Musi River Research Articles

Proliferation of Ciprofloxacin Resistant Bacteria in Polluted Sediments of Musi River, India

ABSTRACTImproper disposal of domestic sewage and effluents from drug manufacturing units for several years has resulted in the accumulation of pollutants in Musi river sediments. There were no studies carried out before to quantify the antibiotic resistance in this river, despite the fact that its sediments are loaded with antibiotics. The present study investigated the relationship between the proliferation of ciprofloxacin resistant culture with the occurrence of fluoroquinolone and heavy metals in sediments of Musi River. The fluoroquinolones concentration in river sediments were observed in high concentration (13336.4 ng/g) and were found to be positively correlated with the occurrence of ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria (r = 0.386 to 0.675, p < 0.05). The occurrence of heavy metals was also in positive correlation with the distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the river (r = 0.454 to 0.881, p < 0.05). This study indicated the spread of antibiotic resistance in polluted river sediments that might pose a serious threat to public health as the river water is used for irrigation, drinking, and recreational purposes; and needs an immediate risk assessment and mitigation strategies.

FISH COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN RELATION TO WATER QUALITY OF THE DOWN STREAM OF MUSI RIVER, SOUTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA

Musi River is a large riverwith its drainage area covers three provinces, South Sumatera, Lampung, and Bengkulu, and with multi uses of its resources.

Environmental pollution with antimicrobial agents from bulk drug manufacturing industries in Hyderabad, South India, is associated with dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing pathogens.

High antibiotic and antifungal concentrations in wastewater from anti-infective drug production may exert selection pressure for multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. We investigated the environmental presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their association with MDR Gram-negative bacteria in Hyderabad, South India, a major production area for the global bulk drug market. From Nov 19 to 28, 2016, water samples were collected from the direct environment of bulk drug manufacturing facilities, the vicinity of two sewage treatment plants, the Musi River, and habitats in Hyderabad and nearby villages. Samples were analyzed for 25 anti-infective pharmaceuticals with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and for MDR Gram-negative bacteria using chromogenic culture media. In addition, specimens were screened with PCR for bla VIM, bla KPC, bla NDM, bla IMP-1, and bla OXA-48 resistance genes. All environmental specimens from 28 different sampling sites were contaminated with antimicrobials. High concentrations of moxifloxacin, voriconazole, and fluconazole (up to 694.1, 2500, and 236,950µg/L, respectively) as well as increased concentrations of eight other antibiotics were found in sewers in the Patancheru-Bollaram industrial area. Corresponding microbiological analyses revealed an extensive presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters (carrying mainly bla OXA-48, bla NDM, and bla KPC) in more than 95% of the samples. Insufficient wastewater management by bulk drug manufacturing facilities leads to unprecedented contamination of water resources with antimicrobial pharmaceuticals, which seems to be associated with the selection and dissemination of carbapenemase-producing pathogens. The development and global spread of antimicrobial resistance present a major challenge for pharmaceutical producers and regulatory agencies.

Cu AND Pb CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER COLUMN AND PLANKTON OF DOWNSTREAM SECTION OF THE MUSI RIVER

&lt;em&gt;A wide range of the Musi river usage such as agricultural, forestry, industry, residential, fishing and transport activities has created a heavy metal pollution isues. This research aims to know the concentration of Cu and Pb in the water column (suspended and dissolved) and also on planktons found at downstream of Musi River. Water and plankton sampling was carried out in January and May 2015 across five research stations. Cu and Pb in water and plankton samples were analyzed using the USEPA 30050B method determined by using AAS SpektrAA plus variant with air mixure flame – acetylene. The average concentration of dissolved Cu and Pb were varied from 0.003-0.005 mgL&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;and 0.002-0.004 mgL&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. A higher value was observed during the suspended phase which came to around 8.60-31.79 mgKg&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;for Cu dan 21.23-61.5 mgKg&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;for Pb. Furthermore, Cu and Pb concentration in plankton were varied from 1.046-2.430 mgKg&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;and 0.673-1.283 mgKg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively.&lt;/em&gt;

Cu AND Pb CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER COLUMN AND PLANKTON OF DOWNSTREAM SECTION OF THE MUSI RIVER

