was no significant difference in aphid counts between the treatments, according to the ANOVA test. Only in T2, the aphid counts showed a significant difference by replicates. But the number of fruits and seed output of mustard were affected by the efficacy of botanicals against mustard aphid. T1 exhibited the highest percentage of fruits (27.7%), seeds (42.64%), and seed weight (54.9%). T1 had the highest proportion of healthy seed (75.91%), whereas T4 had the highest percentage of defective seed (45.49%). Aphid population is negatively correlated to average temperature and relative humidity in all treatments. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(3): 615-623, 2022 (September)

Field Evaluation of Selected Insecticides and Botanical against Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on Mustard, Brassica juncea L.

A field trial was conducted at Central Research Farm [CRF], SHUATS, Naini, Prayagraj during the Rabi season. Six treatments were evaluated against Lipaphis erysimi. i.e. Fipronil 5% SC @ 0.5ml/lit, Difenthurion 50% WP @ 0.20g/lit, Profenophos 50% EC @ 1ml/lit, Thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 0.25g/lit, Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 0.5ml/lit and NSKE 5% @ 5ml/lit were evaluated against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi. Results revealed that, among the different treatments, the lowest population of mustard aphid was recorded in Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (22.82). Thiamethoxam 25% WG (33.63) was found to be the next best treatment followed by Difenthurion 50% WP (47.18), Fipronil 5% SC (54.15), and Profenophos 50% EC (60.12), whereas NSKE 5% (80.23) was found to be the least effective against this pest. The plot treated with the highest yield Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (24.6 q/ha) followed by Thiamethoxam 25% WG (21.8 q/ha), Difenthurion 50% WP (18.2 q/ha), Fipronil 5% SC (16.4 q/ha), Profenophos 50% EC (14.3 q/ha) and NSKE 5% (13.5 q/ha) as compared to the control plot (9.2 q/ha).Among the treatments, the best and most economical treatment was Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (1:7.24) followed by Thiamethoxam 25% WG (1:6.43), Difenthurion 50% WP (1:5.24), Fipronil 5% SC (1:4.64), Profenophos 50% EC (1:3.94) and NSKE 5% (1:3.90) as compared to control plot (1:2.83).

Population Dynamics of Mustard Aphid and its Natural Enemies

A field experiment was conducted on mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. and its natural enemies to document its seasonal incidence over four varieties of mustard during rabi season at the Instructional Farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. The aphids appeared in first week of January at the flowering stage, which peaked during 7th standard week were 115.5-155.0, 98.01-121.0, 75.5-108.6 and 55.80-86.49, aphids/plant on mustard variety Urvashi, Vardan, Varuna and Rohini, respectively. Correlation coefficients of incidence with weather factors have been worked out.

Population Dynamics of Mustard Aphid <i>Lipaphis erysimi</i> (Kaltenbach) and its Natural Enemies

A field experiment on the population dynamics of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and its natural enemies in Indian mustard Brassica juncea was conducted during 2016-17 and 2017-18. The peak infestation was observed in the 5th week of January (213.68 aphids/ 10 cm terminal shoot) and 4th week of January (168.80 aphids/10 cm terminal shoot) in the 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. The maximum temperature had significant negative effect (r = -0.64), while relative humidity exhibited a significant positive effect (r = 0.64); and minimum temperature and rainfall led to non-significant effect. The coccinellid predator Coccinella septempunctata L., revealed a significant positive correlation with aphid (r = 0.76 and 0.72), and a non-significant correlation was observed with weather parameters.

Aphid parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): opportunities for its use in integrated management of aphids infesting rapeseed-mustard in north-western Indian Himalayas

The aphid endoparasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh), parasitizing green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in Kangra, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Hamirpur, Sirmaur, Una and Bilaspur districts of north Indian Himalayan state, Himachal Pradesh was studied. At different locations, parasitism by D. rapae in December, January, February and March ranged from 0.00 to 5.30, 0.00 to 16.40, 19.30 to 31.20 and 0.00 to 49.80%. Under field conditions, experiments were conducted to evaluate the side effect of some commonly used chemical insecticides and biopesticides on D. rapae. Percent parasitism by D. rapae in dimethoate treated plots was negatively affected, and it reduced from 11.85 to 0.01%, whereas biopesticides didn't affect the parasitism. Further laboratory investigations assessed the suitability of aphids viz. M. persicae, B. brassicae and L. erysimi as hosts for mass rearing of D. rapae. Among the aphid hosts, second nymphal instar of M. persicae was found to be the larger in size, followed by B. brassicae and L. erysimi. D. rapae reared on M. persicae were larger in size compared to those reared on B. brassicae and L. erysimi. Further, M. persicae reared on Capsicum annuum proved to be the best aphid host for D. rapae based on high percent parasitism (58.60%) and high fertility (76 eggs/female). The current research advises that D. rapae can be mass reared on aphid hosts in a laboratory that would supplement augmentative biological control in rapeseed-mustard. Our results also demonstrate that biopesticides can be used against aphids infesting rapeseed-mustard, with limited risk to the parasitoid, D. rapae and can be a fruitful option to chemical-based insecticides.

