Murray's Book Research Articles

Andrew Murray’s “Missionary Problem”

The article compares two views on the missionary problem: one was expressed in Andrew Murray's book The Key to the Missionary Problem, about 120 years ago. Murray emphasised the low level of the spiritual life of the church as the main missionary problem; the key to solving this problem is the revival of a strong personal spiritual life in all missionaries and in all church members. The second view on the missionary problem has to do with one of the unfinished tasks of the missionary movement that Murray helped to establish. It is tacitly found in the Nova Institute's work over the last 26 years. It is not presented as the key to the missionary problem but as a small effort to contribute to the solving of one of the missionary problems, namely the gap between the spiritual and the everyday lives of church members.

Research Committee Update

Recently I gave each of my five kids a copy of a book that I had been delighted to read, The Curmudgeon's Guide to Getting Ahead by Charles Murray. I identified with the curmudgeon, hence the title of this column. Murray's book had its origins in postings the author made on the internal website of the American Enterprise Institute where he works, with tips for entry-level staff and interns such as: Excise the word “like” from your spoken English. Don't suck up, meaning don't excessively flatter supervisors. Make strong language count.

Space, Place and Autonomy in Language Learning by Garold Murray and Terry Lamb

Over the years, I have come to appreciate the publication of each new Garold Murray book for obliging me to engage with innovative ideas in the field. Murray’s most recent collaboration with Terry Lamb is no exception. In this collection, the editors have trained their gaze on space and place – phenomena so very ordinary and ubiquitous that many of us may never have reflected on the role they play in learning. Each of the book’s 15 chapters explores, in very different ways, the processes by which spaces are transformed into places for language learning or teaching. According to Carter, Donald and Squires (1993, ix) – “place is a space to which meaning is ascribed”. Think of your favourite café, the spot in your home you go to when you want to read, or the area in the yoga room where you like to place your mat. According to Murray and Lamb, autonomy is a key element in the process of transforming a space into a place.

Maid as muse: how servants changed Emily Dickinson's life and language

In Maid as Muse, Aife Murray explodes the myth of the isolated genius and presents an intimate, densely realized story of joined lives between Emily Dickinson and her domestic servants. Part scholarly study, part detective story, part personal journey, Murray's book uncovers a world previously unknown: an influential world of Irish immigrant servants and an ethnically rich one of Yankee, English-immigrant, Native American, and African American maids and laborers, seamstresses and stablemen. Murray reveals how Margaret Maher and the other servants influenced the cultural outlook, fashion, artistic subject, and even poetic style of Emily Dickinson. Irish immigrant Maher becomes the lens to a larger story about artistic reciprocities and culture-making that has meaning way beyond Dickinson. This below-stairs, bottom-up portrait of the artist and her family not only injects themes of class and ethnic difference into the story but also imparts subtle details and intimacies that make the study of Emily Dickinson urgent once again. In the kitchen pantry where she spent a good portion of each day, the outside world came to Dickinson. The invisible kitchen was headquarters for people mostly lost from the public record-and it was her interactions with them that changed and helped define who Emily Dickinson was as a person and a poet.

The Cultures of Caregiving: Conflict and Common Ground among Families, Health Professionals, and Policy Makers

