Water Mussel Research Articles

Study on the Extraction and Characterization of Polymer (chitosan) Obtained from Scales of Channa striatus, Exoskeleton of Barytelphusa guerini, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Fresh Water Mussel from Fresh Water Bodies of Madhya pardesh

Background: The most prevalent naturally occurring amino polysaccharide is chitosan. Chitosan’s biocompatibility biodegradability and non-toxicity have led to its wide spread use in the pharmaceutical industry according to research. The biopolymer chitosan is typically extracted from the crustacean shells such as, Crab, Prawn, Lobster, fish scales etc. Methods: The research was accomplished during 2021-2022 to examine the extraction and characterization of chitosan (polymer) from four different organism of fresh water i.e fish scales, bivalve, prawn and crab shells. Extracted chitosan has been produced by using various parameters i.e. demineralization deproteinization and deacetylation as chemical methods. Result: Results showed that chitosan was found maximum in the crab (Bareytelphusa guerini) 87.29% followed by Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and scales of fish (Channa striatus) which have an average yield (38.55% and 32.56%) respectively and (18.14%)which is lowest yield among all obtained from fresh water mussel (bivalve). The chitosan extracted from the samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and existence of chitosan was confirmed and best yield of chitosan was obtained from Bareytelphusa guerini.

Study on the extraction and characterization of polymer obtained from scales of Channa striatus, exoskeleton of Barytelphusa guerini, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and fresh water mussel from fresh water bodies of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

A research was accomplished to examine the extraction and characterization of chitosan (polymer) from four different organism of fresh water i.e. fish scales, bivalve, prawn and crab shells. Extracted chitosan has been produced by using various parameters i.e. demineralization Deproteinization and DE acetylation as chemical methods. Results showed that chitosan was found at maximum in the crab (Bareytelphusa guerini) 87.29% followed by Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and scales of fish (Channa striatus) which have an average yield (38.55% and 32.56%) respectively and (18.14%) which is lowest yield among all obtained from fresh water mussel (bivalve). The chitosan extracted from the samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and existence of chitosan was confirmed.

Invasive black mussel (Mytella strigata) biofouling in brackish water cage fish farms

ABSTRACT The American brackish water mussel invaded Kerala’s backwaters in 2019, and a complete eradication may not be possible at this point. Management protocols and strategies need to be developed to overcome the issue. Biological management against biofouling is a new possible approach, although it needs to be sustainable in aquaculture, where the sustainability of the method is important. The present study reports the success of a biological management strategy against biofouling of Mytella strigata by employing a native cichlid Etroplus suratensis (pearlspot), as they feed on bivalves. The study was conducted in the brackish water cage farm of a 1 ha area located at Veerampuzha backwaters, Ernakulam, in the southwest of Kerala. Pearlspot fishes were stocked inside and also in the gap between inner and outer nets of the test cages as the anti-biofouling agent. Pearlspot grew considerably by feeding on the mussel spat settled on the nets and removing a considerable amount of the fouling on the nets (287%), the increases in the average growth of seabass, in the survival rate, and in overall production of the cages.

Mortality, energy reserves, and oxidative stress responses of three native freshwater mussels to temperature as an indicator of potential impacts of climate change: A laboratory experimental approach.

Due to rapid global climate change, the temperature of streams and rivers is predicted to be increased, influencing aquatic organisms, particularly bivalve species. To better understand their response to elevated temperature, three native species of freshwater mussels namely, Coelatura aegyptiaca, Mutela rostrata and Chambardia rubens were exposed for 21 days to four temperature treatments (18 - 25-30 and 35 °C). Mortality was recorded on a daily basis over the experiment. A variety of responses including biomarkers at the cellular level and whole organism level were examined in surviving organisms after 21 days. In response to exposure to thermal stress, three mussel species exposed to 35 °C showed 100% mortality after 21 days. However, exposure to 25 °C and 30 °C induced significant decreases in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and energy reserves (Protein, lipid and glycogen) compared to the control group maintained at 18 °C. Temperature-induced oxidative stress, indicated by the greatest reduction in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products. As energy generation decreased and oxidative stress increased, trends were for condition indexes (CI) and survival to decrease. In comparison, C.rubens has a higher thermal tolerance than C.aegyptiaca, and M.rostrata. The responses reported herein, along with the predicted rates of climate warming, indicated that freshwater mussels in the Nile River, Egypt will be negatively impacted by climate change and may incur significant losses in the coming years.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Mytella strigata (Hanley 1843) (Bivalvia: Mytiloida: Mytilidae)