SLI1 confers broad-spectrum resistance to phloem-feeding insects.

Resistance (R) genes usually compete in a coevolutionary arms race with reciprocal effectors to confer strain‐specific resistance to pathogens or herbivorous insects. Here, we investigate the specificity of SLI1, a recently identified R gene in Arabidopsis that encodes a small heat shock‐like protein involved in resistance to Myzus persicae aphids. In a panel with several aphid and whitefly species, SLI1 compromised reproductive rates of three species: the tobacco aphid M. persicae nicotianae, the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae and the cabbage whitefly Aleyrodes proletella. Electrical penetration graph recording of aphid behaviour, revealed shorter salivations and a 3‐to‐5‐fold increase in phloem feeding on sli1 loss‐of‐function plants. The mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi and Bemisia tabaci whitefly were not affected by SLI1. Unlike the other two aphid species, L. erysimi exhibited repetitive salivations preceding successful phloem feeding, indicating a role of salivary effectors in overcoming SLI1‐mediated resistance. Microscopic characterization showed that SLI1 proteins localize in the sieve tubes of virtually all above‐ and below‐ground tissues and co‐localize with the aphid stylet tip after penetration of the sieve element plasma membrane. These observations reveal an unconventional R gene that escapes the paradigm of strain specificity and confers broad‐spectrum quantitative resistance to phloem‐feeding insects.

Efficacy of Biorational Compounds against Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) and English Grain Aphid (Sitobion avenae Fab.) under Laboratory Conditions in Nepal

Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) and English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) are among the most important pests in mustard and wheat fields in Nepal. Biocide Manic (Metarhizium anisopliae a.i. = 1 × 109 spores/ml) at 3 ml/l water, Agri Sakti (Beauveria bassiana a.i. = 1 × 109 spores/ml) at 3.3 ml/l water, Varunastra (Verticillium lecanii spores 2% aqueous suspension, 2 × 108 CFU/ml) at 6 ml/l water, Mahastra (Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 0.5% wettable powder) at 6 g/l water, Neemraj Super (Azadirachitin 0.3% w/w) at 3.3 ml/l water, Tracer (Spinosad 90% spinosyns) at 0.33 ml/l water, and control treatment (pure water) were used to test their efficacy against L. erysimi and S. avenae, using leaf dip and spray methods under laboratory conditions in Rupandehi, Nepal, in the year 2018. Each treatment was replicated four times, and the experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design. Mortality of aphids was recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 98 hours after treatment application. The result revealed highest mortality of mustard aphids with Agri Sakti at 24 hours after treatment (HAT); however, Neemraj Super was found to be the most effective at 48, 72, and 96 HAT with the leaf spray method. With the leaf dip method, Neemraj Super killed more mustard aphids than other treatments at all observed time points. Among tested biorational products, Agri Sakti was found to be most effective against English grain aphids in both leaf spray and leaf dip methods. In all the bioassays, the mortality caused by biorational compounds over control was highly significant. The present study suggests for further verification of the biorational products in the field and development of novel management strategies against different species of aphids.

Biocontrol based ipm module against insect pests of cauliflower

The present study attempts developing a biocontrol based IPM module using parasitoids, predators and biopesticide formulations for the management of insect pests of cauliflower. The results revealed that during 2013–14 and 2014–15; November to March, the incidence of cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae L. and mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) was observed, and these appeared in February. No incidence of diamond back moth Plutella xylostella L. was observed. Three treatments viz., 1. Biocontrol based IPM module; 2. Chemical control (Success 2.5 SC- Spinosad@ 625 ml/ha against P. brassicae, malathion 50 EC @ 800 ml/ha against aphids; and 3. Control (no treatment) were evaluated. The pretreatment count of P. brassicae larvae was 12.21, 55.87 and 54.60/plant in the plots of biocontrol based IPM, chemical control and untreated control, respectively; and for L. erysimi it was 35.39, 32.20 and 38.33/plant, respectively. Both biocontrol module and chemical control were found at par against P. brassicae larvae, with % reduction being 62.8 and 66.73%, respectively. Biocontrol module was found effective against L. erysimi, causing 62.5% reduction. The population of natural enemies such as coccinellids (67.9%), syrphid fly (35.0%) and Cotesia glomerata (L.) (30.0%) were also more in the fields with biocontrol. The yield of curds in the biocontrol (102.4 q/ha) and chemical control (113.6 q/ha) were significantly higher than untreated control (72.08 q/ha).

