Calabura Research Articles

Augmented barrier properties of poly (lactic acid) composite packaging film reinforced by antibacterial hybrid bio‐filler: Extending the shelf life of fruits

AbstractThis work investigates the construction of biodegradable packaging film based on polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with a novel antibacterial hybrid nanofiller to improve barrier and mechanical properties. The study focuses on incorporating silver‐ingrained silica particles (Ag–In–Si) into PLA matrix to prepare the packaging film (Ag–In–SiPLA) that has superior antibacterial, and barrier property with negligible oxygen and water vapour penetration. The Ag was synthesized using natural neem leaf extract as a reducing agent. To ingrain silver over rice husk silica (Si) an in situ technique was adopted. Hence called Ag‐In‐Si bio‐filler. The Ag–In–SiPLA films were fabricated using melt blending and sheet extrusion methods by means of a micro‐compounder. The addition of rice husk silica served the purpose of cost‐effectiveness of the packaging film along with the enhancement of the oxygen and water barrier properties of the films. The optimized sample (PLA loaded with 3% Ag–In–Si), exhibited optimum transparency, moisture resistance, and barrier properties compared with control PLA film. The experiments on Muntingia calabura (Jamaica cherry) preservation have verified the remarkable effectiveness of Ag–In–SiPLA films in preserving their quality for an extended period. These biodegradable packaging films, composed of food‐grade materials and sustainable ingredients, have the potential to provide a compostable and environmentally friendly solution for various packaging applications. This research shed light on the antibacterial Ag–In–SiPLA film as a long‐term, high‐performance fruit packaging solution.Highlights Novel antibacterial PLA composite with enhanced barrier and mechanical properties. Silver‐ingrained silica particles improve antibacterial and barrier properties. Green synthesis of silver using neem leaf extract Melt blending and sheet extrusion used to create cost‐effective packaging films. Ag–In–SiPLA films extend Muntingia calabura preservation, proving effective.

Antibacterial Activity of Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Muntingia calabura Leaf Extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Antibacterial Activity of Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Muntingia calabura Leaf Extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Green synthesis of Ag/AgCl nanocomposites derived from Muntingia calabura L. leaves extract: antioxidant properties and catalytic activity in methylene blue degradation

ABSTRACT Ag/AgCl nanocomposites were synthesised using Muntingia calabura L. leaves extract for the first time and were used as antioxidants and catalysts in the degradation of methylene blue (MB). This study aimed to achieve the optimal conditions for synthesising Ag/AgCl nanocomposites using Muntingia calabura L. leaves extract and to examine their antioxidant and photocatalytic activities. Ag/AgCl nanocomposites were confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Zeta Potential analysis. Optimising various factors revealed that the optimum synthesis of Ag/AgCl nanocomposites involved mixing 3 mL of 2.5 mm AgNO3 with 7.5 mL of the extract and stirring continuously at 60°C for 100 min. The formed Ag/AgCl nanocomposites displayed mainly spherical shapes with some irregular forms, maintaining an average size of 69.04 nm and remaining stable for 6 months. In vitro studies on antioxidant activity using DPPH indicated that the Ag/AgCl nanocomposites exhibited outstanding free radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 of 62.76 mg/L. In addition, Ag/AgCl nanocomposites showed a strong photodegradation potential for MB, with a degradation percentage of up to 82.12% in 210 min. Hence, the results offer a promising approach for the environmentally friendly synthesis of Ag/AgCl nanocomposites using Muntingia calabura L. leaves extract, with significant applications in antioxidants and photocatalysts.

Anti-aging Effect of Plant Leaf Extract of Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) on the Seminiferous Tubule of Mice Induced with D-galactose

One of aging-related changes in the testes in male is impairment of spermatogenic process that make spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids cells decreased which ultimately reduces fertility. There are many phytochemical compounds that are known to have anti-aging properties. One plant that is known to contain anti-aging compounds is the kersen or Jamaica cherry (Muntingia calabura L.). This study aims to reveal whether the phytochemicals in kersen leaf extract can restore the number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and spermatids, as well as the diameter and thickness of the seminiferous tubule epithelium in d-galactose-induced mice. There were 5 groups tested in this study. Group-1 was normal mice that were not induced and given the extract. Group-2 was a negative control where mice were induced with d-galactose but not treated. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were given 35, 70, and 105 mg/kg of cherry leaf extract, respectively. The results showed that kersen leaf extract was proven to be able to restore the number of spermatogonia cells, primary spermatocytes, and spermatids as well as restore the diameter and thickness of the seminiferous tubule epithelium. Thus, it can be concluded that kersen leaf extract has anti-aging properties in mice induced by d-galactose.

