Disorders Of Musculoskeletal System Research Articles

Demonstrating the use of population level data to investigate trends in the rate, radiation dose and cost of Computed Tomography across clinical groups: Are there any areas of concern?

Increases in computed tomography (CT) use may not always reflect clinical need or improve outcomes. This study aimed to demonstrate how population level data can be used to identify variations in care between patient groups, by analysing system-level changes in CT use around the diagnosis of new conditions. Retrospective repeated cross-sectional observational study using West Australian linked administrative records, including 504,723 adults diagnosed with different conditions in 2006, 2012 and 2015. For 90 days pre/post diagnosis, CT use (any and 2+ scans), effective dose (mSv), lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of cancer incidence and mortality from CT, and costs were assessed. CT use increased from 209.4 per 1000 new diagnoses in 2006 to 258.0 in 2015; increases were observed for all conditions except neoplasms. Healthcare system costs increased for all conditions but neoplasms and mental disorders. Effective dose increased substantially for respiratory (+2.5 mSv, +23.1%, P < 0.001) and circulatory conditions (+2.1 mSv, +15.4%, P < 0.001). The LAR of cancer incidence and mortality from CT increased for endocrine (incidence +23.4%, mortality +18.0%) and respiratory disorders (+21.7%, +23.3%). Mortality LAR increased for circulatory (+12.1%) and nervous system (+11.0%) disorders. The LAR of cancer incidence and mortality reduced for musculoskeletal system disorders, despite an increase in repeated CT in this group. Use and costs increased for most conditions except neoplasms and mental and behavioural disorders. More strategic CT use may have occurred in musculoskeletal conditions, while use and radiation burden increased for respiratory, circulatory and nervous system conditions. Using this high-level approach we flag areas requiring deeper investigation into appropriateness and value of care.

Demonstrating the use of population level data to investigate trends in the rate, radiation dose and cost of Computed Tomography across clinical groups: Are there any areas of concern?

Increases in computed tomography (CT) use may not always reflect clinical need or improve outcomes. This study aimed to demonstrate how population level data can be used to identify variations in care between patient groups, by analysing system-level changes in CT use around the diagnosis of new conditions. Retrospective repeated cross-sectional observational study using West Australian linked administrative records, including 504,723 adults diagnosed with different conditions in 2006, 2012 and 2015. For 90 days pre/post diagnosis, CT use (any and 2+ scans), effective dose (mSv), lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of cancer incidence and mortality from CT, and costs were assessed. CT use increased from 209.4 per 1000 new diagnoses in 2006 to 258.0 in 2015; increases were observed for all conditions except neoplasms. Healthcare system costs increased for all conditions but neoplasms and mental disorders. Effective dose increased substantially for respiratory (+2.5 mSv, +23.1%, P < 0.001) and circulatory conditions (+2.1 mSv, +15.4%, P < 0.001). The LAR of cancer incidence and mortality from CT increased for endocrine (incidence +23.4%, mortality +18.0%) and respiratory disorders (+21.7%, +23.3%). Mortality LAR increased for circulatory (+12.1%) and nervous system (+11.0%) disorders. The LAR of cancer incidence and mortality reduced for musculoskeletal system disorders, despite an increase in repeated CT in this group. Use and costs increased for most conditions except neoplasms and mental and behavioural disorders. More strategic CT use may have occurred in musculoskeletal conditions, while use and radiation burden increased for respiratory, circulatory and nervous system conditions. Using this high-level approach we flag areas requiring deeper investigation into appropriateness and value of care.

Diagnostic errors and characteristics of patients seen at a general internal medicine outpatient clinic with a referral for diagnosis.