We sequenced and assembled the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of the American brackish water mussel Mytella strigata. The mitogenome, reaching 16,302 bp in length, includes 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 23 transfer RNA genes. The overall nucleotide composition of mitogenome was 25.17% A, 41.86% T, 11.83% C, and 21.13% G. The most common start and stop codons were GTG and TAA, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis based on mitogenomes showed that the families Mytilidae, Ostreidae, and Veneridae are a monophyletic group. The phylogenetic position of M. strigata is sister to P. canaliculus and P. viridis. In this study, mitogenomic sequence data will provide a better understanding for future studies of population genetics, biogeography, and pest surveillance of M. strigata.

Fresh-Water Mollusks as Biomonitors for Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials.

The use of different nanoparticles (NPs) is growing every year since discoveries of their unique properties. The wide use of nanomaterials has raised concerns about their safety and possible accumulation in the aquatic environment. Mussels are being considered as one of the most suitable organisms for bioaccumulation monitoring. Within our study, we focused on developing the method that can be applied in field studies of ecotoxicity and can be nondestructive and informative at early times of exposure, while at the same time being based on changes of physiological parameters of fresh water mussels. The changes in the cardiovascular and neural systems of mollusks (Anodonta anatina and Unio tumidus) were measured as biomarkers of toxic effects. Different monometallic and bimetallic NPs, silicon NPs with various ligands were applied as test substances. Changes in cardiovascular and neural functions were in good correlation with accumulation tests for all tested NPs.

Local mineral formulas for supplementation of kacang goat’s feed based on wild forages, rice bran and sago stalk

Supplementation is required to satisfy mineral requirement of traditional grazing kacang goat. The present research was aimed to design of mineral supplement for better nutrition of kacang goat fed based on wild forages, rice bran and sago stalk. Crude nutrient and mineral composition of feed which are normally consumed or fed to kacang goat were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), and minerals (Ca, P). Samples of forages were collected from three areas, i.e. coconut plantations, banana plantations and idle lands. Mineral feed was then formulated by using locally available materials: Bukit Kamang’s stone powder, roasted fresh water mussel shell meal and bone ash. The local minerals were prepared in loose and block forms and offered to 12 young kacang goat males for 14 weeks in three treatments: P0: no supplementation (control), P1: supplemented with loose local mineral, and P2: supplemented with block local mineral. Each treatment consisted of 4 goats as replication. Parameters measured included: body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), blood minerals (Ca, P), blood hematology (hemoglobin [HGB], mean corpuscular Hb concentration [MCHC], total red blood cell [RBC], white blood cell [WBC], hematocrit concentration [HCT]) and total protein. Results showed that there were seven kinds of wild forages consumed by grazing goat. The average crude nutrient and mineral content of the forages were as follows: DM: 17.2%, CP: 16.5%, CF: 18.20%; Ca and P: 4.5 dan 2.1g/kg DM, respectively. The average daily body weight gain was 35.4, 31.7 and 41.2 g/head, and FCR was 22.8, 26.0 and 21.3 for P0, P1 and P2, respectively. The mineral concentration, total protein and hematological values of blood of P2 ranged in normal values, except WBC. It was concluded that mineral supplementation in block lick form gave positive effect on growth performance and feed utilization efficiency.

Purification and biochemical/biophysical characterization of two hexosaminidases from the fresh water mussel, Lamellidens corrianus