Molecular characterization of begomovirus and DNA satellites associated with mosaic and leaf curl disease of Jamaica cherry (Muntingia calabura) in India: Uncovering a new host for chilli leaf curl India virus.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-024-00891-w.

Wound care used topical ointment made from a combination of cherry leaf extract (Muntingia calabura L) and manuka honey on the healing process of superficial second-degree burns: a case report

Background: Burns are one of the most common accidental injuries in the community. Improper treatment of burns can lead to disability and even death. Applying topical therapy aims to reduce excessive collagen repositioning and accelerate healing. We tried treating burn wounds with an ointment that uses a combination of cherry leaf extract and manuka honey to test the effectiveness of wound healing.Case presentation: We report two cases of superficial burns that underwent wound treatment using an ointment containing cherry leaf extract and manuka honey.Conclusion: Wound treatment with an ointment containing cherry leaf extract and manuka honey can speed up the healing process in patients with superficial second-degree burns.

Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Immune Response and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Muntingia Calabura Leaf Extract

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of feeding Muntingia calabura leaf extract on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune response and meat quality of broiler chickens. 500 1-day old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly distributed into five treatments of five replicates consisting of ten birds each in a completely randomized design model. Birds in treatment one (control) was fed basal diet alone which is adequate in all nutrients according to the recommendation of broilers while treatment two, three, four and five were fed same diet with Muntingia calabura leaf extract at 0.3 mL, 0.6 mL, 0.9 mL and 1.2 mL per liter of water correspondingly. The duration of the experiment was 56 days and birds had unrestricted access to feed and fresh water. Body weight gain was higher in birds fed treatment four (2555.3 g) and five (2646.1 g), intermediate in treatment two (2346.6 g) and three (2365.1 g) and lower in treatment one (1948.8 g) (P<0.05). Total feed intake and dressing percentage was higher among birds fed Muntingia calabura leaf extract relative to the control (P<0.05). Conversely, mortality of 2.5 % was recorded in control followed by treatment two with 1.00 % none was recorded in the other treatment (P<0.05). Results on the breast muscle revealed that saturated and unsaturated fatty acid was 29.80 %, 41.83 % in control, treatment two (28.11 %, 55.94 %), three (27.19 %, 56.97 %), four (23.15 %, 73.69 %) and five (22.90 %, 73.74 %) in each case (P<0.05). Immunoglobulin A, G and M values were influenced (P<0.05) by the treatments. In conclusion, feeding Muntingia calabura leaf extract up to 1.2 mL/liter of water had no negative effect on the performance and health status of birds.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE, CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS, IMMUNE RESPONSE AND MEAT QUALITY OF BROILER CHICKENS FED MUNTINGIA CALABURA LEAF EXTRACT

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of feeding Muntingia calabura leaf extract on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune response and meat quality of broiler chickens. 500 1-day old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly distributed into five treatments of five replicates consisting of ten birds each in a completely randomized design model. Birds in treatment one (control) was fed basal diet alone which is adequate in all nutrients according to the recommendation of broilers while treatment two, three, four and five were fed same diet with Muntingia calabura leaf extract at 0.3 mL, 0.6 mL, 0.9 mL and 1.2 mL per liter of water correspondingly. The duration of the experiment was 56 days and birds had unrestricted access to feed and fresh water. Body weight gain was higher in birds fed treatment four (2555.3 g) and five (2646.1 g), intermediate in treatment two (2346.6 g) and three (2365.1 g) and lower in treatment one (1948.8 g) (P<0.05). Total feed intake and dressing percentage was higher among birds fed Muntingia calabura leaf extract relative to the control (P<0.05). Conversely, mortality of 2.5 % was recorded in control followed by treatment two with 1.00 % none was recorded in the other treatment (P<0.05). Results on the breast muscle revealed that saturated and unsaturated fatty acid was 29.80 %, 41.83 % in control, treatment two (28.11 %, 55.94 %), three (27.19 %, 56.97 %), four (23.15 %, 73.69 %) and five (22.90 %, 73.74 %) in each case (P<0.05). Immunoglobulin A, G and M values were influenced (P<0.05) by the treatments. In conclusion, feeding Muntingia calabura leaf extract up to 1.2 mL/liter of water had no negative effect on the performance and health status of birds.

