Mushroom Pleurotus Pulmonarius Research Articles

Macronutrient composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Pleurotus pulmonarius’s fruiting body vs. stem waste

The increasing cultivation of mushrooms has led to substantial waste production, ranging from 5-20% of total volume mushroom harvested. This study aimed to compare the macronutrient composition and bioactivities of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius), focusing on its stem waste versus fruiting bodies. Macronutrients analyzed include moisture, ash, fat, fiber, protein, and carbohydrates using proximate analysis. Antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH and ABTS assays, while antimicrobial activity was evaluated using microdilution techniques. Results indicated that mushroom stem waste contained significantly higher levels of carbohydrates (46.2 ± 0.69%), ash (8.2 ± 0.04%), and fiber (15.4 ± 0.10%) compared to the fruiting bodies (carbohydrates: 38.1 ± 0.84%, ash: 6.7 ± 0.12%, fiber: 9.1 ± 0.02%). Conversely, the fruiting bodies exhibited superior antioxidant activity with IC50 values ranging from 166.1 to 503.5 μg/mL. Similar minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were observed between both parts, except for E. coli, where the fruiting bodies showed an MIC of 2000 μg/mL compared to 1000 μg/mL for stem waste. In conclusion, this study highlights the bioactive potential of mushroom stem waste and further purification could enhance its suitability for diverse bioactive applications.

Yield Response and Nutritional Value of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) in Different Mixing Ratios of Hardwood Sawdust

Yield Response and Nutritional Value of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) in Different Mixing Ratios of Hardwood Sawdust

Effectuation of Pleurotus pulmonarius on Hypercholesterolemic Wistar-Kyoto Rats: Analysis on Liver and Sera

Hypercholesterolemia is one of the potential risks of cardiovascular heart disease (CHD). An early diagnosis and treatment attenuate the risk of CHD. Besides statin prescription for hypercholesterolemia, functional food has an added value to ameliorate the risk. This study was conducted to analyse the significant effect of grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) on hypercholesterolemia. Thirty-six Wistar-Kyoto rats were assigned into six groups, consisted of normal (N), hypercholesterolemia (H), two groups for prevention (P1 and P2), and two groups for treatment (T1 and T2). For prevention purpose, P1 and P2 were concomitantly induced to be hypercholesterolemic and fed with either crude aqueous extract of P. pulmonarius (CA) or simvastatin for 45 days. Following 45 days of hypercholesterolemic-induction, T1 and T2 rats were then orally fed with either CA or simvastatin for another 30 days. On day 45, groups N, H, P1, and P2 were sacrificed, whereas groups T1 and T2 were sacrificed on day 75. Histopathology examination showed the conditions of liver tissues. Fat droplets were observed in hypercholesterolemic hepatic tissues and were also remained in the hepatic tissues of rats belonged to the treatment groups. The tissues’ viability was better in prevention groups suggesting the compound(s) present in CA might be able to protect them from further damage. Metabolomic analysis of the sera from P1 and T1 rats showed altered regulation of several metabolites such as pantothenic acid, N-carbamylglutamate, serotonin and ceramide against the control group.

Effectiveness of Mushroom (Pleurotus Pulmonarius) Waste as Natural Coagulant for Kaolin Synthetic Water via Coagulation-Flocculation Process

Coagulation-flocculation process is a widely used method in water treatment. In this study, mushroom waste was selected as natural coagulant to treat kaolin synthetic water via coagulation-flocculation process. Rotten mushroom and mushroom spent were evaluated separately. Functional group of mushroom wastes were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Optimum dosage and pH of mushroom wastes and aluminium sulphate in kaolin synthetic water treatment were examined through jar testing. A comparative study on the effectiveness of mushroom wastes and aluminium sulphate in kaolin synthetic water treatment was evaluated in terms of turbidity removal percentage and sludge volume index. Results obtained from jar testing show rotten mushroom and mushroom spent achieved turbidity removal efficiency of 99.73% and 99.25% respectively at optimal pH of 4 and optimal dosage of 5 mg/L whereas 99.91% of turbidity was eliminated by alum under optimum condition of pH 9 and dosage 25 mg/L. Under optimized condition, sludge volume index value obtained by rotten mushroom, mushroom spent and alum were 37.38 mL/g, 40.34 mL/g and 51.58 mL/g respectively. Overall, the finding indicated that mushroom waste could be a potential alternative to chemical coagulant since they are environmentally friendly, effective in turbidity removal, producing less sludge and pH independent.