Reviewed by: The Cultures of Caregiving: Conflict and Common Ground among Families, Health Professionals, and Policy Makers Fahmida Hussain, BDS, DMD, MBE, FAGD (bio) The Cultures of Caregiving: Conflict and Common Ground among Families, Health Professionals, and Policy Makers. Edited by Carol Levine, MA and Thomas H. Murray, PhD. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. 216 pp. Hardcover $25.00. Carol Levine, MA, and Thomas H. Murray, PhD, together with 13 other highly acclaimed researchers and authors compiled this resource through discussions with health care professionals from several disciplines. The idea is to present an array of culturally-specific perspectives on giving care to people who are ill or disabled. The project was made possible by the United Hospital Fund and The Hastings Center. Differing expectations of the health care system are often overlooked or poorly understood, and Levine and Murray's book is intended to explore such matters in the area of care-giving (which often touches the one cared for and the caregiver very personally). The book highlights the diverse priorities of doctors, nurses, social workers, hospital and nursing home administrators, insurance personnel and families, demonstrating how these differences act as major stressors in health care delivery (p. 5). Cultural divisions that are evident when one person's values are imposed on others (p. 9) and communication and exchange of information based on unexamined assumptions (p. 6) can add to the volatility of such situations. Like other culturally-specific manners of self-presentation, the extreme "professional role" of the professionals, policymakers, and administrators can act as a hindrance to proper communication and execution of care (p. 9). Early on, the editors note that "The obligation of families to care for their ill and elderly members appears to be deep in every tradition, but the implementation may be difficult and unsupported because of contemporary circumstances" (p. 7). Professional training of health care professionals does not prepare them to go beyond their professional duties to comprehend the stress and limitations experienced by family caregivers (FCGs) (p. 11). In this age of globalization, significant portion of patient [End Page 402] pools in the U.S. health care system consists of immigrants with widely varying cultural traits. Such differences can manifest themselves, for example, through the predominant role of women in caregiving, rules of behavior, and reciprocal obligations binding together members of close-knit families (pp. 59–62). Unfortunately, often there is a radical mismatch between the culture of medicine and cultures of families (p. 50). As a result, instead of working together the professional caregivers, FCGs, and the care recipients can become fragmented. Levine and Murray's book demonstrates that health care system, like others in the U.S., reflects class divisions (pp. 41–2). Historically in the U.S., the rich and privileged could afford to pay for care from nurses in their homes, and trained nurses began to replace FCGs. The level of care and the duration of care depended on who had the money to pay for such services (pp. 70–1). Diseases that resisted other types of care, such as tuberculosis, were branded as the diseases of the poor and of immigrants, and poor people who suffered from them were often confined in jails and sanatoriums. The authors recount how, in an attempt to mitigate the problems of social divisions, a deliberate shift was made to produce highly skilled nurses. However, they go on to show, that purpose was abandoned when efforts to make the health care system profitable were undertaken. Prior hospitalization became a requirement to qualify for home care (p. 75), for example. "In general, the barriers caregivers face reflect the policy culture's efforts to balance the desire to provide benefits with the desire to keep expenditures under control" (p. 108). Family caregivers are outsiders in a hospital setting because of lack of professional training (p. 87). Ironically, the constant shifting of care for chronic illness means that FCGs today are taking more and more responsibilities. Regardless of how strongly the FCGs are portrayed in popular culture, they need assistance to prepare themselves to take up the role of primary caregiver for an ill or disabled family member (pp. 113–23). Often, it...