THE EFFECT OF MATURITY ON PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, AND NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF MUNTINGIA CALABURA FRUITS CULTIVATED IN INDONESIA

Objective: Cultivation location and maturity levels could affect Muntingia calabura's bioactive compounds and biological activities. The present investigation evaluated two different maturity stages (young and ripened) of Indonesian M. calabura on their phytochemical constituents (total phenolic [TP] and total flavonoid [TF]), antioxidant activity, and nutrition composition. Material and Method: The TP and TF were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and ammonium chloride (AlCl3). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS). Nutrition composition: total soluble solids (TSS) were determined by the gravimetric method; soluble sugars used anthrone-sulfuric acid colorimetric assays; and vitamin C established 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) titration. Result and Discussion: The ripened fruit presented the most potent antioxidant activity. DPPH and ABTS IC50 values were 28.38 ± 0.84 µg/ml and 29.92 ± 3.05 µg/ml, respectively. In contrast, the young fruit exhibited the highest TP (56.85 ± 1.08 mg/g GAE) and TF (8.45 ± 0.65 mg QE). Our findings additionally suggested that ripened fruit was a good source of nutrients, such as soluble sugar (SS; 12.34 ± 0.76%) and vitamin C (21.88 ± 2.73 mg/g).

Visible-light responsive CuO-ZnO nanostructure synthesized using Muntingia calabura extract for efficient H2O2 evolution and organic pollutant degradation

In this study, ZnO-CuO heterostructures were synthesized via a green approach using Muntingia calabura leaf extract with insights into the precursor ratio for enhanced photocatalytic performance. The synthesized materials were characterized by modern analytic methods, including X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, which elucidated the presence of CuO nanospheres and ZnO semi-cuboids. Thanks to a lower bandgap of 2.24 eV compared to pristine ZnO (2.82 eV), better visible light absorption, and longer charge lifetime, the optimal ZC16 sample, corresponding to a Cu:Zn ratio of 1:16, achieved a hydrogen peroxide production of 350.23 μM under visible light that was further increased to 478.98 μM with oxygen aeration. In addition, ZC16 also demonstrated excellent photodegradation performance towards malachite green (95.82 %) and tetracycline (97.78 %). Disclosure into the photocatalytic mechanism of both processes revealed the significant roles of active radicals, which have proven the environmentally friendly and cost-efficient synthesis pathway of ZnO-CuO heterostructures for environmental remediation and clean energy applications.

Exploration and Investigation of Antifungal Activity of Plant Leaf Extracts on Growth of Scletorium rolfsii Sacc.

Botanical fungicides are fungicides derived from plants that produce chemical compounds that potentially inhibit microbial growth. These fungicides are safe because to its not harmful to humans and the environment. In the present study, the plant materials used often compete with plant materials used for food and medicine such as galangal rhizomes and betel leaves. Therefore, it is necessary to explore materials derived from plants that have not been widely utilized. So the research was conducted to determine the effect of leaf extracts from several plants on the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. the fungus that causes wilt disease in plants and determines the level of antifungal activity. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD). The leaf extracts used were from the plants Muntingia calabura, Terminalia cattapa, Syzygium oleina, Morinda citrifolia, Dimocarpus longan, and Artocarpus altilis with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 0% as control. The data obtained were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT). The results showed that all treatments used could inhibit the growth of S. rolfsii Sacc because they were significantly different from the control. It was determined that antifungal activity in leaf extracts of M. calabura, T. cattapa, S. oleina, and D. longan was very strong, and also A. altilis had a strong antifungal activity, while M. citifolia had a moderate antifungal activity.

Pengembangan Komposisi Terbaik Bahan Baku Olahan Sabun Organik Daun Kersen (Sodasen) Sebagai Bodycare

Kersen leaves can be processed into bodycare in the form of liquid soap called Sodasen (Kersen Leaf Organic Soap). This product in the form of organic soap made from cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura) not only prioritizes skin health, but also offers an entrepreneurial concept based on sustainability and concern for the environment. The making of Sodasen has been carried out by the Entrepreneurship Student Creativity Program Team (PKM-K) of Forestry Study Program Students with the guidance of one of the service team lecturers. However, there are still obstacles in developing the best composition to produce marketable Sodasen. Based on this, it is necessary to conduct training and assistance to partners (PKM-K Team) to find the best formula or composition production technology in making Sodasen soap and carry out SNI standard soap quality test testing so that Sodasen soap products can be in demand by the market. The results of liquid soap quality testing obtained the best Sodasen liquid soap composition at a concentration of 10% meeting SNI standards on liquid soap quality.