Efficacy of insecticides against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi kalt

Efficacy of insecticides against mustard aphid <i>Lipaphis erysimi</i> kalt

Population dynamics of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. on different varieties of Indian mustard and their relationship with prevailing weather parameters

Population dynamics of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. on different varieties of Indian mustard and their relationship with prevailing weather parameters

Characterization of α-amylase and its activity from mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera) and its inhibition by Rorippa indica defensin

Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach is one of the economically important pests of Indian mustard Brassica juncea. Plant defense against these pests include impairing digestive processes in the insect gut. Thus, for an effective pest management, it is imperative to understand the digestive enzymes present in the pest. The present study involves the characterization of mustard aphid α-amylase and the efficacy of a potent insecticidal agent, RiD (Rorippa indica defensin) against it. The total protein of L. erysimi was analysed to determine the α-amylase activity present in it. The relative α-amylase activity in the total protein was assayed by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) procedure, using 1% soluble starch as substrate and was observed to be 2.32 ± 0.025 U/mL of the total protein. The optimum temperature for α-amylase activity was found to be 35 °C and optimum pH was recorded as 6.5. Presence of RiD showed a decrease in the α-amylase activity in a non-competitive way. Moreover, cryo-sections of the aphid midgut also revealed bound RiD in the confocal analysis.

Comparative Efficacy of Leaf Extracts of Different Tobacco Varieties Against Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.)

In this study, field and laboratory experiments were carried out in order to develop a biological control strategy against mustard aphid by using extracts of five tobacco varieties (Beeri wala, Balkhi, Pattay wala, Desi Tobacco and Hazropattar). Two extraction methods were used: extraction through boiling of leaves (ETBL) and extraction through overnight water soaking of leaves (ETOWSL). Mustard variety (Early Mustard) was cultivated with eleven treatments of three replicates each. Laboratory experiments were conducted to confirm the mortality due to the extract of tobacco varieties and the efficient type of extraction. All treatments were found to be effective in field against mustard aphid. Extracts of Pattay wala, Balkhi and Desi tobacco obtained through ETBL remained effective up to a week, whereas the extracts of Hazropattar, Balkhi, Pattay wala and Desi tobacco obtained through ETOWSL were found to be effective up to two weeks after treatment. The highest reduction in aphid population was noted by Pattay wala tobacco and the lowest reduction was seen by Desi tobacco. Almost the same trend of effectiveness was recorded during 2nd spray. In laboratory conditions 100% mortality of aphids was observed within three days under all treatments. The results of this study could be useful in an integrated pest management program for the management of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi.

Efficacy of insecticides against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on mustard. Significant reduction in population was obtained with imidacloprid 17.8 SL followed by acetamiprid 20 SP and thiamethoxam 25 WG. Thus, reduction in aphid population was to an extent of 65.83% with imidacloprid 17.8 SL followed by thiamethoxam 25 WG and acetamiprid 20 SP. The maximum yield was obtained with acetamiprid followed by imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. NSKE 5% was found to be the least effective. Maximum benefit/cost ratio (5.65: 1) was obtained with acetamiprid 20 SP.

Evaluation of botanicals against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) in Mid Hills of Meghalaya

A field experiment was carried out at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam to evaluate some botanicals against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments and three replications. The mustard seeds(cv. Varuna) was sown during third week of October. The treatments viz., Bakain (Melia azedarach) leaf extract (5%aqueous solution), Lantana (Lantana camara) leaf extract (5% aqueous solution), Turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome powder (5% aqueous solution), Marigold (Tagetes erecta) leaf extract (5% aqueous solution), Vasaka (Adhatoda vasica) leaf extract (5% aqueous solution), chloropyrifos 20% EC (200 g a.i./ha) and imidacloprid 17.8% SL (25 g a.i./ha) along with control were applied at fifteen days interval. Results revealed that Melia azedarach was best among all botanicals with 50.5-61.9 per cent and 50.7-57.5 per cent reduction of aphid population during first and second spray, respectively. Next best treatment was Adhatoda vasica followed by Curcuma longa, Lantana camara and Tagetes erecta. Among all the treatments, chloropyrifos and imidacloprid recorded maximum reduction of aphid population after both the spray. Although all botanicals showed less toxicity towards non-target organisms whereas chlorpyriphos and imidacloprid were highly toxic to honey bees and coccinellid beetles.

Rorippa indica HSPRO2 expression in transgenic Brassica juncea induces tolerance against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi

We have previously established that RiHSPRO2, a nematode resistance protein-like homolog from wild crucifer Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern is a potent candidate to control mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi. The present study further exploits this protein through structure prediction, biosafety assessment and transgenic study. The RiHSPRO2 protein showed an abundance of alpha helices intervened with loops in the homology-based three-dimensional model. No allergenic moiety was found in its amino acid sequence based on homology search in Protein Data Base. The secondary structure of RiHSPRO2 was unstable at temperatures above 50 °C. In vitro pepsin digestion assay revealed the protein to be digested in pepsin supplemented Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) within 2 minutes. The protein is proved to be biologically safe as per the FAO/WHO guidelines. An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated Brassica juncea transformation involving direct organogenesis with mean transformation frequency of 5.06 ± 0.28% is reported. RiHSPRO2, under the influence of constitutive promoter CaMV35S, was transformed into susceptible B. juncea cv. B85. Southern hybridization confirmed stable integration of the transgene and Western blotting confirmed consistent expression of RiHSPRO2 in the genetically modified Brassica lines. The transgene segregated following Mendelian 3:1 ratio in the successive generation. Detached leaf aphid bioassay and in planta aphid bioassay in transgenic B. juncea lines revealed a reduction in aphid survivability by 45% and a decrease in aphid fecundity by 45.6%.