Profligate Gleaning and the Textual Economies of Judith Sargent Murray

Profligate Gleaning and the Textual Economies of Judith Sargent Murray Elizabeth Hewitt Judith Sargent Murray is best known to us as the author of the important essay "On the Equality of the Sexes." Published two years before Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Murray's essay makes the case for female equality in the natural rights tradition, declaring women to be equal to men in their capacity for virtue. More specifically, Murray emphasizes the ways that society has put a stranglehold on the abundant moral and intellectual resources that nature has distributed across the female population. Indeed, as is the case with Wollstonecraft, Murray's emphasis on the social restrictions imposed against women is critical to her argument on behalf of female education that extends beyond the domestic arts. But even as Murray proposes education as the means by which women can purchase self-ownership, she also describes individuals as so deeply implicated in the economic marketplace as to unsettle the fantasy of autonomy that is foundational to liberal individualism. While Murray only gestures toward this economic dependence in "On the Equality of the Sexes," it is of central concern to the text for which Murray was most famous in her own lifetime, the series of essays she wrote as The Gleaner. These essays, I argue, consistently evidence Murray's apprehension of the dependencies of the commercial marketplace and of the fundamental changes to the social world—one in which a Boston woman has greater access to global goods but also a more remote relationship to these goods and those who manufacture them. This rendering of entangled, albeit disembedded (that is, highly mediated and anonymous) social systems is nevertheless inextricable from Murray's feminism. Women are equal, she suggests, not because they should be free from the inequitable distribution of talents and resources but because women and men are equally dependent on these overwhelming social and economic systems. [End Page 310] Murray, I argue, renders this commercial system as a generic experiment in her book The Gleaner, which takes its title from the popular essay series she wrote for the Massachusetts Magazine from 1792–1794 under the pseudonym The Gleaner. The book begins with these original periodical essays (in roughly the same order) and then adds seventy-odd more "columns."1 What is perhaps most striking about Murray's book is the generic heterogeneity that comprises its pages: Divided into one hundred different entries of roughly equal length, The Gleaner includes epistolary narratives, moral parables, travel sketches, two plays, instructional letters, fictional letters from readers, and numerous political, pedagogical, and literary essays. Murray herself calls attention to the generic heterogeneity in the book's subtitle, "A Miscellaneous Production," and, in doing so, she effectively classifies her book as a miscellany: a collection of texts written on a wide variety of subjects. The deliberate emphasis on variety on the book's title page also serves to underscore the formal continuity between the volume and the essays' original publication venue in the Massachusetts Magazine, which advertised its own commitment to a varied agenda in its subtitle by characterizing itself as a "Monthly Museum" containing "The Literature, History, Politics, Arts, Manners, [and] Amusements of the Age."2 Murray retains the periodical pacing within the longer book by dividing the whole into one hundred essay-sized and numbered sections—even separating longer texts, like her two dramas, into smaller sections—effectively serializing a literary form we might imagine she would want to present as an integral text. The other notable feature of Murray's book—and one that likewise emphasizes textual variety—is her complex manipulation of pseudonyms and authorial voices. Following the conventions of the periodical essay, Murray introduces her pseudonymous Gleaner to the public with the conceit that her writer is a man of leisure offering his keen, if also desultory, observations from his daily wanderings around the city. Indeed, it would seem that Murray's dedication to the periodical essay is part and parcel of her larger dedication to equal distribution: Her Gleaner, like Richard Steele's Tatler, will offer his observations to "all Persons, without Distinction" (qtd. in McKeon, Secret History 79). The Gleaner, however, not...

Reviews

Entertaining the Citizen: When Politics and Popular Culture Converge, Liesbet van Zoonen, (2004) Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 181 pp., ISBN 0742529061 (hbk), 69.00; ISBN 074252907X (pbk), 26.95. Courting The Abyss: Free Speech and the Liberal Tradition, John Durham Peters, (2005) Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 316 pp., ISBN 0226662748 (hbk), 29.00. Mixed Media: Feminist Presses and Publishing Politics, Simone Murray, (2004) London: Pluto Press, 260 pp., ISBN 0745320163 (hbk), 55.00; ISBN 0745320155 (pbk), 16.99. Simone Murray's book looks at the contribution of the second wave feminist presses to the advancement of feminist ideas in the United Kingdom from the early 1970s to the first years of the twenty-first century. These presses, she claims, have profoundly reshaped the publishing industries and the wider literary culture and education. To appreciate the complex interrelations between feminist politics, feminist presses, mainstream publishers, academic feminist publishing, and feminist bestsellers, Murray argues for the development of a publishing centred analysis. This approach enables movement beyond a focus on individual texts so as to contextualize them within the dynamics of the broader publishing industry. Such presses have experienced great difficulties (most are now defunct). Moreover, many mainstream publishers now have extensive gender lists. Nevertheless, Murray argues that feminist presses continue to be a crucial safeguard, against the vagaries of a publishing industry whose interest in feminist texts lies in their ability to generate profit rather than in any real commitment to a feminist political agenda.

Love, Marriage, and Family in the Middle Ages: A Reader, and: Love, Sex and Marriage in the Middle Ages: A Sourcebook (review)

Reviewed by: Love, Marriage, and Family in the Middle Ages: A Reader and: Love, Sex and Marriage in the Middle Ages: A Sourcebook Mathew Kuefler Love, Marriage, and Family in the Middle Ages: A Reader. Edited by Jacqueline Murray . [Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures, 7.] (Peterborough, Canada: Broadview. 2001. Pp. xiv, 524. $29.95 paperback.) Love, Sex and Marriage in the Middle Ages: A Sourcebook. Edited by Conor McCarthy . (New York: Routledge. 2004. Pp. xii, 292. $24.95 paperback.) Two sourcebooks with very similar titles have appeared in the last few years. The first is part of a Broadview Press series of thematic medieval sourcebooks. The second is part of Routledge's growing number of history sourcebooks. Both Murray's and McCarthy's additions to these lists would be useful in medieval history courses on the related subjects, or in more general courses on the [End Page 743] history of sexuality. Nonetheless, the two books approach their subjects in curiously different ways. Murray's book is organized thematically. She begins with a chapter on "Foundations and Influences," providing examples of the biblical, Roman, and Germanic antecedents to the Middle Ages. Her next chapter, "Love and Its Dangers," notes the various medieval debates about the emotion. The third chapter, "Marriage and the Church," reviews theological writings and ecclesiastical regulations, followed by a fourth, "Marriage Ceremonies, Rituals, and Customs," that includes liturgies and legends specifically on weddings. Her fifth and sixth chapters, "Husbands and Wives" and "Marriage and Family," relate the vicissitudes of that relationship, as ideals and realities, respectively. The seventh, "Childbirth," compares religious and medical writings on that subject, and the eighth, "Parents and Children," continues with ideals and realities of the lives of children. The ninth and last chapter, "Beyond Christendom," samples Jewish and Muslim writings from medieval Europe, as an explicit contrast with what has come before. Within each chapter, sources are organized chronologically. McCarthy's book is also organized both thematically (as parts) and chronologically (as chapters). He begins with "Ecclesiastical Sources," including chapters on "The Church Fathers," "Anglo-Saxon England," "Theology and Canon Law," and "Canon Law and Actual Practice." His part two, "Legal Sources," contains chapters on Anglo-Saxon and Norman law. The title of part three, "Letters, Chronicles, Biography, Conduct Books," indicates its various chapters, although "Saints' Lives and Female Religious Writings" takes the place of biography. Part four, "Literary Sources," divides its chapters according to Old English, Latin, Old French, and Middle English literatures. Part five, finally, "Medical Sources," consists of two chapters, one on women's health and the other on love. Two things should be immediately apparent. First is that Murray has organized her book according to topics, while McCarthy has used genres to structure his book. The advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are clear. Murray's groupings allow her to bring together and contrast ecclesiastical and medical authorities on childbirth, for example, noting their different concerns. McCarthy's organization, in contrast, allows him to show the changing interests and emphases of patristic, early medieval, and canonists' writings on sex and marriage. The second major difference between the two is their geographical range. Murray's book includes sources from Iceland to Egypt, while McCarthy's restricts his to writings from England or that circulated there, although he admits that he adds some outside examples "to illustrate an aspect of medieval life for which I know of no English source" (p. 23), such as the record of a hermaphrodite from Colmar and glosses on the Viaticum of Constantine the African on lovesickness. The advantages of Murray's decision over that of McCarthy's will be clear to readers from outside of England. She writes: "During the Middle Ages, western Europe was a remarkably homogeneous culture. Despite regional [End Page 744] identities, a myriad of jurisdictions, shifting boundaries, and internal political tensions, Europe nevertheless was Christendom, united by religion and distinct from non-Christians" (p. 469). McCarthy's decision is a bit more difficult to defend. He writes: "There is no such place as 'medieval England,' politically or geographically speaking.... Nor is there any such place as 'medieval England' linguistically speaking" (p. 23). Yet he offers no compelling reason to counterbalance...

Revolution deferred: the painful birth of post-apartheid South Africa

This volume continues the work of Martin Murray's book, Africa - Time of Agony, Time of Destiny. It explores the social forces that are currently shaping the new South Africa and provides detail on the political and ideological rifts in the liberation movement, including analysis of the homelands parties, the trade unions and the ANC. The final chapter of this book surveys the results of the first multi-racial elections in South Africa and assesses their implications for the future of South Africa.

The Window Dressing Behind The Bell Curve

This article provides a critique of the conceptual framework on which Herrnstein and Murray's book entitled The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life is based. The conclusio...

Superior Intellect?: Sincere Fictions of the White Self

This article investigates claims of superior White intelligence from an emerging race relations perspective that describes the symbolic labor used to construct a psychological and cultural self that legitimizes White privilege. It examines the sincere fictions of the White self offered in A Study of American Intelligence (1923) and The Bell Curve (1994), whose similar outlooks suggest a fundamental consistency in White self-concept over time. Representations of the White self and some of the sincere fictions offered in these works are critiqued, including the construction of equality as the prerogative of Whites, myths of the superior intellect of Whites, ideas about the boldness and virtue of doing IQ science, and claims of White innocence about the effects of prejudice. A good deal of time and intelligence has been invested in the exposure of racism and the horrific results on its objects. But that well-established study should be joined with another, equally important one: the impact of racism on those who perpetuate it . . . to see what racial ideology does to the mind, imagination, and behavior of masters. (Morrison, 1992, pp. 11-12) INTRODUCTION This article examines certain claims about superior White intelligence using an emerging perspective in the study of racial relations that we have previously advocated (Feagin & Vera, 1995). Our perspective focuses on the symbolic labor that Whites use to construct a psychological and cultural self that helps to legitimize White power and privilege. Specifically, we examine what we call the sincere fictions of the White self used by Carl Brigham in A Study of American Intelligence (1923) and Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray in The Bell Curve (1994). Both books were published in the midst of congressional debates on racial/ethnic issues of critical national importance and both sought to influence the outcome of these debates. Both claimed a scientific status for their ideas. Brigham's notions of the racial and intellectual inferiority of Slavic Americans, Irish Americans, Mediterranean-area Americans, and African Americans gave ammunition to those pressing for passage of the 1924 Immigration Restriction Act, an openly racist law that heavily favored immigration of northern and western Europeans and excluded or restricted the immigration of those considered to be lesser races. More recently, Herrnstein and Murray's book not only defends the genetic basis of differences in intelligence test scores between Blacks and Whites but also attacks affirmative action and defends anti-immigration sentiment. Not coincidentally, this ideological book appeared at a time when congressional actions were increasingly focused on restricting immigration, cutting back affirmative action programs, and eviscerating many welfare programs, an agenda made clear in the Republican Party's Contract with America that emerged after the 1994 elections. In between the publication of these two works, many similar books and lengthy articles proposing a genetic explanation for observed racial differences in intelligence test scores were published. These include the books and articles of Audrey M. Shuey (1958), a southern social scientist; Arthur Jensen (1969), a University of California-Berkeley educational psychologist; and William Shockley (1965), a Nobel prize-winning physical scientist. All of these works have been found repeatedly to be plagued by conceptual and methodological errors (Gould, 1981). Significantly, the latest volume in an old tradition of defending intelligence differences between racial and ethnic groups, The Bell Curve, offers little new in its arguments. It is simply the latest installment in the long history of pseudo-scientific racism in the United States. Although over 70 years separate A Study of American Intelligence from The Bell Curve, there is much similarity in their outlooks and arguments. This suggests how persistent and fundamental to the White self-concept in the United States are claims of superior White intelligence. …