Formulation of Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Flour with Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) Cookies as a Interlude Food

Formulation of Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Flour with Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) Cookies as a Interlude Food

Healing of diabetic ulcers using jamaican cherry leaf extract cream (Muntingia calabura l.) based on collagen density in white rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Abstract This research aims to determine the potential of jamaican cherry leaf extract cream (JCLEC) to accelerate the healing process of diabetic ulcers in white rat based on collagen density. The research used 4 month old male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were divided into K0 (negative control), KP (silver sulfadiazine), K1 (5% JCLEC), K2 (10% JCLEC), and K3 (15% JCLEC). An incision was made on the back of the rat then given JCLEC. Days 3, 7, and 14 after treatment, the wound tissue was collected after the rat were euthanized. Skin tissue was processed and stained with picrosirious red. The rate of wound healing was observed. Collagen density was presented in scoring. Based on the treatment group and observation time, there was a significant difference in collagen density between the treatment groups compared to the control (P<0.05). Based on the treatment group, the scoring of the collagen density was 1.78±0.6 (K0); 2.56±0.88 (KP); 1.78±0.4 (K1); 2.56±0.88 (K2); and 3.1±0.78 (K3). Based on observation time, the average collagen density scoring was 1.8±0.3 (D-3); 2.6±0.4 (D-7); and 2.8±0.6 (D-14). The conclusion is the 15% JCLEC has the potential to accelerate the healing of diabetic ulcers in white rats by stimulate collagen density.

Ag-doped CuO nanoparticles embedded reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite from Punica granatum peel extract and evaluation of their photocatalytic activity and antimicrobial potential

The present study explored Punica granatum peel extract as a reducing and capping agent for synthesis of Ag-doped CuO nanoparticles embedded reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite. The crystalline nature of the Ag doped CuO/rGO was identified utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The surface morphology of Ag doped CuO/rGO was investigated by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The surface elemental composition of the prepared material was investigated by the Energy dispersive spectra (EDS) analysis. Ag resulted in enhanced absorbance in the visible range as well as a reduction in band gap energy. The catalytic activity of the green synthesized Ag doped CuO/rGO photocataltyst was evaluated in the reduction of organic pollutants such as 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methylene blue (MB) in water at mild conditions. The results indicated that the biosynthesized Ag-CuO/rGO composites have very high and effective catalytic activity over MB dye (99.5 %), high rate constant (0.9871 min−1) and long term stability with 60 min irradiation of UV light. In addition, initial process parameters of catalyst dosage and MB concentration, and pH of the solution were also examined. Differential antimicrobial effects of doped and undoped CuO nanoparticles (NPs) against selected strains of bacteria and fungi were confirmed.

Antibacterial Test of Cherry Leaves Ethanol Extract (Muntingia calabura L.) Against Streptococcus mutans

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is a bacteria that plays an important role in the occurrence of dental caries. Use of antibiotics to treat infections Streptococcus mutans often causes side effects. Cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) contain active compounds that have the potential to have antibacterial effects. This research aims to determine the inhibitory power of cherry leaf ethanol extract against Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Methods: This research uses an experimental method with a post-test-only control group design. Cherry leaf ethanol extract was made by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent for 5 days. The antibacterial test was carried out using the paper disc diffusion method with varying concentrations of cherry leaf extract, namely 20%, 40%, and 60% w/v dissolved in 10% DMSO. The positive control used was the amoxicillin antibiotic disc, while the negative control used 10% DMSO. Results: The results of the antibacterial test of the ethanol extract of cherry leaves in this study showed that at a concentration of 20% it had an average inhibitory power of 9.16 mm, the extract with a concentration of 40% had an inhibitory power of 11.33 mm, and at a concentration of 60% it had an inhibitory power of 12. 16mm. The positive control amoxicillin had an inhibitory power of 18.67 mm. Conclusion: Cherry leaf ethanol extract has potential as an alternative therapy to overcome Streptococcus mutans bacterial infections.

