Musculocutaneous Nerve Palsy Research Articles

Low rates of serious complications after open Latarjet procedure at short-term follow-up

To report on intraoperative and short-term postoperative adverse events after open Latarjet procedure in patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability. These complications were classified into different grades of severity based on the treatment required and the learning curve of the procedure. Ninety-six patients (102 shoulders) underwent open Latarjet procedure for recurrent post-traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability between 2012 and 2020. The minimum duration of patients' follow-up was 6 months. Adverse events were classified into 3 classes based on the severity and subsequent treatment. The complications in the first 50% of all cases were compared with the latter 50% to evaluate the role of learning curve on the complication rates. The mean follow-up was 7.2±2.8 months. The patients' mean age was 26.7±8.9 years and consisted of 83 (86.4%) male and 13 (13.6%) female patients. The total adverse events rate was 18.6%. Adverse events requiring no additional treatment (class 1) occurred in 6 cases (5.8%) including fibrous union (3.9%) and asymptomatic resorption of the graft (1.9%). Adverse events requiring additional or extended nonoperative management (class 2) occurred in 8 cases (7.8%), including coracoid fracture (2.9%), musculocutaneous nerve palsy (1.9%), axillary nerve palsy (0.9%), suprascapular nerve palsy (0.9%), and stiffness (0.9%). All the nerve palsies recovered without long-term sequelae. Adverse events requiring secondary operative procedures (class 3) occurred in 5 cases (4.9%), including symptomatic hardware (1.9%), medial healing of the graft (0.9%), screw loosening (0.9%), and deep infection (0.9%). The rate of adverse events in revision cases was higher than primary cases in 11.7% and 6.8%, respectively (P=.119). The complication rate was significantly higher in the first half of the surgeons' practice (14.7%) than in the second half (3.9%) (P ≤ .05). The overall complication rate reported in this open Latarjet series is 18.6%; however, the rate of class 3 adverse events that required additional surgery or long-term medical treatment was only 4.9%. Revision cases had a higher rate of complications than primary cases, and the learning curve has had a significant impact on the rate of adverse events.

A Systematic Review of Acute Irreducible Shoulder Dislocations in the 21st Century.

Background:Rarely, closed reduction cannot be achieved in patients with acute shoulder dislocation, necessitating open management. A paucity of literature exists regarding these cases.Purpose:To perform a systematic review on the mechanism, management, and outcome data of acute irreducible shoulder dislocations.Study Design:Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:A systematic review of the literature was performed using the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and MEDLINE between 2000 and 2020. Inclusion criteria were as follows: human participants, acute irreducible shoulder dislocation requiring open management, English language, and publication within the past 20 years. We excluded basic science articles, technique articles, reviews, editorials, and studies of chronic shoulder dislocations or dislocations with ipsilateral humeral shaft fractures.Results:Twelve articles fit the inclusion criteria and were considered for review. All studies were single case reports (level 4 evidence). Ten of the 12 studies were of male patients. The direction of dislocation included 7 anterior/anteroinferior, 2 posterior, 1 inferior, 1 bilateral inferior, and 1 superolateral. Most dislocations were irreducible owing to a mechanical block to reduction. The most common type of block was an incarcerated long head of the biceps tendon, followed by interposition of 1 of the rotator cuff tendons. The axillary and musculocutaneous nerves, displaced fracture fragments, and Hill-Sachs and bony Bankart lesions were other causes of blocks to reduction. Eleven patients were treated with open surgery, while 1 patient was treated arthroscopically. Procedures performed were dependent on concurrent pathology. Final follow-up ranged from 6 weeks to 2 years, with no repeat dislocation episodes reported. Complications after open reduction included 1 case of brachial plexopathy (posterior cord) and 1 case of musculocutaneous nerve palsy.Conclusion:There is a paucity of literature on the management of irreducible acute shoulder dislocations. The most common irreducible dislocation found in this systematic review was anterior with a mechanical block attributed to interposition of the long head of the biceps tendon. When patients were treated with an open or arthroscopic procedure, recurrence was low, with none reporting recurrent dislocation in limited follow-up.