A Review on Internet of Things Based Humidifier for Mushroom Cultivation

In this study, grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) was cultivated in indoor controlled environment to seeking out the possible Risks of contamination and ways of treatment to avoid the contamination. For this, mushroom was cultivated in providing artificial humidifying and Ventilation system to ensure optimum humidity (80-90%) and fresh air Recirculation in different ways of treatment. The ways of treatment were Included as in position of humidifier, frequency of humidifying, plastic Cork of bags opening part and cleaning of humidifier water container. Maximum percentages of bag contamination (2.5-25.30%), cap Contamination (5.6-30.75%), stalk contamination (4.75-23.25%) and root Contamination (2.6-18.45%) were found in front to front humidifier Position, long humidifying with long interval frequency, without plastic Cork, without cleaning and bi- monthly cleaning of humidifier water Container treatment but no diseases and pest infection was found. Whereas, Very low percentages of contamination (0.1-0.5%) were found in Surrounding humidifying position, short humidifying duration with short Interval frequency, with plastic cork and weekly cleaning of humidifier Water container treatment.

Upcycling the Spent Mushroom Substrate of the Grey Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius as a Source of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes for Palm Oil Mill Effluent Hydrolysis.

Mushroom cultivation along with the palm oil industry in Malaysia have contributed to large volumes of accumulated lignocellulosic residues that cause serious environmental pollution when these agroresidues are burned. In this study, we illustrated the utilization of lignocellulolytic enzymes from the spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus pulmonarius for the hydrolysis of palm oil mill effluent (POME). The hydrolysate was used for the production of biohydrogen gas and enzyme assays were carried out to determine the productivities/activities of lignin peroxidase, laccase, xylanase, endoglucanase and β-glucosidase in spent mushroom substrate. Further, the enzyme cocktails were concentrated for the hydrolysis of POME. Central composite design of response surface methodology was performed to examine the effects of enzyme loading, incubation time and pH on the reducing sugar yield. Productivities of the enzymes for xylanase, laccase, endoglucanase, lignin peroxidase and β-glucosidase were 2.3, 4.1, 14.6, 214.1, and 915.4 U g-1, respectively. A maximum of 3.75 g/l of reducing sugar was obtained under optimized conditions of 15 h incubation time with 10% enzyme loading (v/v) at a pH of 4.8, which was consistent with the predicted reducing sugar concentration (3.76 g/l). The biohydrogen cumulative volume (302.78 ml H2.L-1 POME) and 83.52% biohydrogen gas were recorded using batch fermentation which indicated that the enzymes of spent mushroom substrate can be utilized for hydrolysis of POME.

Genomic analyses of two Italian oyster mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius strains.

Pleurotus mushrooms are among the most cultivated fungi in the world and are highly valuable for food, medicine, and biotechnology industries. Furthermore, Pleurotus species are carnivorous fungi; they can rapidly paralyze and kill nematodes when nutrient-deprived. The predator–prey interactions between Pleurotus and nematodes are still widely unexplored. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms and the genes involved in the carnivorous behavior of Pleurotus mushrooms remain a mystery. We are attempting to understand the interactions between Pleurotus mushrooms and their nematode prey through genetic and genomic analyses. Two single spores (ss2 and ss5) isolated from a fruiting body of Pleurotus pulmonarius exhibited significant differences in growth and toxicity against nematodes. Thus, using PacBio long reads, we assembled and annotated two high-quality genomes for these two isolates of P. pulmonarius. Each of these assemblies contains 23 scaffolds, including 6 (ss2) and 8 (ss5) telomere-to-telomere scaffolds, and they are among the most complete assembled genomes of the Pleurotus species. Comparative analyses identified the genomic differences between the two P. pulmonarius strains. In sum, this work provides a genomic resource that will be invaluable for better understanding the Italian oyster mushroom P. pulmonarius.