A wide range of the Musi river usage such as agricultural, forestry, industry, residential, fishing and transport activities has created a heavy metal pollution isues. This research aims to know the concentration of Cu and Pb in the water column (suspended and dissolved) and also on planktons found at downstream of Musi River. Water and plankton sampling was carried out in January and May 2015 across five research stations. Cu and Pb in water and plankton samples were analyzed using the USEPA 30050B method determined by using AAS SpektrAA plus variant with air mixure flame – acetylene. The average concentration of dissolved Cu and Pb were varied from 0.003-0.005 mgL-1and 0.002-0.004 mgL-1, respectively. A higher value was observed during the suspended phase which came to around 8.60-31.79 mgKg-1 for Cu dan 21.23-61.5 mgKg-1 for Pb. Furthermore, Cu and Pb concentration in plankton were varied from 1.046-2.430 mgKg-1 and 0.673-1.283 mgKg-1, respectively.

Real Time Monitoring System of Pollution Waste on Musi River Using Support Vector Machine (SVM) Method

Real-time Monitoring and early detection system which measures the quality standard of waste in Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia is a system for determining air and water pollution level. This system was designed in order to create an integrated monitoring system and provide real time information that can be read. It is designed to measure acidity and water turbidity polluted by industrial waste, as well as to show and provide conditional data integrated in one system. This system consists of inputting and processing the data, and giving output based on processed data. Turbidity, substances, and pH sensor is used as a detector that produce analog electrical direct current voltage (DC). Early detection system works by determining the value of the ammonia threshold, acidity, and turbidity level of water in Musi River. The results is then presented based on the level group pollution by the Support Vector Machine classification method.

Assessment of Carbon Status in Marine Protected Area of Payung Island Waters, South Sumatera Province, Indonesia

CO2 is a greenhouse gas that receive more attention than the other gases because the properties of carbon easily deformed and diffuseed. Changes in the concentration of CO2 in the water will impact on changes in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere that affect sea surface temperatures. It continuously will result in a change of marine capture fisheries. Payung Island is one of the important areas in South Sumatra that acts as the provider of the fishery. This because Payung Island is located in the mouth of Musi and Telang River covered by mangrove, has a very important ecological function. However, the condition of the carbon in the waters of the Payung Island has not explored further. This elementary study is to determine status on Payung Island waters as a sink or source of CO2. The study was conducted in June until August 2015. The research stages include surface water sampling, measurement of the CO2 in the atmosphere, the analysis of the concentration of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and Total Alkalinity (TA), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) calculation. Atmospheric CO2 were measured insitu, while the DIC and TA were analyzed using titration methods. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) obtained from the calculation using the software CO2Calc using data of DIC, TA, nutrients and atmospheric CO2. The results showed that the content of DIC and TA on the Payung Island waters has similar distribution pattern i.e. high in areas close to the river, and getting lower in the area which were closer to the sea. The comparisons between pCO2 atmosphere and pCO2 waters showed that Payung Island waters generally act as a carbon sink in area towards the sea but however, in the territorial waters adjacent to the river as a source of carbon. Keywords: carbon, marine protected area, Payung Island waters

ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION: THE ARCHITECTURE OF RUMAH KAPITAN AND MUSI RIVERSIDE

Palembang’s Chinese community began inhabiting Kampung Kapitan 7 Ulu following the issuance of a mandate by Sultan Abdurrahman, granting the Chinese the privilege to inhabit the dry lands by the Musi River. Following the migration to the dry lands, the Chinese community implemented different forms of adaptation to the natural and socio-cultural environment to survive on the Musi Riverside, including in the form of residential architectures. This research is a case study, aiming to explore, examine and discuss the process of environmental adaptation and the different aspects that affect the residential architectures on the Musi Riverside. Analysis is done on the architecture of Rumah Kapitan, studying from the morphological and typological point of view, consisting of its positioning and orientation against the Musi River, spatial order, architectural form, and tectonics system, all of which are the manifestation of adaptation to the natural and socio-cultural environment of the Musi Riverside. Keywords: adaptation; Musi riverside environment; Rumah Kapitan.

The influence of Musi river sedimentation to the aquatic environment

Musi river is the largest river in Palembang with a length of more than 750 kilometers. The sedimentation in the Musi river is commonly existed due to the high level meeting of velocity between the Musi river and the ocean in the Bangka Strait. The silting condition of Musi river is getting more severe due to the sludge growth that reach about 40 cm per month. In fact, the volume of sludge could reach 2.5 million m 3 . There are 13 silted points along the river shipping channel from the Boom Baru port to Bangka Strait. Four points are vulnerable due to the siltings reach up to 4 m. This research was conducted by using the approach of software models MIKE 21 Flow Models. The results obtained from this study are the greatest speed direction occurred, elevation of the outer surface and total depth of water will contribute and effect to the free area for ships to perform well and safe movement. The other side will effect of the amount of sedimentation and the aquatic environment of the swamp area.

Floodplain simulation for Musi River using integrated 1D/2D hydrodynamic model

This paper presents the simulation of floodplain at Musi River using integrated 1D and 2D hydrodynamic model. The 1D flow simulation was applied for the river channel with flow hydrograph as upstream boundary condition. The result of 1D flow simulation was integrated into 2D flow simulation in order to know the area and characteristics of flood inundation. The input data of digital terrain model which was used in this research had grid resolution of 10mx10m, but for 2D simulation the resolution was with grid resolution 50 m x 50 m so as to limit simulation time since the model size was big enough. The result of the simulation showed that the inundated area surrounding Musi River is about 107.44 km2 with maximum flood depth is 3.24 m, water surface velocity ranges from 0.00 to 0.83 m/s. Most of floodplain areas varied from middle to high flood hazard level, and only few areas had very high level of flood hazard especially on river side. The structural flood control measurement to be recommended to Palembang is to construct flood dike and flood gate. The non structural measurement one is to improve watershed management and socialization of flood awareness.

Effect of sedimentation volume on productivity and dwelling time of ships at bom baru port

Many ports in Indonesia who have problems with limited dock land, yard and warehouse and equipment. There is a dock that has good equipment, but Yard Occupancy and Berth Occupancy ratio are high ratio. Boom Baru port in the city of Palembang, in Indonesia, has good hinterland and the number of ship visits is quite high, but can not increase productivity or capacity of the port due to the rapid sedimentation of the port basin and land constraints to accumulation of goods. In this study, the method used to determine the condition of the real problems of sedimentation conducted through analysis of sediment concentration and sediment discharge a total of either scenario sediment from upstream (river) as well as the source of sediments estuary (port basin) [1] . By knowing the pattern of flow and sediment caracteristic process of sedimentation and erosion in the estuary, can be calculated by the method of Yang [2] .The calculation and analysis show that the sedimentation on the Musi river is high enough where the sludge reaches 40 cm/month. While the volume of sedimentation in the pools of Boom Baru port calculated using the Yang method, amounting to 13,081.42 m3/year.

Fairway Traffic Capacity in Indonesia

Problems of congestion and road damage due to traffic density and excessive vehicle loads can be solved by shifting the traffic load of the highway to river transport. For regional areas in Indonesia, which are traversed by rivers with water levels and width navigable by various types of vessels, river transport can be the main alternative transportation of goods other than highways. South Sumatra is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has a network of rivers that can be traversed by large cargo vessels. Musi River with its tributaries network is the main fairway in South Sumatra where water levels of the river are affected by the environment, especially tides, seasons and sedimentations. This environmental influences have led to vessels being unable to sail safely and smoothly all the time. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to determine the fairway capacity as a riverway performance indicator that takes into account environmental influences, especially tides. Various research on capacity of inland waterways previously conducted have not specifically considered the effect of tides.

A topology of residents’ based on preferences for sustainable riparian settlement in Palembang, Indonesia

The riparian function as an ecosystem service is very important. However, town planning with the sustainable of ecological riparian approach is often in conflict with public interest. Planner needs to harmonize planning with community preference. Several studies show that conjoint analysis is capable of capturing public opinion as part of town planning. In this paper, in addition to residential preference research, a topology of resident profiles was also identified. This study demonstrates that sample size can break the overall average results into particular group characteristics. The analyses are composed through two-step approach. First, cluster analysis to categorize residents as their preference settlements and conjoint analysis to know the ideal settlement to each group. There are 150 respondents in a slum settlements of Musi River in Palembang, Indonesia. The cluster analysis identifies four respondent groups and all of them prefer house building as the very important attributes rather than residential environment attributes.