Patients referred to general internal medicine (GIM) outpatient clinics may face a higher risk of diagnostic errors than non-referred patients. This difference in risk is assumed to be due to the differences in diseases and clinical presentations between referred and non-referred patients; however, clinical data regarding this issue are scarce. Thisstudy aimed to determine the frequency of diagnostic errorsand compare the characteristics of referred and non-referred patients visit GIM outpatient clinics. This study included consecutive outpatients who visited the GIM outpatient clinic at a university hospital, with or without referral. Data on age, sex, chief complaints, referral origin, and final diagnosis were collected from medical records. The Revised Safer Dx Instrument was used to detect diagnostic errors. Data from 534 referred and 599 non-referred patients were analyzed. The diagnostic error rate was higher in the referral group than that in the non-referral group (2.2 % vs. 0.5 %, p=0.01). The prevalence of abnormal test results and sensory disturbances was higher in the chief complaints, and the prevalence of musculoskeletal system disorders, connective tissue diseases, and neoplasms was higher in the final diagnoses of referred patients compared with non-referred patients. Among referred patients with diagnostic errors, abnormal test results and sensory disturbances were the two most common chief complaints, whereas neoplasia was the most common final diagnosis. Problems with data integration and interpretation were found to be the most common factors contributing to diagnostic errors. Paying more attention to patients with abnormal test results and sensory disturbances and considering a higher pre-test probability for neoplasms mayprevent diagnostic errors in patients referred to GIM outpatient clinics.

The Relationship between Urinary Incontinence, Osteoarthritis, and Musculoskeletal System Disorders.

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence diminishes quality of life, and its severity can be worsened by mobility impairments. This study explored the link between urinary incontinence, osteoarthritis, and back musculoskeletal system disorders, considering pain, mobility issues, and daily activity difficulties. Methods: This cross-sectional study included respondents aged ≥ 15 years from the 2008 Turkish Health Studies Survey (n = 13,976). We assessed self-reported urinary incontinence, daily activity, mobility impairment, pain, osteoarthritis, and musculoskeletal disorders to explore their association with urinary incontinence. Gender-specific logistic regression models included chronic conditions related to urinary incontinence. Results: The prevalence of urinary incontinence was higher in the participants with osteoarthritis and back musculoskeletal system problems. Among the patients with osteoarthritis, the prevalence was 25.84% in the mobility-impaired group and 10.03% in the non-impaired group. Similarly, 33.02% of those with activities of daily living (ADL) difficulties and 12.93% of those without difficulties had incontinence. The frequency of urinary incontinence increased with pain severity. According to the multivariable logistic regression analyses, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of urinary incontinence for osteoarthritis was 1.58 (95% CI 1.23-2.02, p < 0.01) for females and 2.38 (95% CI 1.62-3.49, p < 0.01) for males. Conclusions: Urinary incontinence was more common in females, increased with age, and was found to be associated with osteoarthritis and back musculoskeletal system disorders. Among the patients with osteoarthritis and back musculoskeletal system disorders, those with mobility impairment and daily activity difficulties had a higher prevalence of urinary incontinence. The patients with more severe pain had a higher frequency of urinary incontinence.

Musculoskeletal Health Systematic Review: Clinical and Pharmacological, Organizational and Legal, Administration and Pharmaceutical Management Aspects

This article examines current aspects of musculoskeletal health and pharmacotherapy of disorders of the human musculoskeletal system. An objective review of disorders of the musculoskeletal system was conducted in the areas of administration, clinical and pharmacological, organizational and legal, pharmaceutical management. The results of the systematic review show that the availability of diagnoses in the section "Orthopedics and traumatology" on the platform of the state expert center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine is limited. It is necessary and urgent to expand the scientific base for practicing doctors. The study confirmed the importance of using new clinical protocols in medical and pharmaceutical practice for the implementation of evidence-based medicine and evidence-based pharmacy in Ukraine. Gradual improvement of medical and pharmaceutical practice allows to increase the quality, efficiency, safety, availability of pharmacotherapy for patients with disorders of the musculoskeletal system. The paper examines guidelines developed on the basis of health evidence provided by Duodecim Medical Publications. The study shows the availability of a wide range of treatment methods and helps to determine optimal therapy strategies in the field of orthopedics. It was found that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics are more often prescribed for the pharmacotherapy of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which emphasizes the perspective of further clinical and pharmacological, organizational and legal researches in the pharmaceutical development and management of new drugs.

Adverse Reactions to Evolocumab: Analysis of Real-World Data from EudraVigilance.

Evolocumab is a humanized immunoglobulin G2 monoclonal antibody, directed against Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9), prescribed in hypercholesterolemic patients. The safety profile of this drug is currently defined by the data of pre-authorization clinical trials. The purpose of this study is to update knowledge of the safety of evolocumab through an analysis of post-marketing real-world data on suspected adverse reactions (SARs), reported by the EudraVigilance database system. The public version of the EudraVigilance database has been used, and only serious SARs signals were included. Musculoskeletal system disorders, flu-like symptoms, injection-site reactions, skin reactions, and metabolism and nutrition disorders are observed in the post-marketing surveillance, as well as being found in the pre-authorization studies. Not previously signaled in the pre-marketing studies, diarrhea was reported. Furthermore, signals related to cardiac adverse reactions, more frequently at the expense of adults in comparison to elders, were found. The post-marketing safety profile of evolocumab emerging from an analysis of the EudraVigilance data system indicates it is sufficiently safe but suggests the necessity for caution when it is prescribed to hyperlipidemic patients affected by heart diseases.

Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain affects balance in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

During pregnancy, many changes in the musculoskeletal system and pregnancy-related disorders affect posture and postural stability. Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP) is a common disorder in pregnancy; the cause remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine if PPGP affects static postural stability and its relation to the stage of pregnancy. Sixty-three pregnant women between the ages of 18 and 45 and between the 12th and 38th weeks of gestation were included in the study. They were divided into four groups according on the trimester and the presence of PPGP. Static balance was assessed using a force plate on firm and compliant surfaces with eyes open and closed. Pregnant women with PPGP had significantly (p < 0.05) greater centre-of-pressure velocity and sway area compared to pregnant women without PPGP, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy. In the second trimester, only two significant differences in COP parameters were observed between pregnant women with and without PPGP. Pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy had significantly (p < 0.05) greater centre-of-pressure velocity and larger postural sway area compared to pregnant women in the second trimester of pregnancy, regardless of PPGP. Pregnant women with PPGP had poorer static stability when compared to pregnant women without pain, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy. The cause could be found in the poorer ability to stabilise the trunk and pelvis, poorer proprioception, and issues with automatic movement patterns.

Organisational and pedagogical conditions for the use of computer programmes in teaching foreign language to children with musculoskeletal disorders

Relevance. The issues of development and improvement of organisational elements in the process of providing educational services to children with musculoskeletal system disorders are not only relevant, but extremely important for consideration. The main advantage is the ability to use computer technologies, since they facilitate and accelerate the study of individual topics and provide comfort in the process of mastering new knowledge. As for learning a foreign language, this discipline is somewhat specific, since it requires students not only theoretical knowledge but also practical reflection, and consists in communicating with a native speaker. Purpose. The purpose of this study is: to analyse the current situation on the integration of computer technologies into the educational process of students with musculoskeletal system disorders; to identify the main organisational and pedagogical conditions for their use in the daily activities of educational institutions; to determine the main shortcomings in the possible form of education; to introduce methods for their development and improvement to obtain the greatest effectiveness in the field of foreign languages. Methodology. The topic is based on the investigation of the educational services for children with musculoskeletal system disorders, therefore, the study used functional and methodological approach, logical analysis, comparative analysis, analysis of scientific literature, synthesis, and deduction. Results. The result of the study is the identification and implementation of theoretical and practical foundations for the use of computer programmes in the process of learning foreign languages by students with musculoskeletal system disorders, and the impact of such innovative technologies on the entire educational process. Conclusions. The research aims to explore the mechanism for integrating curricula and methodologies that will increase access to learning materials and the assimilation of theoretical knowledge into practice, introducing practices that will improve and make this process more effective. Keywords: education; student; teacher; computer technology; inclusive education

Organisational and pedagogical conditions for the use of computer programmes in teaching foreign language to children with musculoskeletal disorders

Relevance. The issues of development and improvement of organisational elements in the process of providing educational services to children with musculoskeletal system disorders are not only relevant, but extremely important for consideration. The main advantage is the ability to use computer technologies, since they facilitate and accelerate the study of individual topics and provide comfort in the process of mastering new knowledge. As for learning a foreign language, this discipline is somewhat specific, since it requires students not only theoretical knowledge but also practical reflection, and consists in communicating with a native speaker. Purpose. The purpose of this study is: to analyse the current situation on the integration of computer technologies into the educational process of students with musculoskeletal system disorders; to identify the main organisational and pedagogical conditions for their use in the daily activities of educational institutions; to determine the main shortcomings in the possible form of education; to introduce methods for their development and improvement to obtain the greatest effectiveness in the field of foreign languages. Methodology. The topic is based on the investigation of the educational services for children with musculoskeletal system disorders, therefore, the study used functional and methodological approach, logical analysis, comparative analysis, analysis of scientific literature, synthesis, and deduction. Results. The result of the study is the identification and implementation of theoretical and practical foundations for the use of computer programmes in the process of learning foreign languages by students with musculoskeletal system disorders, and the impact of such innovative technologies on the entire educational process. Conclusions. The research aims to explore the mechanism for integrating curricula and methodologies that will increase access to learning materials and the assimilation of theoretical knowledge into practice, introducing practices that will improve and make this process more effective. Keywords: education; student; teacher; computer technology; inclusive education

The clinical case of a combination of ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis in one patient: where is the intersection point?

We describe a clinical observation of a 64-year old Caucasian patient with a longstanding ankylosing spondylitis, who was admitted to the clinic for diarrhea and joint syndrome. Physical and X-ray examination showed that his musculoskeletal system disorder was represented by ankylosing spondylitis, symmetrical erosive polyarthritis of the metacarpophalangeal joints, and wrist joint ankylosis. Laboratory work-up identified that the patient was HLA-B27 positive, had high rheumatoid factor and anti-citrulline antibodies levels. At colonoscopy, there were signs of ulcerative colitis. After the differential diagnosis procedures, we were able to conclude that the patient had a combination of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and ulcerative colitis as three independent but associated disorders. The first description of these three autoimmune diseases in one patient can be of interest for clinicians.

Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of plants used to treat musculoskeletal disorders among Skaw Karen, Thailand

Context Musculoskeletal system disorders (MSD) are prevalent around the world affecting the health of people, especially farmers who work hard in the field. Karen farmers use many medicinal plants to treat MSD. Objective This study collects traditional plant-based remedies used by the Skaw Karen to treat MSD and evaluates their active phytochemical compounds. Materials and methods The ethnobotanical study was conducted in six Karen villages in Chiang Mai province using semi-structured interviews were of 120 informants. The data were analyzed using ethnobotanical indices including use values (UV), choice value (CV), and informant consensus factor (ICF). Consequently, the 20 most important species, according to the indices, were selected for phytochemical analysis using LC–MS/MS. Results A total of 3731 use reports were obtained for 139 species used in MSD treatment. The most common ailments treated with those plants were muscular pain. A total of 172 high-potential active compounds for MSD treatment were identified. Most of them were flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and steroids. The prevalent phytochemical compounds related to treat MSD were 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, dihydrovaltrate, morroniside, isoacteoside, lithocholic acid, pomiferin, cucurbitacin E, leonuriside A, liriodendrin, and physalin E. Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume (Adoxaceae), Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don (Betulaceae), Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (Asteraceae), Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) and Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. (Salicaceae) all had high ethnobotanical index values and many active compounds. Discussion and conclusions This study provides valuable information, demonstrating low-cost medicine plants that are locally available. It is a choice of treatment for people living in remote areas.

TRIM54 alleviates inflammation and apoptosis by stabilizing YOD1 in rat tendon-derived stem cells

Tendinopathy is a disorder of musculoskeletal system that primarily affects athletes and the elderly. Current treatment options are generally comprised of various exercise and loading programs, therapeutic modalities, and surgical interventions, and are limited to pain management. This study is to understand the role of TRIM54 (tripartite motif containing 54) in tendonitis through in vitro modeling with tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) and in vivo using rat tendon injury model. Initially, we observed that TRIM54 overexpression in TDSCs model increased stemness and decreased apoptosis. Additionally, it rescued cells from tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) induced inflammation, migration, and tenogenic differentiation. Further, through immunoprecipitation studies we identified that TRIM54 regulates inflammation in TDSCs by binding to and ubiquitinating YOD1. Further, overexpression of TRIM54 improved the histopathological score of tendon injury as well as the failure load, stiffness, and young modulus in vivo. These results indicated that TRIM54 played a critical role in reducing the effects of tendon injury. Consequently, these results shed light on potential therapeutic alternatives for treating tendinopathy.

Assessment of occupational health hazards and associated morbidities in sanitation workers of a metropolitan city in India: a cross-sectional study

Background: Rapid economic development in emerging countries has accelerated urbanisation, resulting in a rise in urban population as well as sanitation issues such as garbage buildup, clogged sewers, and unhygienic streets. Sanitation employees' health and safety are impacted by increasing workloads and dangers. Numerous health hazards are highlighted in studies, including those related to their gastrointestinal system, lungs, musculoskeletal system, and infectious disorders. Concerns include psychological issues and cancer as well. Methods: Data from sanitation employees who participated in rotary screening and health checkup activities in Mumbai were analysed in this retrospective cross-sectional research. The study collected demographic information, a self-designed questionnaire on alcohol and cigarette use, and clinical characteristics such blood pressure and haemoglobin levels from participants after they gave informed written consent. Results: The participants in this retrospective observational research from Mumbai, India, included 793 sanitation employees in total. Age, gender, and tobacco/alcohol use were among the participant variables and targeted results that we looked at. The significant results obtained were cataract on one side 17/793, erythroplakia 1/793 and leukoplakia 26/793. Conclusions: It is essential to acknowledge their accomplishments and provide greater assistance. Waste disposal is difficult in poor countries because of the prevalence of organic waste. To protect employees, immediate action and the appropriate protective equipment are required.

Investigation of the presence of atopy in children visiting the paediatric cardiology department due to chest pain.

The cases of chest pain in children are usually not of cardiac origin. To investigate asthma and other atopic diseases in children with chest pain not of cardiac origin. Children aged 6-18 years who were seen for chest pain were included in the study. Haematologic parameters, pulmonary function tests, and skin prick tests were performed. Atopic diseases and environmental factors were investigated. The non-cardiac chest pain group (Group 1) included 88 children (female: 53.4%) with a mean age of 11.9 ± 3.4 years; the control group (Group 2) included 29 children (female: 53.8%) with a mean age of 11.4±2 years (p > 0.05). A family history of atopy (22.7%) and skin prick test positivity (28.4%) was more common in Group 1 than Group 2 (p = 0.006 and p = 0.017, respectively). The rate of presence of all environmental factors except stove use and mould was significantly higher in Group 1 (54.5%) than Group 2 (3.4%) (p < 0.001). Asthma was diagnosed in 44.3% and allergic rhinitis in 9.1% of patients in Group 1. Idiopathic chest pain, musculoskeletal system disorders, gastroesophageal reflux, and pneumonia were identified in 23.9%, 11.4%, 8%, and 3.4% of patients in Group 1, respectively. In this study, the most common cause of non-cardiac chest pain was asthma. The local prevalence of asthma is higher than normal, and this may have affected the results of this study. A detailed history and physical examination will accurately establish the cause of chest pain in most children.

A narrative review on the use of probiotics in several diseases. Evidence and perspectives.

Gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem, strictly linked to health and disease, as a balanced composition (referred as eubiosis) is necessary for several physiological functions, while an unbalanced composition (dysbiosis) is often associated to pathological conditions and/or diseases. An altered microbiota could be positively affected and partially restored through probiotic supplementation, among others. This review addresses the effects of probiotics in several conditions, used as case-studies (colorectal cancer, neuro-psychiatric diseases, intestinal diseases, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, immune system, and musculoskeletal system disorders) by pointing out the clinical outcomes, the mode of action, mainly related to the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), the impact of probiotic dose and mode of supplementation, as well as trying to highlight a hit of the most used genera.

A STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION ON THE PERSONALITY

A STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF THE IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION ON THE PERSONALITY

The certain issues of supporting non-barrierness of objects and services for not mobile citizen

The article presents analysis of establishing conditions to adapt the environment and to remove barriers for not mobile citizen (the disabled with disorders of musculoskeletal system). In the process of analysis of possibilities to organize non-barrier environment for not mobile citizen the national and foreign normative legal acts, international conventions, materials of national and foreign experts, Internet sources were used. The analysis of current international regulation of non-barrier urban environment for not mobile citizen demonstrates gradual transition from medical concept of disability to social one. The disabled society model surmises that people are disabled to the extent that the environment prevents them from fulfilling their needs and receiving necessary services. The importance of development of municipal and regional quality standards of accessibility of the environment and services for the disabled increases. It is necessary to eliminate informational, communicative and other barriers for this contingent of citizens. The consequences of impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paradigm alteration in the field of strategy of adaptation of municipalities to needs of not mobile citizen are analyzed. The analysis of interaction between non-barrier environment and not mobile citizen permits to consider this process as an element of their post-medical rehabilitation. Only application of integrated intersectoral approach can positively effect on solution of problems in this area.

Mesenchymal stem cells: An efficient celltherapy for tendon repair (Review).

Tendon injury is a common disorder of the musculoskeletal system caused by overuse or trauma. With increasing incidence of tendon injuries, it is necessary to find an effective treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attracting attention because of their high proliferative and self‑renewal capacity. These functions of MSCs show promise in treating a variety of diseases, including immune and musculoskeletal system disorder and cardiovascular disease, and show especially satisfactory effects in the treatment of tendon injury. First, since MSCs have multidirectional differentiation potential, they differentiate into specific cells after induction invivo and invitro. Furthermore, MSCs have paracrine functions and can secrete biologically active molecules and exosomes such as cytokines, growth factors and chemokines to promote tissue repair and regeneration. In tendon injury, MSCs promote tendon repair through four mechanisms: Decreasing inflammation and promoting neovascularization and cell proliferation and differentiation. They are also involved in extracellular matrix reorganization by promoting collagen production and transforming typeIII collagen fibers to typeI collagen fibers. The present review summarized preclinical experiments with different sources of MSCs and their mechanisms in tendon repair, as well as the limitations of MSCs in current clinical applications and directions that need to be explored in the future.

Comparative analysis of the musculoskeletal system disorders and the stress level of sports faculties students in Indonesia and Malaysia

Purpose: to determine the comparative analysis of disorders of the musculoskeletal system and the level of stress of students of sports faculties in Indonesia and Malaysia.&#x0D; Material and methods. 316 students of the Faculty of Sports Science of Indonesia and Malaysia were sampled from this study: 159 students of the Faculty of Sports Science of Indonesia, and 157 students of Sports Science of Malaysia. This research is a comparative analytical observational descriptive study conducted with a cross-sectional approach. This research was conducted in several universities both in Indonesia and Malaysia. The subjects of this study were students from Indonesia and Malaysia who took part in online learning by the criteria of inclusion and exclusion. The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire for musculoskeletal disorders using a Nordic Body Map while a stress level questionnaire used an MSSQ (Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire). Data analysis techniques use descriptive tests through percentage distribution and comparison tests.&#x0D; The results. Based on the results of the Independent Sample t-test, a calculated t-value of 4.076 with a significance value of 0.000 was obtained. Because the significance value of 0.000 is smaller than 0.05 (p&lt;0.05), it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in musculoskeletal disorders between Indonesian and Malaysian students. The most common musculoskeletal disorder experienced by Malaysian students is a disorder of the lower back with an average of 3.15. Based on the results of the Independent Sample t-test analysis, a calculated t-value of 3.624 with a significance value of 0.000 was obtained. Because the significance value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 (p&lt;0.05), it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in stress levels between Indonesian and Malaysian students. Based on the results of the analysis, the average value of stress levels in Indonesian students was 15.66 while the average value of stress levels in Malaysian students was 17.77. It can be interpreted that students from Malaysia have a higher level of stress compared to Indonesian students.&#x0D; Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that: Malaysian students experience higher musculoskeletal disorders in the lower back and high-stress levels due to online learning compared to Indonesian students.

Opinions of taxi drivers regarding occupational risks and prevention strategies: A cross- sectional study in Turkey.

Taxi drivers are prone to musculoskeletal problems and can suffer from cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and psychosocial problems. For occupational health and safety it is crucial to know the risk factors and initiatives to be taken for protection. This study was carried out to evaluate the opinions of taxi drivers regarding occupational risks and prevention strategies. This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study including 524 taxi drivers. A questionnaire was developed to determine the opinions of taxi drivers regarding occupational risks and intervention strategies. For the analysis of data, Mann-Whitney U (Z-table value), descriptive statistics (number, percentage) and Chi-square (χ2) test between dependent and independent variables were used. Among the taxi drivers, the occupation was reported to be risky for musculoskeletal system disorders by 67%, for cardiovascular diseases by 68.3%, for respiratory diseases by 46.9% and for psychosocial problems by 63.3%. When the opinions of taxi drivers regarding prevention from these risks were examined, 30.2% of them stated prevention from musculoskeletal system disorders, 34.0% from cardiovascular diseases, 31.3% from respiratory diseases and 40.1% from psychosocial problems. It was a prominent finding to see a decrease in the number of drivers who stated to show prevention behavior towards these risks compared to their states of recognizing them. Drivers were insufficient both in recognizing health risks of their jobs and implementing intervention strategies. Education concerning health risks of their jobs and prevention from these risks is required.