Potential for combined production of food and biofuel: Cultivation of Pleurotus pulmonarius on soft- and hardwood sawdusts

This study aimed at developing an integrated process of production of edible summer oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) and preprocessing of the substrate lignocellulose for producing 2nd-generation biofuels based on softwood. Sawdust-based mushroom substrates of softwood spruce (Picea abies) versus hardwood alder (Alnus glutinosa) as a reference were used for production of summer oyster mushrooms. The substrates had been either hot-air pasteurised or steam sterilised before growing the mushroom. The potential of using spent substrate (SMS) after harvest for biofuel production was evaluated by examining the lignocellulosic composition and enzymatic convertibility. The biological efficiency of the substrates ranged 14.0–33.8% and no significant difference was observed between the treatments. The fruiting bodies had similar total protein concentrations ranging between 26.0 and 28.5% regardless of differences in treatments. The average mass degradation of Klason lignin and acid soluble lignin in the substrates after mushroom production were 35.0 and 22.6%, respectively. Glucan, the major carbohydrate component, was initially present in concentrations ranging from 24 to 29% of total dry matter and with similar concentrations observed in both alder-based and spruce-based substrates. After mushroom production, a significant difference was observed between the substrates with the lowest consumption of glucan, 3.9% of the initial mass, in the spruce-based substrate. The selective degradation ability of P. pulmonarius on the lignin fraction, rather than the cellulose component of softwood, is suggested in the present study. Between 84 and 126 g glucose was yielded per kg of dry SMS, spruce based substrates resulted a higher yield than alder substrate from enzymatic saccharification of the spent substrates. The heat treatment of the mushroom’s substrate had in general a minor impact on the mushroom production and fungal pretreatment of the substrates; hot-air pasteurisation is apparently more energy efficient method than steam sterilisation.

Comparison between the aqueous extracts of mycelium and basidioma of the edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius: chemical composition and antioxidant analysis

The aqueous extracts of mycelium (MAE) and basidioma (BAE) of the mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. were compared for their chemical composition, phenolic compounds identified using HPLC and antioxidant activities. The MAE contained 66.1 μg of gallic acid, 27.0 μg of ferulic acid and 217 μg of caffeic acid/g dry weight (dw). In addition, 626 μg of gallic acid, 347 μg of caffeic acid, 53.0 μg of vanillic acid and 25.4 μg of ρ-coumaric acid were found in BAE/g dw. The levels of soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids were higher in the BAE. The MAE of P. pulmonarius were efficient in chelating ferrous ions (EC50 of 1.81 mg dw/mL). The EC50 for DPPH and ABTS radicals were 0.51 and 0.03 mg dw/mL, respectively, showing high antioxidant capacity. The results of this study showed that mycelium and basidioma of P. pulmonarius have the potential to be used as sources of antioxidant compounds and nutrients.

Alcoholic fermentation of soursop (Annona muricata) juice via an alternative fermentation technique

Wines are produced via the alcoholic fermentation of suitable substrates, usually sugar (sugar cane, grapes) and carbohydrates (wheat, grain). However, conventional alcoholic fermentation is limited by the inhibition of yeast by ethanol produced, usually at approximately 13-14%. Aside from that, soursop fruit is a very nutritious fruit, although it is highly perishable, and thus produces a lot of wastage. Therefore, the present study aimed to produce fermented soursop juice (soursop wine), using combination of two starter cultures, namely mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), as well as to determine the effects of fermentation on the physicochemical and antioxidant activities of fermented soursop juice. Optimisation of four factors (pH, temperature, time and culture ratio) using response surface methodology were performed to maximise ethanol production. The optimised values for alcoholic fermentation were pH4.99, 28.29 °C, 131 h and a 0.42 culture ratio (42:58, P. pulmonarius mycelia:S. cerevisiae) with a predicted ethanol concentration of 22.25%. Through a verification test, soursop wine with 22.29 ± 0.52% ethanol was produced. The antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power) showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase from the soursop juice to soursop wine. The alternative fermentation technique using yeast and mushroom has successfully been optimised, with an increased ethanol production in soursop wine and higher antioxidant activities. Ultimately, this finding has high potential for application in the brewing industry to enhance the fermentation process, as well as in the development of an innovative niche product, reducing wastage by converting the highly-perishable fruit into wine with a more stable and longer shelf-life. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

The plant growth-promoting potential of the mesophilic wood-rot mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius.

To demonstrate the plant growth-promoting potential of a wood-decay mushroom. A wild strain of a white rot fungus (Pleurotus pulmonarius) was found to convert 10mmoll-1 L-tryptophan (TRP) to approximately 15μgml-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) under the optimal growth conditions of 30°C and pH 5 for 15days. Results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated IAA synthesis through the indole-3-pyruvic acid pathway when using cellulose as a sole carbon source. The mycelium as well as the culture filtrate promoted the growth and chlorophyll content of seedlings. In a monocotyledonous plant (rice), the number of lateral roots was increased experimentally, whereas in a dicotyledonous plant (tomato), the fungus led to an increased length of shoots and roots. TRP-dependent IAA production was demonstrated for the first time for P. pulmonarius and may be responsible for enhancing plant growth in vitro. Synthesis of IAA as the most prevalent phytohormone in plants has been demonstrated for soil microfungi. Pleurotus pulmonarius is reported as an IAA-producing wood-decay macrofungus. The higher temperature optimum of P. pulmonarius isolated from subtropical environment compared to other Pleurotus species from temperate regions makes it more suitable for application in subtropical/tropical regions.