Modelling land use/cover changes with markov-cellular automata in Komering Watershed, South Sumatera

This research has a purpose to study and develop a model that can representing and simulating spatial distribution pattern of land use change in Komering watershed. The Komering watershed is one of nine sub Musi river basin and is located in the southern part of Sumatra island that has an area of 8060,62 km2. Land use change simulations, achieved through Markov-cellular automata (CA) methodologies. Slope, elevation, distance from road, distance from river, distance from capital sub-district, distance from settlement area area were driving factors that used in this research. Land use prediction result in 2030 also shows decrease of forest acreage up to -3.37%, agricultural land decreased up to -2.13%, and open land decreased up to -0.13%. On the other hand settlement area increased up to 0.07%, and plantation land increased up to 5.56%. Based on the predictive result, land use unconformity percentage to RTRW in Komering watershed is 18.62 % and land use conformity is 58.27%. Based on the results of the scenario, where forest in protected areas and agriculture land are maintained, shows increase the land use conformity amounted to 60.41 % and reduce unconformity that occur in Komering watershed to 17.23 %.

Hydrological Modeling of Musi River Basin, India and Sensitive Parameterization of Streamflow Using SWAT CUP

The Hydrological modeling System is designed to simulate the rainfall-runoff processes of watershed systems. In this paper, a continuous simulation based hydrological model is developed through a distributed hydrological modeling approach for the Musi river basin, India using space inputs, soil type and slopes. The basin is geographically located between 17° 58’ N to 16° 38’N latitude and 77° 46’E to 79° 48’ E longitude. The hydrologic modeling approach includes rainfall-runoff modeling; sensitivity analysis has been carried out using through SWAT CUP Sequential Uncertainty domain parameter fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm for most sensitive parameterization of stream flow. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated from Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Cartosat-1 of 30m resolution, land use/land cover derived from the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6) AWiFS data, and soil textural data obtained from National Bureau of Soil Sciences and Land Use Planning (NBSS&LUP) of the study area are used in the modeling.

Analysis of Model Loading and Unloading Time of Ships at Boom Baru Port, Palembang, Indonesia

Logistic transport passing through road transport in Palembang city has been very high. To support green Transport, it is recommended to convert some of land logistic transports to river transport. However, the river transport has not been ready in terms of dredging and maintaining water level of Musi River. Furthermore, Boombaru Port, which has been shallow, and has high tidal level difference, can cause the process of loading and unloading become longer. High dwelling time is one of many problems that happen in port’s container terminal in Indonesia. This is commonly caused by longer loading and unloading time than those ports with high navigability and good handling equipment. Loading and unloading time depends on some factors, i.e ship size, limitation of equipment and stacking yard, a shallow port basin, tidal period and tidal magnitude. This paper aims to model the loading and unloading Time at Container Terminal of Boombaru Port, and analyze the effect of some factors on loading and unloading time. The model derived is Y = 0.501 X1 – 0.021 X2 – 2.63 X3 – 29.745, which X1 is Length Over All (m), X2 is Low Tide Elevation (cm) and X3 is duration of tidal period (hour).

Evaluation of Hydrogeomorphological Landforms and Lineaments using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Ramannapet Mandal, Musi River basin, Nalgonda District, Telangana

The IRS -P6 LISS-IV satellite data is used to demarcate Hydrogeomorphology land forms and lineaments on 1;10000 scale to evaluate groundwater potential of the study area. The Ramannapet Mandal area of Musi river basin is occupied mostly by hard rock they are granites and gneisses of Archaean age with intrusive bodies of dolerites, and of the portion of the study area is covered mainly by both wet and dry cultivation. The major geomorphic unit identified in the area are, Denudational hills, Residual hills, Inselbergs, Dykes, Pediment inselberg complex, Pediment, Pediplain and valleys. Most part of the study area is occupied by Pediplain with various thickness and the groundwater potential is directly related to thickness of Pediplain. The object of the study is Remote Sensing imagery with its synoptic coverage acts as a tool for finding suitable solution when combined with conventional data. Hydro-geomorphic maps were prepared by integrating the Lithology, landforms, and structural fabric and hydrology layers and drainage layers using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, the scale range of 1: 10,000. The lineament density map was generated in GIS software using Kriging method (Sabins, F. F., (1997). Outcomes of the study Based on visual interpretation and field investigations the different types of hydro geomorphic units observed in the study area. The recent alluvium deposits are present along the stream courses. Field observations shows that groundwater occurs under unconfined conditions with water table shallow to deep depth. from the lineament density and lineament intersection maps prepared to understand the impact on groundwater percolation. Finally, Hydrogeomorphology and lineament maps area overlaid following the weighted index overlay method, which delineate groundwater potential zones. an integrated Remote sensing and GIS based approach has been used for demarcating groundwater potential zones in the study area. The study area Ramannapet Mandal is in northern part of the district of Nalgonda, Telangana State, India. The study area people occupation is agricultural, and poultry, 80 percent of the people depending only agricultural activity

Real Time Monitoring System of Pollution Waste on Musi River Using Support Vector Machine (SVM) Method

Real-time Monitoring and early detection system which measures the quality standard of waste in Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia is a system for determining air and water pollution level. This system was designed in order to create an integrated monitoring system and provide real time information that can be read. It is designed to measure acidity and water turbidity polluted by industrial waste, as well as to show and provide conditional data integrated in one system. This system consists of inputting and processing the data, and giving output based on processed data. Turbidity, substances, and pH sensor is used as a detector that produce analog electrical direct current voltage (DC). Early detection system works by determining the value of the ammonia threshold, acidity, and turbidity level of water in Musi River. The results is then presented based on the level group pollution by the Support Vector Machine classification method.

CULTURAL APPROACH OF SUSTAINABILITY IN DWELLINGS CULTURE RIPARIAN COMMUNITY MUSI RIVER PALEMBANG

Dwelling Riparian is not an archaeological artifacts or ruins of civilization, but the physical figure of communities that are still alive and live. Socially, the Musi River not merely as a means of transport and make a living alone. Moreover Musi River Palembang form of existence of cultural sovereignty. Riverside settlements are not only inherent elegance spatial pattern alone, but also contains exemplary values, philosophy, and belief in the primordial Palembang riverside cultural background and meaning of culture. The goals of this study are, 1) to observe the evolution processes of dwelling culture and to compare the traditional spatial forms and the transformed ones. 2) to emphasize the former attitude and to propose a sustainable strategy for developing the dwelling type by respecting and adopting the traditional culture and historic apologue. The concrete tactics for construction and architectural concepts are proposed in this paper.

Pembuatan Serbuk Cangkang Keong Mas (Pomacea canaliculata L.) serta Aplikasinya sebagai Penjernih Air Sungai dan Pengikat Logam Berat Kadmium

This study aims to produce golden snail shell powder that can be used as a purifier and a metal binder on Musi River water. The method used was a randomized block design with two factors, namely the type of purifier treatment (A) consist of golden snails shell powder and shrimp shell chitosan. Purifier concentration factor (B) is 0%, 0.5% and 1%. Data obtained through several stages in a row of manufactured of golden snail powder, application of golden snail shell powder and shrimp shell chitosan, and analyzed the effect of golden snail shell powder and shrimp shell chitosan on turbidity, TDS, pH and Cd concentration of water river. 80 grams of golden snail shell obtained 20 grams of golden snail shell powder. The golden snail shell powder produced known as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Aplication of golden snail shell powder in water river able to lowering the turbidity 75% at 0.5% concentration and 78% at 1% concentration, increase the value of TDS is still within the threshold in range of 391.5 to 604 ppm, and increasing the pH in range of 5-7 which is still within the tolerance limits corresponding Government Regulation Number 416 of 1990. However, the golden snails shell powder raise the river water Cd concentration from 0.00782 to 0.00815 ppm, while the shrimp shell chitosan capable to lowering the concentration of Cd in river water of 0.00048-0.000518 ppm.