Two thermostable isoforms of a hexosaminidase were purified to homogeneity from the soluble extract of fresh water mussel Lamellidens corrianus, employing a variety of chromatographic techniques. Hexosaminidase A (HexA) is a heterodimer with subunit masses of ~80 and 55 kDa. Hexosaminidase B (HexB) is a homodimer with a subunit mass of 55–60 kDa. Circular dichroism spectroscopic studies indicated that both HexA and HexB contain β-sheet as the major secondary structural component with considerably lower content of α-helix. The temperature and pH optima of both the isoforms were found to be 60 °C and 4.0, respectively. The IC50 values for HexA with N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, d-galactosamine, d-glucosamine, methyl α-d-mannopyranoside and d-mannose are 3.7, 72.8, 307, 216, 244 and 128 mM, respectively, whereas the corresponding IC50 values for HexB were estimated as 5.1, 61, 68, 190, 92 and 133 mM, respectively. Kinetic parameters KM and Vmax for HexA and B with p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide are 4 mM, 0.23 μmol·min−1·mL−1 and 2.86 mM, 0.29 μmol·min−1·mL−1, respectively, and with p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-d-galactosaminide are 4.5 mM, 0.054 μmol·min−1·mL−1 and 1.4 mM, 0.14 μmol·min−1·mL−1, respectively. GalNAc inhibited both isoforms in a non-competitive manner, whereas a mixed mode of inhibition was observed with GlcNAc with both forms.

Ribbed mussel (Geukensia demissa) filtration services are driven by seasonal temperature and site-specific seston variability

Ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) are ubiquitous intertidal invertebrates of eastern North American salt marshes, often living in close association with salt marsh cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. They are typically concentrated at the lower extent of the vegetated zone along tidal channels, but are also found across the marsh platform. As filter-feeding bivalves, ribbed mussels remove suspended micro-particulate matter and associated nutrients from the water column, potentially resulting in benefits to water quality. However, the magnitude of such ecosystem services may depend on temporal and spatial variation in the mussel's water clearance and particle filtration rates. The goal of this study was to identify sources of variation regarding the distribution of ribbed mussel filtration services.Seasonal-spring, summer, and fall- water clearance and particle filtration rates were quantified for ribbed mussels collected from three habitats- low marsh along main tidal channels; low marsh along intra-marsh creek networks; and from the high marsh- and replicated in four representative marshes- three in New Jersey and one in Rhode Island, USA, normalized by mussel dry tissue biomass. Clearance rates varied with seasonal temperatures, but exhibited low spatial variability among habitats and marshes, highlighting the importance of understanding the temporal physiological variability when calculating annual rates. In contrast, filtration rates were highly variable, driven largely by spatial variation in seston availability. Annual bulk filtration services provided by ribbed mussels are therefore largely driven by both temporal variability in water processing and spatial variations in food availability, and can therefore be predicted by integrating seasonal clearance rates and site-specific seston composition.

The Seasonal Variations in Biochemical Compositions of Fresh Water Mussels Lamellidens Corrianus from Nanded Region, Maharashtra

The Seasonal Variations in Biochemical Compositions of Fresh Water Mussels Lamellidens Corrianus from Nanded Region, Maharashtra

Condition and biochemical profile of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) cultured at different depths in a cold water coastal environment

The growth and health of cultured blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) are affected by environmental conditions. Typically, culture sites are situated in sheltered areas near shore (i.e., <1km distance from land, <20m depth); however, land runoff, user conflicts and environmental impact in coastal areas are concerns and interest in developing deep water (>20m depth) mussel culture has been growing. This study evaluated the effect of culture depth on blue mussels in a cold water coastal environment (Newfoundland, Canada). Culture depth was examined over two years from September 2012 to September 2014; mussels from three shallow water (5m) and three deep water (15m) sites were compared for growth and biochemical composition; culture depths were compared for temperature and chlorophyll a. Differences between the two years examined were noted, possibly due to harsh winter conditions in the second year of the experiment. In both years shallow and deep water mussels presented similar condition; in year 2 deep water mussels had a significantly better biochemical profile. Lipid and glycogen analyses showed seasonal variations, but no significant differences between shallow and deep water were noted. Fatty acid profiles showed a significantly higher content of omega-3s (20:5ω3; EPA) and lower content of bacterial fatty acids in deep water sites in year 2. Everything considered, deep water appeared to provide a more favorable environment for mussel growth than shallow water under harsher weather conditions.

Maritime Spatial Planning of blue and zebra mussels. A case study for the Polish coastline based on the overview of existing examples from Canada and Australia

Poland is at the beginning of Maritime Spatial Planning process which is based on European Union Directive establishing the framework for maritime spatial planning. The Maritime Spatial Planning with the Ecosystem Based Approach is an example of a sustainable ocean management. Mussel cultivation in sea waters is an example of sustainable ocean management in which there is simultaneous use of water area for economical profit and also for environmental protection needed for proper harvest of blue and zebra mussels. Nevertheless, conditions for mussel cultivation on the Polish side of the Baltic Sea are harsh. Effective utilisation of knowledge of more experienced countries is a chance for Polish open water mussel farms to succeed. The experience of Canadian and Australian implementing processes shows effectiveness of bottom-up perception of mussel cultivation development.