Consumer perception of extruded snacks containing brown rice and dried mushroom

SummaryEffects of mushroom type, seasoning and health benefit information (HBI) on consumers’ saltiness expectation, sensory liking, elicited emotions and purchase intent (PI) of extruded snacks were investigated. Five snacks were evaluated: straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) extrudates without (SME) or with seasoning (SMES), phoenix mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) extrudates without (PME) or with seasoning (PMES), and the control without mushroom and seasoning. Hedonic scores and positive emotions were generally higher for seasoned mushroom‐containing snacks (SMES and PMES) with 65% and 75.83% of consumers reporting willingness to purchase, respectively, after receiving HBI. Bored, interested and satisfied were identified as significant emotional predictors for PI odds. Flavour, saltiness, overall liking, bored, good and interested were critical attributes, differentiating snacks. This study demonstrated that sensory liking and PI of extruded brown rice‐based snacks containing mushroom could be improved through savoury seasoning addition, which also allowed saltiness expectations to be met.

A Novel Peroxidase from Fresh Fruiting Bodies of the Mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius

A novel peroxidase has been isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius, with a purification protocol of ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on ConA-Sepharose, ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, and gel filtration by FPLC on Superdex 75. The peroxidase was unadsorbed on either DEAE-cellulose or ConA-Sepharose, but was adsorbed on CM-cellulose. It exhibited a molecular mass of 55 kDa in gel filtration and also in sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating that it is a monomeric protein. It possessed a distinctive N-terminal amino acid sequences from other isolated mushroom peroxidases. The optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme were 4.0 and 70 °C, respectively. All enzyme activity was destroyed after exposured in 100 °C for 10 min. The peroxidase did not exhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity and antifungal activity. The stability against high temperature and extreme pH supported that the enzyme could be a potential peroxidase source for special industrial applications.

Determination of Antioxidant Parameters of Pleurotus Mushrooms Growing on Different Wood Substrates

Abstract Extracts of the fruiting bodies of the Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) grown on wood substrates (beech, oak, linden, walnut, poplar) and extracts of the fruiting bodies of the Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) grown in nature on aspen wood were used to determine the total phenols, total flavonoids, lycopene and β-carotene. The content of individual antioxidants varies considerably depending, not only on the substrate, but also on the extracting agents. The highest content of total phenols and total flavonoids was found in methanol and water extracts of the fruiting bodies of the Oyster mushrooms grown on oak and linden substrates. The maximum content of lycopene and β-carotene was determined in acetone and n-hexane (ratio 4 : 6) extracts of the fruiting bodies of the Oyster mushroom grown on an oak block. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that the quantitative and also probably the qualitative composition of the antioxidants in the fruiting bodies of Oyster mushrooms depended considerably on the substrate composition.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Oyster Mushroom

Four species of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Pleurotus populinus) were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity (total antioxidant activity). The total antioxidant activity differed significantly. Mean total antioxidant activities were (P.ostreatus = 35.36±0.01mm, P.sajor-caju = 32.26±0.02mm, P.pulmonarius = 28.86±0.01mm, P.populinus = 26.65±0.01mm). Antimicrobial activities of the extracts against Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Agrobacterium vitis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae were investigated. Antimicrobial activities of the oyster mushroom extracts against Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae were examined by agar well diffusion method and zones of inhibition varied for different organisms but zones of inhibition were highest in P.ostreatus and P.sajor-caju for all tested organisms except in E.coli and S.dysentriae where P.pulmonarius and P.populinus had higher zones. P.ostreatus and P.sajor-caju were not significantly different against all tested microorganisms but were found to be significantly different (p ≥ 0.05) from P.pulmonarius and P.populinus against B.cereus, E.coli and S.dysenteriae. P.pulmonarius and P.populinus were not significantly different in their inhibition against all tested microorganisms.