Forked tongues: speech, writing, and representation in North American Indian texts

... creates a new definition of American Indian literary texts as a self-representational genre. This is an intelligent and insightful application of post-modern critical methods to American Indian texts. The scope of the study is broad and ambitious, and the attempt to define Indian self-representations from colonial times to the present is innovative and instructive. Raymond J. DeMallie... very suggestive, provocative, engaging... Studies in American Indian Literatures... Murray's book establishes itself as the single best introduction to Native American text-making in particular and the betrayals of the translation in general. An essential acquisition for all college and university libraries, and highly recommended for larger public libraries. ChoiceIt is a pleasure to recommend with wholehearted enthusiasm David Murray's Forked Tongues. Western American Literature

Marx's Theory of Scientific Knowledge (review)

~44 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY 29; 1 JANUARY ~99~ Patrick Murray. Marx's Theory of Scientific Knowledge. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, Inc., 1988. Pp. xx + 279. Cloth, $49.95. The title of Murray's book might suggest that it falls within the "analytic" genre of Marx studies ~ la G. A. Cohen. However, in his very first endnote Murray indicates that he takes the term "scientific knowledge" in the sense of the German Wissenschaft, which in comparison to the natural sciences has the less technical meaning of "reflective , methodically disciplined knowledge." Indeed, in his introduction the author claims Marx worked out a view of science that rejected positivism in incorporating reflection on the relationship between theory and practice, in recognizing a dialectic of concept and fact, and in thematizing the historicity of theory. Moreover, Marx's science and his humanism are not external to each other, but rather are interrelated as they must be if this science is to have practical revolutionary significance. Another feature of the book not suggested in the title is the author's construction of an ongoing dialogue between Marx and Hegel. Hegel is viewed as important both for his methodological influence upon Marx, especially with the idea of immanent criticism , and as a foil by which Marx, in opposition to Hegel's idealist logic, develops his own non-aprioristic critique of philosophy and political economy. Murray meticulously organizes his text into two parts, each containing several divisions with further subdivisions that comprise a total of nineteen very concise and tightly argued chapters. The first part, entitled "Marx's Critique of Philosophy," treats Hegel's influence on Marx's doctoral dissertation, the break with Hegel that occurs in Marx's writings in 1843-44, Marx's critique of the Young Hegelians, the development of Marx's materialist perspective in opposition to idealism, and Marx's critique of Proudhon's confused Hegelianism. The main theme running through these discussions is that despite Marx's learning from Hegel of the "immanent approach" and the need for a rational mediation of form and content, 'is' and 'ought', and subject and object, nonetheless there are vicious dualisms in Hegel that vitiate the system of reconciliations worked out in his speculative philosophy and applied to politics and political economy. In particular, there is the gap between logic and reality due to the apriorism and abstractness of Hegel's logic, as witnessed in the inversion of subject and predicate and in the speculative syllogism. Hegel's "prefabricated logic" leads to failed mediations between unreconcilable opposites and thus, in simply fitting empirical facts into a logical schema, to uncritical social and political accomodations. Moreover, the appropriation of Hegel's speculative idealism by the Young Hegelians leads to an anthropology based on abstraction and uncritical acceptance of the egoistic individualism of civil society. Marx's historical materialism provides an alternative to the speculative philosophy of self-constituting Spirit by rethinking the relation of consciousness to being, and in particular by attending to the "logics of practical material life" and reconnecting the "co-constituting relation of nature and history" (69-75). Finally, with Marx's critique of Proudhon we have an important intersection between Marx's critique of philosophy and his critique of political economy. In both critiques, the theological and dualistic character of speculative reason is exposed. In Part Two, "Marx's Critique of Political Economy," Murray examines Marx's BOOK REVIEWS 145 methodological writings, especially in the Grundrisse, and his scientific practice as it is displayed in the first four chapters of Capital. Here we find that, despite his debt to Hegel regarding the method of immanent dialectical critique, Marx moves well beyond Hegel with an "empiricism of second intension," i.e., a dialectical approach that develops the logical categories of political economy a posteriori out of the subject matter at hand. Moreover, we discover that in contrast to Hegel's attempt to make the science of knowledge presuppositionless, which results in a formalism that reduces concrete categories to abstract ones, Marx "returns to epistemology" in taking the distinction between subject and object of knowledge seriously, and thereby gets back to the logic of the things themselves. Also, in contrast...