Fluorometric Determination of Fe3+ Ions using Carbon Dots Prepared from the Extract of Singapore Cherry

Background: The development of affordable and ecologically acceptable technologies for heavy metal detection and removal is required due to the rising levels of water and soil pollution. Carbon Dots (CDs) have emerged as a promising nanomaterial for heavy metal detection due to their unique properties. In this study, we report a simple and eco-friendly method to produce CDs using Muntingia calabura fruit extract as a precursor. Methods: The hydrothermal method produced a well-defined size, structure, and optical properties of CDs, which were analyzed by using various characterization techniques, including Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Elemental mapping (E-map), UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Additionally, Zeta potential and DLS analysis were used to characterize the CDs. Results: As-synthesized CDs exhibited strong fluorescence emission, making them suitable for the selective determination of Fe3+ ions. The detection limit was found to be 3.6 μM for Fe3+ ions, which highlighted the potential application of as-prepared CDs in environmental monitoring. Conclusion: The green synthesized CDs from Muntingia calabura fruit extract provided a sustainable approach for developing efficient nanoprobes for detecting Fe3+ ions in environmental and biological samples.

The Combination of Kersen (Muntingia calabura) and Sirsak (Annona muricataL.) Leaf Extract as an Antioxidant Against Broiler Chicken Carcasses

Antioxidants are molecules that can slow down or prevent the oxidation process of other molecules. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of Kersen Leaf/KL (Muntingia calabura) and Sirsak Leaf/SL (Annona muricata L.) extracts as antioxidants on Cutting Weight, Carcass Weight and Carcass Percentage of broiler chickens. This research was conducted on Jl. Mekar Jaya No 38 Medan Selayang, North Sumatra in June - August 2023. The design used in this study was a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 repeats. Each repetition consists of 5 broiler chickens aged 35 days. The treatment consisted of P0 (without extract), P1 (KL extract 9%), P2 (SL extract 9%), P3 (KL extract 6% + SL extract 3%) and P4 (KL extract 3% + SL extract 6%). The parameters observed were cutting weight, carcass weight and carcass percentage. The results showed that the use of a combination of KL and SL extracts as antioxidants had a real effect on cutting weight and carcass weight with an average of 1491.67-1773.60 g/head and 1067-1267 g/head respectively. However, it did not have a real effect on carcass percentage with an average of 71.16%-72.14%. In conclusion, application of kersen leaf 6% combine with sirsak leaf 3% extract caused thee best results on cutting weight and carcass weight

Exploring the anti-acne potential of Muntingia calabura L leaves against Staphylococcus epidermidis: In vitro and in silico perspective

Introduction: Muntingia calabura is a medicinal plant possessing antimicrobial properties against various bacteria. The purpose of this study was to examine in vitro and in silico activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of M. calabura leaves against the acne-causing commensal bacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis. Methods: In this study, M. calabura leaves were extracted using ethanol and then further fractionated with ethyl acetate. The phytochemicals in the fraction were identified with thin layer chromatography (TLC). The activity of the fraction was then tested in S. epidermidis culture using the agar diffusion method. Additionally, the molecular docking of M. calabura phytochemicals constituents was simulated to teicoplanin-associated locus regulator (TcaR) of S. epidermidis. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of M. calabura exhibited robust antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis culture, resulting in inhibition zones ranging from 5 to 10 mm. The fraction was found to contain flavonoids, saponins, and tannins as identified constituents. Further, during the molecular docking analysis, stigmasterol and 7-methoxyflavone demonstrated binding to TcaR with a lower and comparable binding energy of -7.40 and -6.19 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to the control drug, Penicillin-G (-6.40 kcal/mol). Conclusion: M. calabura has the potential to serve as a valuable source of active phytochemical compounds for addressing acne. Further studies are needed to isolate and evaluate each compound found in M. calabura individually against S. epidermidis.

Ameliorative Effect of Jamaican Cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaf Extract Toward Glucose Control and Immune Cells Modulation in High Fat Diet-Administrated Mice

Hyperglycemia is a dangerous condition in which too much glucose circulates in the blood plasma and is the leading cause of diabetes mellitus. It is a complex condition with varying degrees that can change over time, mainly owing to metabolic factors that reduce insulin secretion, decrease glucose use, and increase glucose production. This study aims to evaluate Muntingia calabura leaf extract's effect on glucose control and immune cell modulation in high-fat diet-administrated mice. According to the result, we found that M. calabura leaf extract significantly reduced the fasting blood sugar. Importantly, M. calabura leaf extract exerts immunomodulation effects by suppressing the relative number of regulatory T cells in the hypoglycemic mice model. Finally, this study showed M. calabura leaf extract exerts ameliorative potency against hyperglycemia by lowering the blood sugar level and suppressing the regulatory T cells. These results suggested that M. calabura leaf extract could develop into complementary and alternative medicine.