Brachial Plexus Injury and Musculocutaneous Nerve Palsy During Prone Positioning in a Patient With COVID-19

Prone positioning is crucial in the respiratory management of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and reduces mortality. However, this may be complicated by compression-related peripheral nerve injury. We report the case of a male in his 80s with obesity admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with COVID-19 pneumonia who developed brachial plexus disorder in the right upper extremity and musculocutaneous neuropathy in the left. The patient’s cough, dyspnea, and fatigue did not improve; therefore, he was intubated and placed in the prone position for one week. The patient complained of bilateral upper limb weakness on regaining consciousness. We diagnosed left musculocutaneous nerve palsy and right brachial plexus palsy based on physical findings and needle electromyography (EMG). Physical therapy was initiated, including joint range-of-motion exercises focused on preventing contractures in the extremities and active assistive exercises. Motor impairment improved, and the patient was discharged from the rehabilitation center.

Modified Unipolar Latissimus Transfer to Restore Elbow Flexion in Musculocutaneous Nerve Palsy

Modified Unipolar Latissimus Transfer to Restore Elbow Flexion in Musculocutaneous Nerve Palsy

Compartment syndrome in the forearm related to carbon monoxide intoxication: case report

Introduction: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is one of the most common forms of intoxication around the world. One of the complications associated with CO exposure is direct toxicity to the skeletal muscles. Though compartment syndrome induced by CO intoxication is rare, it is a well-known complication. In this study, we present a case of CO poisoning in a patient who developed compartment syndrome in his forearm. Case report: A 22-year-old man was found unconscious in a motel where a briquette had burned. He was later diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis associated with CO poison- ing. After he regained consciousness, he experienced difficulty in moving his left arm, with sensory impairment in the same arm. He was diagnosed with compartment syndrome, and an emergency fasciotomy was performed. One month later, electromyography was performed which revealed left median, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nerve palsy. Discussion: Compartment syndrome induced by CO intoxication is rare but is a well-known complication. Compartment syndrome is a limb-threatening and life- threatening condition. If untreated, the pressure in the muscle may rise, which can lead to tissue necrosis. Generally, nerve paralysis does not occur in CO poisoning. In our case, it occurred as median, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nerve palsy. Conclusion: Side effects of CO poisoning can be extant, especially for those who are unconscious since they cannot express pain, numbness, and motor weakness. It is important to not overlook compartment syndrome, to double-check whether there is swelling, change in skin color, or skin firmness in extremities, and to observe the patient closely.

Ninety-day complications following the Latarjet procedure

The purpose of this study was to describe the rate and type of complications occurring within 90 days following the Latarjet procedure for anterior glenohumeral instability. Consecutive patients undergoing the Latarjet procedure by fellowship-trained surgeons from a single institution between 2007 and 2016 were included for analysis. Indications for the Latarjet procedure included primary or recurrent anterior instability with clinically significant anterior glenoid bone loss and/or failed prior arthroscopic stabilization. Patients undergoing the Latarjet procedure after prior glenoid bone grafting were excluded. All complications that occurred within 90 days of surgery were analyzed and correlated with demographic factors. A total of 146 consecutive patients (146 shoulders) were included. Of these patients, 11 were lost to follow-up and 2 were excluded for having undergone prior open bone grafting. Among the remaining 133 patients (average age, 28.5 ± 11.8 years; 75% male patients), 10 total complications occurred within 90 days of surgery, for an overall short-term complication rate of 7.5%. Of these 10 complications, 6 required subsequent surgery, with recurrent instability in 2 cases (overall rate, 1.50%), infection in 2 (overall rate, 1.50%), musculocutaneous nerve palsy in 1 (overall rate, 0.75%), and postoperative pain in 1 (overall rate, 0.75%). The remaining 4 complications were transient, resolving with nonoperative treatment. No cases of hardware failure or graft osteolysis were reported. The overall 90-day complication rate following the Latarjet procedure for anterior shoulder stabilization was 7.5%. In 6 of the 10 cases, complications led to subsequent surgery, including recurrent instability in 2, while in the remaining 4 cases, the complications were transient and resolved with nonoperative treatment.

Recurrent shoulder stabilization with open bankart repair and long head biceps transfer

There are several treatment options for recurrent shoulder instability. The Latarjet addresses bone loss via coracoid transfer, and creates a “sling effect” on the humeral head with the conjoint tendon. It does however carry a high potential risk of complications including graft resorption, hardware failure, and neurologic injury. It is hypothesized that the long head of the biceps can function similarly, without the donor site morbidity of a coracoid transfer. We present a case of recurrent instability and musculocutaneous nerve palsy following primary arthroscopic stabilization three years prior, and treatment via long head of the biceps stabilization.

Isolated Musculocutaneous Nerve Palsy after the Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has been performed with promising results in rotator cuff tear arthropathy. However, the global complication of the reverse total shoulder arthroplasty is relatively higher than that of the conventional total shoulder arthroplasty. Neurologic complications after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty are rare but there are sometimes remaining sequelae. The cause of the neurologic complication is multifactorial, including arm traction, position and the design of the implant. Most cases of neurologic palsy following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty occur in the axillary nerve and the radial nerve. The authors report on a case of a 71-year-old man with isolated musculocutaneous nerve palsy after reveres total shoulder arthroplasty with related literature.

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty after failed pectoralis major tendon transfer with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. A case series.

Treatment strategies after failed pectoralis major tendon transfer (PMTT) are scarce in literature and no information is available for patients treated with reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) for failed PMTT. We performed a retrospective outcome study of all patients who underwent revision with RSA after failed PMTT at our institution. From 1999 to 2009 we included 8 patients (8 shoulders). The minimum follow-up was 5 years with a mean follow-up time of 97 months (range, 64-134). Clinical and radiological evaluation comprised range of motion, Constant Murley score (CMS), Simple Shoulder Test (SST) as well as standard X-rays in 2 planes. Pain was measured using VAS pain scale. The patients were asked to rate their satisfaction at final follow-up. All outcome measures improved significantly post-surgical compared to pre-surgical, including the CMS (17.8-62.8), SST (1.8-7.3) and VAS (7.1-1). Active abduction and anterior flexion improved significantly (p<.001) from 65.6° to 125° and from 62.5° to 136.3°, respectively. There were 2 complications. One patient sustained transient musculocutaneous nerve palsy that resolved completely after 5 months and one patient sustained postoperative hematoma and had to be revised 4 days after surgery. 4 (50%) patients rated their results as excellent and 4 (50%) rated them as good. RSA is a good option for treating patients after failed pectoralis major tendon transfer. After a minimum follow-up of 5 years, functional outcome is good and patient satisfaction is high. Level IV, Case series, Treatment study.

Bilateral musculocutaneous nerve palsy from strength training.

Musculocutaneous nerve palsy resulting from strenuous weight training is a rare condition characterized by biceps atrophy or weakness. It usually affects the dominant side, but the authors describe an 18-year-old football player who developed the condition bilaterally after weight lifting-a presentation not found in the literature. Clinicians should keep the diagnosis in mind for active patients who perform repetitive biceps curls. When other neurologic conditions have been clinically ruled out, electrodiagnostic testing can confirm the diagnosis. Musculocutaneous nerve palsy typically resolves when weight training routines are modified to reduce intensity and biceps curls are eliminated for at least 3 months.

Musculocutaneous Nerve Injury in a High School Pitcher

: Nontraumatic musculocutaneous nerve palsy is a rare injury that can occur in throwers. We present a case of musculocutaneous nerve injury in a high school pitcher, which has rarely been previously reported. The unique electromyography findings add to the overall spectrum seen with musculocutaneous nerve injuries in throwers. Sensory abnormalities may not be present at initial evaluation, but rather weakness or pain of the biceps is the most common presenting concern. Electrodiagnostic evaluation is paramount for confirmation of diagnosis, yet the timing of this study is critical for its accuracy. Rest and progressive physical therapy remain as the current treatment of choice. Resolution of symptoms, although time consuming, is complete in the majority of cases, including ours.

Pectoralis major transfer for treatment of irreparable subscapularis tear: a systematic review.