Toward a Consumer Culture: "Adirondack Murray" and the Wilderness Vacation

peutic or consumer culture in the late nineteenth century has been well documented. 1 The material underpinnings for this process seem relatively clear. The industrialization of America created greater material abundance and the opportunity for more leisure. The availability of products and leisure, however, was not an automatic sanction for their enjoyment by the American people nor did it indicate how they should be used. Indeed, the value placed on work and salvation in a Protestant culture could and did limit the exercise of such enjoyment and influence its content. Nonetheless, among those groups in the cities who had access to the new opportunities, there was considerable pressure as the nineteenth century wore on for the traditional custodians of culture to address this issue of consumption in the broadest sense. Affluent congregations needed guidance in how to use their time and money and ministers could provide it. Among the most influential of these leaders was William Henry Harrison lecturer, adventurer and minister of the Park Street Congregational Church of Boston. Murray was known to contemporaries both as the Beecher of Boston and as the Frank Forester of his day. Despite the fact that he served for four years as minister of one of America's most prestigious churches and published numerous volumes of sermons, his contemporaries were more likely to think of him as Murray, the advocate of wilderness camp-life. Indeed, the publication of Adventures in the Wilderness or Camp-life in the Adirondacks in 1869, according to Wendell Phillips, kindled a thousand campfires and taught a thousand pens how to write of nature.2 The coincident publication of Adventures in the Wilderness and the flood of summer tourists to the Adirondack region has led historians to argue a causal connection between these two events. In fact, although Murray's book must have speeded the process, it was inevitable that a wilderness area so close to major urban centers should attract visitors once adequate transportation and tourist accommodations were pro

Blueprint for Health: Medical Care Tomorrow

ABSTRACT Those readers who are interested in the opinions of a participant-observer unabashedly devoted to the British National Health Service (NHS) will wish to read Dr. Murray's book. His viewpoint, expressed in the introduction, aptly sets the tone for subsequent discussion: In the delivery of health care the European system is ahead of anything that has been suggested in the U.S. and the British National Health Service is more soundly based and more comprehensively developed than those it may join in the Common Market. While the author hopes that his look into Britain's future may be of help to those countries whose system of health care still lags behind the best, Blueprint for Health is ultimately addressed to planning for the NHS. This attempt to crystallize British views thereby looks at a number of questions from a largely parochial perspective.Brief discussions of health care in other countries precede Murray's focus

The Economy of Food: a Popular Treatise on Nutrition, Food, and Diet

THE subtitle of Mr. Alan Murray's book and the following extract from the preface will indicate its scope:-“The book is intended for students of domestic economy, cooks, caterers, housekeepers, and managers of institutions rather than for specialists in physiology, chemistry, and hygiene. The subject cannot be treated adequately without reference to the principles of these sciences; but the more difficult parts have been relegated to footnotes, and the use of technical terms in the text have been avoided as far as possible. The first section deals with the requirements of the body. The origin, properties, and composition of the commoner kinds of food are discussed in the second. In the third an attempt is made to combine these two branches in a form suitable for everyday use-to translate protein, carbohydrates, &c., into terms of bread and meat, i.e. of breakfast, dinner, and supper.” The Economy of Food: a Popular Treatise on Nutrition, Food, and Diet. By J. Alan Murray. Pp. xii + 253. (London: Constable and Co., Ltd., 1911.) 3s. 6d. net.