The Management of Humidifying Treatment for Low Contamination Risks During Indoor Cultivation of Grey Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius)

In this study, grey oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus pulmonarius ) was cultivated in indoor controlled environment to seeking out the possible risks of contamination and ways of treatment to avoid the contamination. For this, mushroom was cultivated in providing artificial humidifying and ventilation system to ensure optimum humidity (80-90%) and fresh air recirculation in different ways of treatment. The ways of treatment were included as in position of humidifier, frequency of humidifying, plastic cork of bags opening part and cleaning of humidifier water container. Maximum percentages of bag contamination (2.5-25.30%), cap contamination (5.6-30.75%), stalk contamination (4.75-23.25%) and root contamination (2.6-18.45%) were found in front to front humidifier position, long humidifying with long interval frequency, without plastic cork, without cleaning and bi-monthly cleaning of humidifier water container treatment but no diseases and pest infection was found. Whereas, very low percentages of contamination (0.1-0.5%) were found in surrounding humidifying position, short humidifying duration with short interval frequency, with plastic cork and weekly cleaning of humidifier water container treatment.

Proximate, Functional and Pasting Properties of Cassava Starch and Mushroom ( Pleurotus Pulmonarius ) Flour Blends

Our interest in this study is the production of cassava starch and mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonaris) composite blends for the purpose of edible film production. Therefore the determination of the proximate, functional and pasting properties is points of interest. Composite flour blends was prepared from Cassava starch (CS) and mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (MS) to obtain flour blends of cassava starch: mushroom (P. pulmonarius) flour; CS:MS 100:00, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40. The proximate, functional and pasting properties were determined using standard procedures and 100% cassava starch was used as control. The proximate analysis ranged from 8.79 to 9.35%, 0.55 to 26.23%, 0.34 to 2.01%, 0.32 to 8.24% and 0.10 to 17.86% for moisture, protein, fat and ash respectively while Carbohydrate ranged from 36.31 to 89.62%, amylose contents 18.47 to 25.35% and energy value ranged from 268.23 to 363.73Kcal. There were significant (p≤ 0.05) differences in the water absorption capacity, swelling power and solubility measured at various temperatures. The peak and trough viscosity ranged from 161.95 to 244.91RVU and 100.36 to 175.61 with the lowest value at CS:MS 60:40% and CS:MS100:00% as the highest. Final viscosity ranged from 227.32(CS:MS 60:40) to 315.10RVU (CS100%) while the pasting temperature and time ranged from 81.43 to 83.29 °C and 4.79 (CS:MS 80:20) to 5.75 (CS:MS 60:40%). These results suggest an improvement in the nutritional properties of the composite blends and strong dependence of the pasting and functional properties of the flours on the composition.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-cholinesterase, and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Culinary Mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius

Culinary mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius has been popular in Asian countries. In this study, the anti-oxidant, cholinesterase, and inflammation inhibitory activities of methanol extract (ME) of fruiting bodies of P. pulmonarius were evaluted. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazy free radical scavenging activity of ME at 2.0 mg/mL was comparable to that of butylated hydroxytoluene, the standard reference. The ME exhibited significantly higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity than butylated hydroxytoluene. ME showed slightly lower but moderate inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase than galantamine, a standard AChE inhibitor. It also exhibited protective effect against cytotoxicity to PC-12 cells induced by glutamate (10~100 μg/mL), inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and carrageenan-induced paw edema in a rat model. Highperformance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the ME of P. pulmonarius contained at least 10 phenolic compounds and some of them were identified by the comparison with known standard phenolics. Taken together, our results demonstrate that fruiting bodies of P. pulmonarius possess antioxidant, anti-cholinesterase, and inflammation inhibitory activities.

Cementation of Bioproducts Generated from Biodegradation of Radioactive Cellulosic-Based Waste Simulates by Mushroom

The current work was devoted to study the solidification of bioproducts originated from the bioremediation of mixture of solid cellulose-based radioactive waste simulates using a mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius), in Portland cement. The obtained solidified waste form was subjected to mechanical integrity qualification after curing periods of 28 and 90 days. Chemical performance of the cement-waste form was also evaluated in different leachant media during 540 days. The results obtained gave useful information about the mechanical, physical, and chemical performances of the final cement-waste form incorporated the radioactive bioproducts. Moreover, it indicated that cement can provide a highly durable form that ensures a long-term stability of the solidified waste material and can act as a first barrier against the release of radiocontaminants from radioactive wastes to the surrounding environment.

Erratum to: Glucans from the edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius inhibit colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice

Erratum to: Glucans from the edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius inhibit colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice