Muscular Elements Research Articles

Exploring the Significance of Katikataruna Marma: An Ayurvedic Perspective on Vital Energy Center

This review article delves into the intricate concept of Marma points within the framework of Ayurvedic philosophy, with a specific focus on the Katikataruna Marma located in the Prushta region. Marma points, regarded as vital energy centers, house Prana, and hold profound implications for health. The Katikataruna Marma, characterized as a Kalantarapranahara Marma, embodies a delicate balance of Soumya and Agneya qualities, with their interplay dictating the trajectory of life. The precise location of Katikataruna Marma is explored across references, positioned either beside the vertebral column or above the Sphik on the Shronikarna. Anatomically, this Marma amalgamates diverse components: muscular elements such as the gluteal and pelvic muscles, vascular intricacies involving the internal iliac artery, neural and connective structures like sacro-iliac ligaments and lumbo-sacral nerves, skeletal components comprising the iliac bone and sacrum, and the pivotal sacro-iliac joint. Critical insights emerge regarding the aftermath of injuring the Katikataruna Marma. A disruption in the equilibrium of Soumya and Agneya Guna triggers a gradual decline, with blood loss (Shonita kshaya) inducing symptoms like anemia, pallor, malaise, and ultimately, mortality. Prognosis unfolds, emphasizing the manifestation of Pandu, Vaivarna, and Hina Rupa, elucidating the complex interplay between components in the Marma region. By dissecting the intricacies of the Katikataruna Marma, this article contributes to a deeper comprehension of Ayurvedic principles and their holistic approach to wellness. The exploration of Marma points transcends anatomical facets, resonating with Ayurveda's holistic philosophy of harmonizing physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE FIBERS DURING PARTIAL TRACHEAL STENOSIS IN YOUNG SEXUALLY IMMATURE RATS

Introduction. The study of congenital pathology of the respiratory tract in children is of great importance for theoretical and clinical pediatric otolaryngology. Currently, in the scientific literature there are single works concerning the study of the pathogenesis and clinic of laryngomalacia. First of all, this concerns the effect of acute and chronic hypoxia on the muscles of the respiratory system, in particular, the diaphragm. The aim of thіs work is to reveal the effect of hypoxia on the development of pronounced structural and functional changes in the diaphragm muscles of sexually immature animals when modeling partial tracheal occlusion. Materials and methods. Surgical partial occlusion of the trachea was performed on in sexually immature Wistar rats; we applied electron microscopy, morphometric and statistical research methods.
 Results. The obtained data demonstrated that the muscle fibers of the diaphragm are characterized by significant structural, functional and metabolic resistance to the development of acute or chronic hypoxia due to limited lung ventilation in rats. The density of muscle fibers did not change in any of the used terms of the experiment (7 and 21 days). On the 7th day of hypoxic exposure, a change in the state of the matrix of mitochondria of muscle fibers was observed, which was accompanied by partial ultrastructural rearrangements of the organization of these organelles. At the same time, no significant changes were observed during histological studies. Electrongrams demonstrated the ultrastructural damages were mainly limited to focal reduction of myofibrils and an increase in the mitochondria's diameter and found as especially pronounced on day 21 (a state of chronic hypoxia) on the muscular component of the respiratory system in rats. These changes are accompanied by the development of dystrophic disorders in the diaphragm myofibrils. On day 21 changes in the transendothelial transport of substance molecules were also detected. This was based on establishing the fact of a significant reduction in the number of pinocytosis vesicles in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of diaphragm hemocapillaries in animals with partial tracheal occlusion. Disruption of the structural organization of actomyosin complexes was revealed in muscle fibers due to pathological changes in the mitochondria of myofibrils. It should be noted the development of destruction or complete loss of an important ultrastructural component of muscle fibers, Z-lines. These changes were completely absent on the 7th day following the influence of partial tracheal occlusion and the development of acute hypoxia. Moreover, on day 21, partial lysis of a significant amount of myofilaments of muscle fibers was observed. In addition, the development of the process of fiber swelling was detected against the background of which the above-mentioned ultrastructural destruction of the muscular component in the diaphragm was observed. These changes indicate the need for earlier treatment of laryngomalacia in children. The delay in surgical intervention leads to the development of severe or irreversible structural changes not only in the respiratory organs, but also in their muscular system.
 Conclusion. The muscular elements of the diaphragm have the pronounced and significant resistance to the state of hypoxia under conditions of limited ventilation of the respiratory tract. Ultrastructural and morphometric data, found on the 21st day after the modeling of partial tracheal stenosis, are not only of a compensatory and adaptive in nature, but also signs of pronounced disorders in the muscle fibers of the central part of the diaphragm in test animals.