Kinetic and biophysical characterization of a lysosomal α-l-fucosidase from the fresh water mussel, Lamellidens corrianus

Kinetic and biophysical studies have been carried out on a lysosomal α-l-fucosidase purified from the fresh water mussel, Lamellidens corrianus. The enzyme migrates as a single band in SDS-PAGE as well as native PAGE corresponding to a Mr of 56kDa. Mass spectrometric analysis yielded a molecular mass of 56175.1Da for the enzyme, and peptide mass fingerprinting studies showed that it shares sequence homology with other fucosidases. Zymogram analysis showed that the α-l-fucosidase hydrolyzed 4-methyl umbelliferyl α-l-fucopyranoside. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were found to be 5.0–6.0 and 60°C, respectively. The KM, Vmax and kcat values of the enzyme estimated with p-nitrophenyl fucopyranoside are 0.85mM, 27.20 mU/mL and 1.01s−1, respectively. The inhibition constant (Ki) of the enzyme towards l-Fucose is 1.09mM. CD spectral analysis has shown that the protein contains predominantly β-sheets in its secondary structure. Chemical unfolding studies indicate that α-l-fucosidase unfolds in a broad sigmoidal, cooperative unfolding transition, centered at ∼2.2M for both guanidinium chloride and guanidinium thiocyanate. The present results obtained with the L. corrianus α-l-fucosidase are expected to provide further insights into the various biological processes associated with fucosidases and help in exploiting this enzyme in therapeutic applications.

Мониторинг водной среды с использованием пресноводных двустворчатых моллюсков

It is positioned that an index safe state of an fresh-water reservoirs is presence at bivalvia of an accurate day-night rhythm locomotion of shells. Copper ions possess the greatest damaging influence for fresh water mussels, limit of sensibility compounds 0,006 mg/1. Presence in an water reservoirs of high concentration of humic substances sharply reduces negative influence of ions of lead and cadmium, limit of sensibility compounds 0,5 and 0,1 mg/1 accordingly. In running water damaging influence of ions of metals more low, than in stagnant waters.

Solvent selection in extraction of bioactive and therapeutic components from Indian fresh water mussel Lamellidens marginalis

Solvent selection in extraction of bioactive and therapeutic components from Indian fresh water mussel Lamellidens marginalis

Combination of low dose major n3 PUFAs in fresh water mussel lipid is an alternative of EPA–DHA supplementation in inflammatory conditions of arthritis and LPS stimulated macrophages

This article deals with the nutritional aspect of fresh water mussel Lamellidens marginalis and its pharmacological potential in inflammatory disorders. Fresh water mussel extract shows anti-inflammatory activity after oral supplementation. Therefore, the present work was aimed to elucidate anti-inflammatory activity of Lamellidens lipid in in vivo adjuvant induced arthritis and in vitro LPS induced macrophage activation model, where its activity was compared with pharmaceutical grade EPA–DHA supplement. Parameters that showed better response to mussel lipid, than to EPA–DHA supplement, were paw and ankle diameters, paw weight, urinary hydroxyproline, glucosamine, serum phosphatases, macrophage lipid peroxidation level and pro-inflammatory interleukin level in adjuvant induced arthritis and TNFα, NO level, intracellular ROS generation as well as nuclear translocation of NFκB p65 in LPS activated in vitro primary macrophage culture. Fresh water mussel lipid was found to have lower n3:n6 ratio than that in marine species but contain all the major n3 fatty acids. This study, for the first time, showed anti-inflammatory potential of lipid from a fresh water species. It has also raised the possibility of the presence of balanced fatty acid combination in a dietary dose, rather than the established EPA–DHA supplement, to be more effective against inflammatory conditions of arthritis and LPS stimulated macrophages.