Irreparable ruptures of the subscapularis tendon lead to impaired function of the shoulder and presents a surgically complex problem. Transfer of the pectoralis major tendon has been reported as a possible treatment option. The purpose of this systematic review is to critically examine the outcomes of pectoralis major transfers for the treatment of irreparable subscapularis tears. A systematic review of the literature was performed using search of electronic databases. No language restrictions were applied. Case reports, review articles, and operative techniques without outcome data were excluded. All the outcomes reported by each study were analyzed and when possible, data were pooled to generate frequency-weighted values to summarize outcomes. Eight studies with a total 195 shoulders were included in this systematic review. The mean age of patients was 58.8years (range 18-81years) and the mean follow-up was 33.4months (range 6-80months). Constant scores improved from a mean pre-operative score of 37.8±6.8, to a mean postoperative score of 61.3±6.5 (p<0.0001). Pain scores could not be pooled as different scales were used. Nevertheless, a trend in pain reduction was noted in all papers. Functional outcomes were less favorable in patients with massive rotator cuff tears or previous shoulder replacements. Moreover, the Constant scores were significantly higher in patients following subcoracoid transfer of the pectoralis major tendon compared to patients who received supracoracoid transfer (p<0.001). The overall reported incidence of postoperative nerve palsy is low (one transient musculocutaneous nerve palsy and one axillary nerve dysfunction out of 195 cases). The systematic review based on frequency-weighted means demonstrated improvement in shoulder function, strength and pain relief after pectoralis major transfer for irreparable subscapularis tear. IV.

An Isolated Musculocutaneous Nerve Palsy after a Sleep

An Isolated Musculocutaneous Nerve Palsy after a Sleep

Injuries of the terminal branches of the infraclavicular brachial plexus

We reviewed 101 patients with injuries of the terminal branches of the infraclavicular brachial plexus sustained between 1997 and 2009. Four patterns of injury were identified: 1) anterior glenohumeral dislocation (n = 55), in which the axillary and ulnar nerves were most commonly injured, but the axillary nerve was ruptured in only two patients (3.6%); 2) axillary nerve injury, with or without injury to other nerves, in the absence of dislocation of the shoulder (n = 20): these had a similar pattern of nerve involvement to those with a known dislocation, but the axillary nerve was ruptured in 14 patients (70%); 3) displaced proximal humeral fracture (n = 15), in which nerve injury resulted from medial displacement of the humeral shaft: the fracture was surgically reduced in 13 patients; and 4) hyperextension of the arm (n = 11): these were characterised by disruption of the musculocutaneous nerve. There was variable involvement of the median and radial nerves with the ulnar nerve being least affected. Surgical intervention is not needed in most cases of infraclavicular injury associated with dislocation of the shoulder. Early exploration of the nerves should be considered in patients with an axillary nerve palsy without dislocation of the shoulder and for musculocutaneous nerve palsy with median and/or radial nerve palsy. Urgent operation is needed in cases of nerve injury resulting from fracture of the humeral neck to relieve pressure on nerves.

Arthroscopic Latarjet procedure

Arthroscopy reveals many previously unrecognized soft tissue and bony lesions underlying recurrent anterior shoulder instability. Certain stabilising procedures however fail to adequately address the underlying pathology. The open Latarjet procedure has shown to have excellent and reproducible results in recurrent instability. We believe that this success can be transferred using an all arthroscopic technique and gain the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. Since December 2003, we performed over 180 arthroscopic Latarjet procedures. The technique and instruments have been refined and modified during this time. We prospectively collected the results for the first 100 shoulders. The average patient age was 27.5 with 88% actively involved in sports. Mean return to work was 2 months (7 days-4 months) and return to sport at 10 weeks (21 days-6 months). At 26 months, patient-reported outcomes revealed 91% excellent scores and 9% good. Range of motion showed an average loss of external rotation of 18 degrees . Perioperative complications included 2 hematomas, 1 graft fracture, and 1 transient musculocutaneous nerve palsy. Late complications included 4 cases of graft non-union and 3 of graft lysis. Graft position was flush with the glenoid in 80%, vertical positioning was excellent in 78% (3-5 o'clock). The all-arthroscopic Latarjet is a reliable but difficult technique, with a steep learning curve. Our technique has shown excellent results through midterm follow-up, with minimal complications and good graft positioning. We recommend this procedure to those surgeons with good anatomic knowledge, advanced arthroscopic skills, and familiarity with the instrumentation.

ガングリオンによる筋皮神経麻痺の 1 例

ガングリオンによる筋皮神経麻痺の 1 例

P206 Isolated traumatic musculocutaneous distal branch neuropathy

Ad dress for Cor res pon den ce/Ya z›fl ma Ad re si: Nazli Gamze Bulbul MD, Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Izmir, Turkey Phone: +90 232 244 44 44 E-mail: nzl.gmzb@gmail.com Re cei ved/Ge lifl Ta ri hi: 06.12.2014 Ac cep ted/Ka bul Ta ri hi: 17.08.2015 Isolated musculocutaneous neuropathy is frequently associated with superior truncus lesions of brachial plexus and appears rarely. Musculocutaneous nerve palsy may occur in two patterns: proximal and distal injury. Proximal injury may cause motor and sensory deficits, but distal injury primarily causes sensory deficits. In our patient, neurologic symptoms were insignificant and electrophysiologic methods were very helpful for locating the lesion. Herein, we report a case of isolated distal branch musculocutaneous nerve injury with very occult clinical symptoms that resulted from a surgical procedure.

Isolated musculocutaneous nerve palsy after heavy physical activity

Isolated musculocutaneous nerve palsy after heavy physical activity

オートバイ事故による筋皮神経損傷の３例

We report three cases of a rare musculocutaneous nerve injury caused by a motor cycle accident. The first case was combined musculocutaneous and radial nerve palsy. The patient showed some recovery in his radial nerve palsy, but no recovery in musculocutaneous nerve palsy. Musculocutaneous nerve was explored 3 months after injury and was found to be ruptured proximal to the coracobrachialis muscle. Eight months after end-to-end repair, his biceps muscle had recovered to grade 4 on manual muscle testing. The second case was that of incomplete brachial plexus injury. Musculocutaneous nerve was explored because no recovery was seen after 3 months, while other nerves showed some recovery. Musculocutaneous nerve was ruptured proximal to the coracobrachialis muscle. Eight months after repair, the function of his biceps muscle had recovered to grade 3. The third case was an isolated musculocutaneous nerve palsy. Tinel sign was positive at the right medial upper arm, but did not progress over 3 months. Operative findings were that of a compression injury. Ten months after neurolysis, biceps muscle strength had recovered to grade 5. Isolated musculocutaneous nerve rupture proximal to the coracobrachialis muscle, which was seen in our first and second cases, has not been previously reported. This might be caused by forced lateral bending of the neck while contracting coracobracialis.

Peripheral Nerve Injuries in Athletes

Peripheral nerve lesions are uncommon but serious injuries which may delay or preclude an athlete's safe return to sports. Early, accurate anatomical diagnosis is essential. Nerve lesions may be due to acute injury (e.g. from a direct blow) or chronic injury secondary to repetitive microtrauma (entrapment). Accurate diagnosis is based upon physical examination and a knowledge of the relative anatomy. Palpation, neurological testing and provocative manoeuvres are mainstays of physical diagnosis. Diagnostic suspicion can be confirmed by electrophysiological testing, including electromyography and nerve conduction studies. Proper equipment, technique and conditioning are the keys to prevention. Rest, anti-inflammatories, physical therapy and appropriate splinting are the mainstays of treatment. In the shoulder, spinal accessory nerve injury is caused by a blow to the neck and results in trapezius paralysis with sparing of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Scapular winging results from paralysis of the serratus anterior because of long thoracic nerve palsy. A lesion of the suprascapular nerve may mimic a rotator cuff tear with pain a weakness of the rotator cuff. Axillary nerve injury often follows anterior shoulder dislocation. In the elbow region, musculocutaneous nerve palsy is seen in weightlifters with weakness of the elbow flexors and dysesthesias of the lateral forearm. Pronator syndrome is a median nerve lesion occurring in the proximal forearm which is diagnosed by several provocative manoeuvres. Posterior interosseous nerve entrapment is common among tennis players and occurs at the Arcade of Froshe--it results in weakness of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal extensors. Ulnar neuritis at the elbow is common amongst baseball pitchers. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common neuropathy seen in sport and is caused by median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel. Paralysis of the ulnar nerve at the wrist is seen among bicyclists resulting in weakness of grip and numbness of the ulnar 1.5 digits. Thigh injuries include lateral femoral cutaneous nerve palsy resulting in loss of sensation over the anterior thigh without power deficit. Femoral nerve injury occurs secondary to an iliopsoas haematoma from high energy sports. A lesion of the sciatic nerve may indicate a concomitant dislocated hip. Common peroneal nerve injury may be due to a direct blow or a traction injury and results in a foot drop and numbness of the dorsum of the foot. Deep and superficial peroneal nerve palsies could be secondary to an exertional compartment syndrome. Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a compressive lesion of the posterior tibial nerve caused by repetitive dorsiflexion of the ankle--it is common among runners and mountain climbers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)