The effect of the biologically active substance Baikal EM-2 on the intestines of quails

5 groups were formed from quails of the Manchurian breed. The control group - the main diet, and the experimental ones were given 0.25% (1 experimental group (EG)); 0.5% (2EG); 0.75 (3EG) and 1% (4EG) Baikal EM-2 solution at the rate of 3 ml per head. Histological studies were performed at the age of 147 days. Egg production per average laying hen in the experimental groups was on average 11.7% higher compared to the control group, the average live weight of quails in the experimental groups is 1.2% higher. In the duodenum, in all experimental groups, there was a better development of villi by 19.8-58.6% (P≤0.001), and in the skinny, the height of the villi was significantly higher in EG1, EG2, and EG4 by 19%-48%. The crypt layer significantly increased in the duodenum of 4EG by 13.9% (P≤0.05). The muscular elements of the duodenum were better developed in the experimental groups. In the cecum, the size of the layers did not differ. We assume that the experienced bird achieved high zootechnical results due to the better development of the villi of the small intestine.

Contribution to the study of stresses in the thumb column during key pinch grip

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to calculate the stress acting on the trapeziometacarpal joint during an key pinch grip. MethodWe used profile X-rays of the thumb to measure the various bony and muscle lever arms. We assessed the angles of action of the muscular elements involved in the thumb column. Based on this data, we established a two-dimensional geometric model that enabled us to determine the forces at each joint level, as a function of stresses and muscular contributions. We were also able to calculate the participation of the different muscle groups in obtaining a balanced situation. ResultsOur results, as a function of the degree of flexion of the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints, show a multiplying factor of 2.9–3.19 in relation to the key pinch grip force. DiscussionPrevious studies modelling a key pinch grip are showed multiplying factors from 6 to 13 in relation to the key pinch grip force. They are not compatible with the characteristics of the polyethylene used for trapeziometacarpal prostheses, whereas numerous articles in the literature show survival rates that are more or less comparable to those of total hip prostheses. These studies required an excessive number of assumptions, which could lead to error. Our results are compatible with the results of trapeziometacarpal prosthesis and with those of a recent study measuring intra-articular trapeziometacarpal pressure in a cadaveric model. Our model allows us to test different configurations of the thumb spine depending on the degree of flexion of the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints.

Ligamentum arteriosum: Muscular and contractile.

Ductus arteriosus is a muscular artery in fetal circulation, spanning from the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch, shunting blood directly from pulmonary circulation into systemic circulation thus by-passing the fluid-filled lungs. Postnatally, it changes name to the ligamentum arteriosum (LA), when a cascade of anatomical and physiological processes leads to its closure. Though the LA has generally been considered as a fibrosed remnant of the ductus arteriosus, anecdotal and contradictory reports still describe the LA as a small muscular artery. We hypothesized the likelihood of contractile muscular elements retainment in this so-called ligament. To investigate this, mediastinum of wild-type mouse, pig, and human LA were subjected to routine and special histological staining, single-immunolabeling, electron microscopy (mouse and pig only), and tension recording of explanted pig LA in organ bath experiments. Contrary to a canonical ligament, the LA was mainly made up of α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells in all three species, confirmed by routine and special histological staining as well as transmission electron microscopy. Myocytes within the LA contracted in response to exogenous noradrenalin (NA). NA-induced precontracted LA relaxed upon administration of the α1-adrenergic blockers (prazosin and tamsulosin). Though the LA does not function in its original capacity as fetal shunt, it is clearly not a passive structure, and may be described as muscular and contractile. The contractile abilities of LA myocytes may act on the two great vessels to which it is attached causing a change in their distensibility.

Morphological Structure of the Aortic Wall in Deep Diving Cetacean Species: Evidence for Diving Adaptation.

Simple SummaryDiving implies cardiovascular adaptations in marine mammals. The work aimed to analyze the aortic wall in nine cetacean species with deep diving habits belonging to four families. We hypothesize that variations in the aortic wall will reflect the diving capability of each species. The analyses showed that the elastic component was higher in the initial part of the artery, the muscular elements increased in the distal portion in all cases, and the apparent organization of the components in the aortic wall did not show essential modifications between the four families. All species presented a decrease in the arterial wall thickness along the aorta. The reduction was dramatic between the initial and thoracic aorta in the sperm whale specimens; meanwhile, the species of the other three families, beaked whale, pygmy sperm whale, and deep-diving dolphins, showed a more uniform decrease between the aortic segments. Because of the diving habits described for the different species, our findings support that a decrease in the arterial wall thickness between the aortic segments is the most relevant characteristic related to diving adaptation.This study analyses the aortic wall structure in nine cetacean species with deep diving habits belonging to four Odontoceti families: Ziphiidae, Kogiidae, Physteridae, and Delphinidae. Samples of ascending, thoracic and abdominal aorta were processed for histological and morphometric studies. The elastic component was higher in the proximal aortic segments, and the muscular elements increased distally in all cases. Morphometric analyses showed that all families presented a decrease in the thickness of the arterial wall and the tunica media along the aorta. The reduction was dramatic between ascending and thoracic aorta in the Physeteridae specimens; meanwhile, the other three families showed a more uniform decrease between the ascending, thoracic and abdominal aorta. The decline was not correlated with a reduced elastic or lamellar unit thickness but with a loss of lamellar units. The organization of the elements in the aortic wall did not show essential modifications between the four families, resembling the structure described previously in the shallow and intermediate diving dolphins. Our findings support that the difference in the morphometric characteristics of the different segments in the aortic wall is likely related to the diving habit more than the absolutes values of any other parameter.

Redefining the simplicity of the craniomandibular complex of nightjars: The case of Systellura longirostris (Aves: Caprimulgidae) by means of anatomical network analysis.

To study morphological evolution, itis necessary to combine information from multiple intersecting research fields. Here, we report on the structure of the bony and muscular elements of the craniomandibular complex of birds, highlighting its morphological architecture and complexity (or simplification) in the context of anatomical networks of the Band-winged Nightjar Systellura longirostris (Caprimulgiformes, Caprimulgidae). This species has skull osteology and jaw myology that departs from the general structural plan of the craniomandibular complex of Neornithes and is considered morphologically simple. Our goal is to test if its simplification is also reflected in its anatomical network, particularly in those parameters that measure complexity and to explore if the distribution of the networks in a phylomorphospace is conditioned by their evolutionary history or by convergence. Our results show that S. longirostris clusters with other Strisores and momotids and is segregated from the other bird species analyzed when plotted in the phylomorphospace, as a consequence of convergence in the network parameters. Systellura has a craniomandibular complex consisting of fewer muscles connecting more bones than the model species (e.g., the rock pigeon or the guira cuckoo). In this sense, Systellura is actually more complex regarding the number of integrative bony parts, while its craniomandibular complex is simpler. According to its anatomical network, Systellura also can be interpreted as less complex, particularly compared with other Strisores and taxa that reflect the general structure of the craniomandibular complex in Neornithes.

Bladder leiomyosarcoma originating from the muscular elements of the bladder mucosa (clinical case)

Leiomyosarcoma of the bladder is an extremely aggressive malignant tumor. Today in the world literature there are a little more than 200 described cases of bladder leiomyosarcoma. In all the cases described, the neoplasm originated from the proper muscle layer of the bladder. In this work, we present a unique clinical case – bladder leiomyosarcoma originating from the muscular elements of the bladder mucosa.

The Skeletomuscular System of the Mesosoma ofFormica rufaWorkers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

AbstractThe mesosoma is the power core of the ant, containing critical structural and muscular elements for the movement of the head, legs, and metasoma. It has been hypothesized that adaptation to ground locomotion and the loss of flight led to the substantial rearrangements in the mesosoma in worker ants and that it is likely the ant mesosoma has undergone functional modifications as ants diversified into different ecological and behavioral niches. Despite this importance, studies on the anatomy of the ant mesosoma are still scarce, and there is limited understanding of important variation of internal structures across the ant phylogeny. Recent advances in imaging techniques have made it possible to digitally dissect small insects, to document the anatomy efficiently and in detail, and to visualize these data in 3D. Here we document the mesosomal skeletomuscular system of workers of the red wood ant, Formica rufa Linnaeus, 1761, and use it to establish a 3D atlas of mesosomal anatomy that will serve as reference work for further studies. We discuss and illustrate the configuration of the skeletomuscular components and the function of the muscles in interaction with the skeletal elements. This anatomical evaluation of a ‘generalized’ ant provides a template for future studies of the mesosoma across the radiation of Formicidae, with the ultimate objective of synthesizing structural, functional, and transformational information to understand the evolution of a crucial body region of ants.

Age-related changes in protective arm reaction kinematics, kinetics, and neuromuscular activation during evoked forward falls.

Fall related injuries in older adults are a major healthcare concern. During a fall, the hands and arms play an important role in minimizing trauma from ground impact. Although older adults are able to orient the hands and arms into a protective orientation after falling and prior to ground impact, an inability to avoid increased body impact occurs with age. Previous investigations have generally studied rapid arm movements in the pre-impact phase or absorbing energy in the post-impact phase. There are no known studies that have directly examined both the pre-impact and post-impact phase in sequence in a forward fall. The aim of this study was to identify age-related biomechanical and neuromuscular changes in evoked arm reactions in response to forward falls that may increase fall injury risk. Fourteen younger and 15 older adults participated. Falls were simulated while standing with torso and legs restrained via a moving pendulum system from 4 different initial lean angles. While there was not a significant age-related difference in the amount of energy absorbed post-impact (p=0.68), older adults exhibited an 11% smaller maximum vertical ground reaction force when normalized to body weight (p=0.031), and 8 degrees less elbow extension at impact (p=0.045). A significant interaction between age and initial lean angle (p=0.024), indicated that older adults required 54%, 54%, 41%, and 57% greater elbow angular displacement after impact at the low, medium, medium-high, and high initial lean angles compared to younger adults. These results suggested older adults may be at greater risk of increased body impact due to increased elbow flexion angular displacement after impact when the hands and arms are able to contact the ground first. Both groups exhibited robust modulation to the initial lean angle with no observed age-related differences in the initial onset timing or amplitude of muscle activation levels. There were no significant age-related differences in the EMG timing, amplitude or co-activation of muscle activation preceding impact or following impact indicating comparable neuromotor response patterns between older and younger adults. These results suggest that aging changes in muscular elements may be more implicated in the observed differences than changes in neuromuscular capacity. Future work is needed to test the efficacy of different modalities (e.g. instruction, strength, power, perturbation training, fall landing techniques) aimed at reducing fall injury risk.

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Ctenophores are descendants of an early branching basal metazoan lineage, which may have evolved neurons and muscles independently from other animals. In this issue of the Journal of Morphology, Norekian and Moroz present a study (pp. 1466‐1477) in which they mapped and tracked the development of the neural and muscular elements in the early hatching cydippid larvae, as well as adult Mnemiopsis leidyi as representative species of ctenophores. They conclude that integration of multiple effectors occurs nonsynaptically using either paracrine secretions or alternative integrative systems such as electrical coupling using pannexins/innexins or both. This mode of intercellular communication might be ancestral and present in the nerveless ancestors of all Metazoa.

Development of the nervous system in the early hatching larvae of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi.

Ctenophores are descendants of an early branching basal metazoan lineage, which may have evolved neurons and muscles independently from other animals. Mnemiopsis is one of the important reference ctenophore species. However, little is known about its neuromuscular organization. Here, we mapped and tracked the development of the neural and muscular elements in the early hatching cydippid larvae, as well as adult Mnemiopsis leidyi. The overall development of the neuromuscular system in Mnemiopsis was very similar to Pleurobrachia bachei, although in Mnemiopsis the entire process occurred significantly faster. The subepithelial neural cells were observed immediately after hatching. This population consisted of a dozen of separated individual neurons with short neurites. In about 2 days, when their neurites grew significantly longer and connected to their neighbors, they began to form a canonical polygonal subepithelial network. Mesogleal neural elements prominent in all studied adult ctenophores were not detectable in Mnemiopsis larvae but were clearly labeled in closely related Lobata species Bolinopsis infundibulum. Hatched larvae also had putative mechanoreceptors with long stereocilia and approximately two dozen muscle cells. In adult Mnemiopsis, the feeding lobes and auricles contained two distinct populations of neurons and neural ensembles that were not observed in other ctenophore lineages and likely represented elaborate neuronal innovations characteristic for the clade Lobata and their lifestyles.

Whiplash injury of the cervical spine

Whiplash injury is acommon trauma of the cervical spine which usually occurs during motor vehicle accidents, especially involving rear-end collisions. The trauma typically results from asudden biphasic movement of the head and cervical spine (reclination followed by inclination), which may cause an injury of bony, muscular and ligamentous elements. The most common symptoms of whiplash injury are pain, stiffness and tenderness of the neck, which occur with alatency of several hours and may become chronic in some patients. The imaging studies rarely demonstrate morphological changes associated with trauma and there are also no specific imaging findings in whiplash injuries. Plain films and computed tomography are used in acute trauma workup to exclude bony injuries. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may demonstrate occult fractures, bone contusions as well as muscular and ligamentous posttraumatic lesions. The whiplash injuries are classified clinically according to Quebec Task Force-Grading, depending on the symptom severity.

The Asterion-to-Transverse Process of the Atlas Line as a Surgical Landmark.

Introduction Proposed landmarks to predict the anatomical location and trajectory of the sigmoid sinus have varying degrees of reliability. Even with neuronavigation technology, landmarks are crucial in planning and performing complex approaches to the posterolateral skull base. By combining two major dependable structures-the asterion (A) and transverse process of the atlas (TPC1)-we investigate the A-TPC1 line in relation to the sigmoid sinus and in partitioning surgical approaches to the region. Methods We dissected six cadaveric heads (12 sides) to expose the posterolateral skull base, including the mastoid and suboccipital bone, TPC1 and suboccipital triangle, distal jugular vein and internal carotid artery, and lower cranial nerves in the distal cervical region. We inspected the A-TPC1 line before and after drilling the mastoid and occipital bones and studied the relationship of the sigmoid sinus trajectory and major muscular elements related to the line. We retrospectively reviewed 31 head and neck computed tomography (CT) angiograms (62 total sides), excluding posterior fossa or cervical pathologies. Bone and vessels were reconstructed using three-dimensional segmentation software. We measured the distance between the A-TPC1 line and sigmoid sinus at different levels: posterior digastric point (DP), and maximal distances above and below the digastric notch. Results A-TPC1 length averaged 65 mm and was posterior to the sigmoid sinus in all cadaver specimens, coming closest at the level of the DP. Using the transverse-asterion line as a rostrocaudal division and skull base as a horizontal plane, we divided the major surgical approaches into four quadrants: distal cervical/extreme lateral and jugular foramen (anteroinferior), presigmoid/petrosal (anterosuperior), retrosigmoid/suboccipital (posterosuperior), and far lateral/foramen magnum regions (posteroinferior). Radiographically, the A-TPC1 line was also posterior to the sigmoid sinus in all sides and came closest to the sinus at the level of DP (mean, 7 mm posterior; range, 0-18.7 mm). The maximal distance above the DP had a mean of 10.1 mm (range, 3.6-19.5 mm) and below the DP 5.2 mm (range, 0-20.7 mm). Conclusion The A-TPC1 line is a helpful landmark reliably found posterior to the sigmoid sinus in cadaveric specimens and radiographic CT scans. It can corroborate the accuracy of neuronavigation, assist in minimizing the risk of sigmoid sinus injury, and is a useful tool in planning surgical approaches to the posterolateral skull base, both preoperatively and intraoperatively.

Компьютерная томография в диагностике синдрома Мунье-Куна

The article presents a clinical case of tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome). This is a congenital malformation characterized by dilatation of trachea and major bronchi due to underdevelopment of elastic and muscular elements of the tracheobronchial tree. The first manifestations appear as symptoms of recurrent bronchitis. A full-scale clinical picture in most cases appears at the age of 20-40, when infection adds, periodic recurrences become more frequent, and respiratory failure gradually builds up, which is associated with impairment of draining function of bronchi, and further leads to purulent bronchitis, bronchiectasis and pneumosclerosis. Traditional chest X-ray has limited capacities and cannot be used for diagnosis of Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, which is demonstrated in the described case. Thus, a female patient for a long time was observed for tracheobronchitis, but the conducted treatment did not give any significant improvement. Conclusion. Mounier-Kuhn syndrome is a rather rare pathology that can be diagnosed with multislice X-ray computed tomography permitting to more distinctly localize the pathological process and to determine its spread, dimensions of trachea and major bronchi in different anatomical planes, the condition of the neighboring tissues and structures and existence of complications. Also of importance is bronchoscopy that permits to identify alterations of bronchial mucosa in tracheobronchomegaly.

The New Data on the Serotonin and FMRFamide Localization in the Nervous System of Opisthorchis felineus Metacercaria.

Trematoda Opisthorchis felineus Rivolta, 1884 is the causative agent of dangerous parasite disease-opisthorchiasis, widespread in the Russian Federation. The details of the neuroanatomical localization of the serotoninergic and FMRFamidergic neurotransmitter elements as well as their functional roles remain not studied enough in both adult and larval forms of O. felineus. The studies in this area are important in term of the development of a new pharmacological strategy of the struggle with the causative agent of opisthorchiasis affecting the neuronal signal substances and the function of its nervous system. The aim of this work was the immunocytochemical study of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT, 5-Hydroxitryptamine) and neuropeptide FMRFamide localization in the nervous system of the opisthorchiasis causative agent-O. felineus metacercaria. To study the relationship between the detected neurotransmitters and the muscular elements of the parasite, the muscle staining was carried out simultaneously using fluorophore-conjugated phalloidin. The localization of 5-HTergic and FMRFamidergic nerve structures was determined by immunocytochemical method. The staining samples were analyzed using a fluorescent and confocal laser scanning microscopies. The new data on the presence and distribution of the serotonin-immunopositive (IP)- and FMRFa-IP components in the central and peripheral departments of the nervous system of O. felineus metacercaria has been obtained. Besides that a number of the new anatomical details of the nervous system organization and of the innervation of the organs and tissues in the investigated parasite have been revealed. The data obtained on the presence and localization of the 5-HTergic and peptidergic (FMRFamide) components in central and peripheral departments of the nervous system of O. felineus metacercaria elaborated and expanded the existing information about the nervous system as well as the innervations of the tissues and organs in the causative agent of opistchorchiasis.

POSTERO-MEDIAL APPROACH: A SAFE APPROACH TO POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT AVULSION FRACTURE

Introduction: The posterior cruciate ligament plays a major role in knee stabilization. Clinically isolated tear or avulsion of the PCL can be caused by a fall on a flexed knee or striking the flexed tibia on the dashboard in a motor vehicle accident. Postero-medial (burks and schaffer) approach is a simpler, less invasive approach to fix PCL avulsion fracture that better preserves muscular elements. Materials and Method: 20 patients with acute isolated PCL avulsion fracture of the tibial attachment are treated surgically by fixation with cannulated cancellous screws through posteromedial approach at tertiary care teaching hospital of Southern Rajasthan. Preoperative MRI was performed to rule out other concomitant intra-articular ligamentous and meniscal lesions. Patients were assessed for intra and post-operative for stability and complications also clinically by using knee society score and radiographically with x-ray at post-operative day 1, 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months. Results: Out of 20 patients,18 were men and 2 were women. According to knee society score 14 patients showed excellent and 6 patients showed good functional outcome. Postoperative radiographs showed all PCL avulsed fragment fixation were maintained and consecutive radiographs showed fracture healing in all cases by the end of 3 months. Posterior drawer and reversed pivot shift signs were negative in all patients. And from all none was having neurovascular complications. Conclusion: The treatment of PCL avulsion fracture with placement of an appropriately sized lag screw through the “safe postero-medial approach” results in good clinical and radiographic outcomes. Keywords: PCL, Avulsion fracture, Posteromedial approach (Burks and Schaffer)

Changes of the ultrastructural organization of cells of rats esophagus in the modeling of second-degree esophageal stricture

Scar strictures that lead to obstruction of the esophagus do not tend to decrease lately, but on the contrary, the number of such patients is increasing, which is caused by the use of a large range of chemicals in human life. The results of treatment of scarring strictures depend on the degree of stenosis. With complete obstruction of the esophagus, the question arises about conducting surgical treatment. Methods of correction of esophageal strictures have a considerable number of postoperative complications and lethal consequences – from 5.0 % to 15.0 %. Therefore, in order to create a unified pathogenetic tactic for the management and treatment of esophageal strictures, we were offered to study the ultrastructural changes of the mucous membrane of the stricture of the second stage during its modeling in the experiment. The purpose of the work is to investigate the dynamics of ultrastructural changes of the mucous membrane of the esophagus wall in the normal and second stage of its stricture. The experimental study was performed on adult white male rats weighing between 250 and 300 g. A total of 16 animals were operated on, which were divided into 2 groups: a control group (6 rats) and a study group (10 rats). The studies were performed under ketamine anesthesia. In animals of the control group performed only laparotomy, followed by layer-by-layer suturing of the anterior abdominal wall. In animals of the study group created a model of obstruction of the esophagus of the second stage. Electron microscopic examination was performed on days 3, 4, and 5 of the experiment, eliminating animals by overdosing on ketamine. As a result of the electron microscopic study of the ultrastructural organization of basal, spinosum, superficial epitheliocytes of stratified squamous epithelium without keratin, smooth muscle myocytes of the muscular plate and contractile elements of the muscular layer of the esophagus of rats with simulated stricture of the second degree revealed dystrophic and destructive disorders that varied in depth and severity. It was established that mitochondrial dysfunction leads to a decrease in the activity of reparative, metabolic and synthetic processes of the cell, which is indirectly manifested by a decrease in ribosomes and polysomes in the cytoplasm, loosening and focal lysis of membranes of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Stricture of esophagus of the second stage causes activation of catabolic intracellular processes in all cells, which is morphologically confirmed by the appearance in the cytoplasm of secondary lysosomes and inclusions of lipids.

Musculature development in planuloids of Cassiopeia xamachana (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)

Polyps of the family Cassiopeidae (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) can reproduce asexually by forming a ciliated swimming stage, the planuloid. It is externally similar to the planula larva and has traditionally been referred to as the planuloid bud. Using phalloidin labeling, we described the development of the muscular system in planuloids of Cassiopeia xamachana during growth and metamorphosis into the polyp. Early growth stages of the planuloid involve septal muscle bands of the polyp but after separation from the mother organism it forms its own musculature de novo. Muscular elements of the newly separated planuloid are represented by short disordered fibers and four main groups of longitudinal muscles. These elements are the primary musculature of the future polyp. During further development the planuloid grows, changes in shape from elongated to triangular and starts to form the musculature of the hypostome and the tentacles anlages. By the time of settlement the muscular groups form four bands. Process of musculature formation in planuloids differs from that in scyphozoan planulae, which lack well-developed muscular elements. The formation of planuloids might be a modification of lateral budding, with the development of the daughter polyp occurring distantly from the mother organism. These stages could not be called true buds because of their independent growth, and so the term “planuloid bud” is misleading. We argue that the planuloid is the best name for this stage since it reflects its biology and at the same time emphasizes its similarity to the planula larva.

Connective Tissue Dysplasia is a Possible Predictor of Esophageal Variceal Bleeding in Liver Cirrhosis

The aim of this work is to assess the connective tissue skeleton of esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis for the study of morphological predictors of variceal bleeding.Material for morphological research were the fragments of the esophageal wall from the lower third of esophagus taken at autopsy (samples of 10 cases in each group). Four groups of samples were: cirrhotic patients who died due to initial variceal bleeding (group 3), due to recurrent variceal bleeding (group 4). The control (comparing group) consists of fragments of the intact wall of the lower third of the esophagus in patients who died from other pathologies (group 1), and dead from liver cirrhosis, who hadn't pronounced esophageal varices, whose death was not associated with bleeding (group 2).Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin sections with a thickness of 5–6 μm using an indirect Coons method. The collagens were identified by monoclonal antibodies (MA) to collagen I, III, IV types (Chemicon International Inc., Daco Cytomation, USA). According to the original technique, it was determined the intensity of the fluorescence of preparation treated with MA and expressed in arbitrary units of fluorescence (AUF).In cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding revealed the predominance of immature collagen type III (instead of dominated collagen type I) in the composition of the connective tissue of the mucous membrane and submucosal layer of the esophagus, increased intensity of collagen type III in the vascular wall and perivascular space, decrease of fluorescence intensity of collagen type IV in the basal membranes of veins (tables 1, 2). Abnormalities of collagen formation in the basal membranes of the esophageal veins, as well as the replacement of the elastic and muscular elements of the venous walls with immature connective tissue can lead to thinning and rupture of the vein wall.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.