Morphology and Immune-related activities of hemocytes of the mussel Mytilus coruscus (Gould, 1861) from East Sea of Korea

Mytilus coruscus is a cold water mussel commonly occurring on shallow subtidal rocky substrata along the east coast of Korea. Despite its abundance, there have only been a few studies conducted reporting on its biology and ecology. In this study, we investigated the immune-related activities of hemocytes of M. coruscus using light microscopy and flow cytometry. Based on the morphology and cellular activities, 3 types of hemocytes were identified, as granulocytes, hyalinocytes, and blast-like cells. Granulocytes, containing numerous intra-cytoplasmic granules, were intermediate-size (11.8μm) and the most abundant cells (70.2%), while hyalinocytes were the largest cells (16.0μm), with no or few granules in their cytoplasm. The granulocytes exhibited higher lysosomal content, phagocytosis activity and oxidative capacities than the hyalinocytes. In contrast, the blast-like cells were the smallest cells (6.4μm) and displayed a lack of phagocytosis and oxidative capacities. In M. coruscus, the granulocytes appear as the major cell type involved in cellular defense, whereas the blast-like cells may not be directly involved in cell-mediated immune response.

Effects of blue mussel (ME) water extracts on pentobarbital-induced sleep and the sleep architecture in mice

Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) is a popular shellfish that is used widely in the daily diet. It has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant properties. The hypnotic effects of blue mussel (ME) water extracts in a mouse model were investigated. Oral administration of ME water extracts produced a dose-dependent decrease in sleep latency and an increase in sleep duration in pentobarbital-treated mice. At concentrations of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg, the extracts also increased the sleep onset rate (90 and 90%, respectively) and sleep duration (46.3±4.9 and 58.3±2.0 min, respectively) in sub-hypnotic dosage testing. Electroencephalograms (EEG) and electromyograms (EMG) showed that ME water extracts reduced sleep latency and induced non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) while maintaining rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). ME water extracts did not affect the EEG power density. ME water extract-induced sleep is similar to physiological sleep in a mouse model.

Exploring the Nutritive Values of the Fresh Water Mussel Lamellidens marginalis as Potential Functional Food

Prevention of under-nutrition has emerged as a critical challenge to India's development planners in recent times. Insufficient protein consumption results in Protein Energy Malnutrition among the children in our Country. Due to increasing cost, limited amount of animal protein and the limited potential for improving the situation through increased animal production, the need of the hour is to search for an efficient utilization of cheap and available unconventional animal protein resources. Molluscs are regarded as under-exploited source of health-benefit molecules. Present investigation attempts to evaluate the nutritive values of the fresh water bivalve Lamellidens marginalis, widely accepted as food all over India. Proximate analyses revealed that mussel meat contains moderate amount of protein (8.30±0.67%), carbohydrate (8.01± 0.38%) and reducing sugar (4.75± 0.07%), but less amount of fat (1.02± 0.20%) and crude fibre (0.01± .001%). Lipid constitutes substantial amount of omega-3-fatty acids like, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which have proven prophylactic values. Protein analysis shows the presence of several essential amino acids required for proper body growth and maintenance. Moreover, antioxidant activity of the haemolymph further established that this benthic mussel can serve as an excellent alternate food source and can thus be commercialized as low cost functional food.

A Review of Feeding Behavior, Growth, Reproduction and Aquaculture Site Selection for Green-Lipped Mussel, &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Perna viridis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

Green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis is a warm water mussel species that is distributed widely in the Indo-Pacific regions. It is a commercially important species and has demonstrated a great culture potential in tropical countries. The feeding behavior of P. viridis is influenced by both seston concentration and its nutritional values. It is shown the mussels exhibit higher ingestion rate when the organic content of the seston is higher. Interestingly, several studies have reported that P. viridis can demonstrate selective feeding behavior towards phytoplankton. Short term studies have shown that the P. viridis exhibits preferentially ingestion of dinoflagellates, while long term studies show that the P. viridis has a higher growth rate during diatom blooms. Nevertheless, spawning of P. viridis is induced by high primary productivity at relatively high sea water temperature. In the temperate countries, spawning is seasonal but normally occurs in summer. In the tropical countries, however, the P. viridis has been shown to spawn all year-round with two peaks which coincide with monsoon seasons. The site selection is critically important when considering the green mussel culture. Feasibility study for P. viridis farming is normally carried out first in order to evaluate the environmental conditions of the site. This paper attempts to review the current knowledge of biology, selective feeding behaviour, growth, reproductive and the aquaculture site selection methods for green-lipped mussel.