Munitions Systems Research Articles

Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance according to Surface treatment of Installed Ammunition Case(ALDC12)

The Remote Control Munition System is a anti-personnel munitions system to replace land mines that are hard to retrieve and can inflict damage on friendly forces and civilians. As operating environments and methods change, quality improvement is necessary to ensure appropriate durability. Therefore, corrosion resistance evaluation was performed according to the surface treatment of ALDC12, the main assembly material. We conduct the potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic corrosion test to perform analysis on corrosion behavior. Additionally, we try to observe the pitting on the surface through SEM analysis. In conclusion, among the three surface treatments, Anodizing surface treatment is judged to be the most suitable for corrosion durability in a field environment.

Design of a weaponized drone munitions system with a bomb simulation using PVC material

Design of a weaponized drone munitions system with a bomb simulation using PVC material

Research on Architecture Modeling of Aviation-guided Munitions System Based on MBSE

In order to explore the forward R & D mode of aviation-guided munitions, an architecture modeling method of aviation-guided munitions weapon system based on MBSE(Model Based System Engineering) is proposed. Based on MBSE typical methodology and SysML language, taking a certain type of aviation-guided munition as an example, the system architecture model is constructed, and the design process including the requirements analysis, functional logic analysis, architecture balance and analysis, and scheme detailed design of aviation-guided munitions is described. The simulation analysis and verification are carried out, and the complete description of the continuous dynamic behavior of the aviation-guided munitions system architecture is realized. The research results can provide support for the scheme design and agile research and development of aviation-guided munitions equipment.

Multi-Agent Drone as Loitering Munition System to Support Military Operations Carrying Out Policy Mandate

Multi-Agent Drone as Loitering Munition System to Support Military Operations Carrying Out Policy Mandate

Study on the dispersal dynamics of terminal sensitive bullet without parachutes and wings

A high initial velocity, high rotation velocity, orientational and instantaneous dispersal is the prerequisite for realizing the steady-state scanning motion of the Terminal Sensitive Bullet without parachutes and wings (called TSB in present work). In order to meet this special dispersal requirement of the TSBs (who are carried by airborne dispensers), we firstly designed the inertial kinetic energy dispersal scheme and connection-unfold mechanism between the TSB and the carrier, and theoretically proved the feasibility of the scheme from the perspective of kinematics. Further through the analysis of multi-body dynamics, the relationship between the offset angle of the TSB after unfolded and the initial rotational velocity is obtained. Then, on this basis, a centrifugal unlocking separation mechanism was designed, and a dynamic model of the centrifugal unlocking mechanism was established considering the non-linear factors of friction. By numerically solving the dynamic equations, the effects of stiffness/mass ratio, contact pressure of a sleeve, angular acceleration of the cluster munition system and control parameters of the friction model on the performance of separation mechanism are analysed. And compared with the high-fidelity simulation results obtained by multi-body dynamics solver ADAMS, the reliability of the centrifugal unlocking separation mechanism was verified. The research results can provide some technical supports for the dispersal and separation designs of terminal sensitive cluster munitions.

임진전쟁기 조선과 명의 전쟁인식과 군수정책

War is crucial enough to determine the existence of a nation by including a large number of troops, weapons systems, and a munitions system, enormous human and material costs. The war in the Joseon Dynasty was not a level of regime change but a serious history connected with the survival of the kingdom or empire. In this regard, the traditional era tried to use diplomatic means other than war as much as possible. In relation to the Imjin War, the Ming troops participated in the war due to the dispatch of Joseon and the sense of crisis of the Ming. However, a basic review of the Ming is needed. There is little analysis of what the Ming was like and its military environment during the war. In addition, the Ming''s participation in the crisis was not only analyzed, but the status of the Ming and its perception of Joseon as an emperor country were not analyzed. As Ming and neighboring countries in the Ming-centered international order, Joseon had obligations and rights of state relations. As an emperor, the Ming had the right to demand tribute to Joseon, as well as to save the crisis of Joseon. When the Imjin War broke out, the Ming entered the war with the real purpose of responding to the crisis with the justification of saving Joseon as the emperor. When the Ming sent troops to neighboring countries, the military recognized the various military systems as its burden to maintain its authority and status as the military of the emperor. Therefore, the Ming planned to provide various military supplies while dispatching troops. However, the commanders of the dispatched Ming troops actually handed over the duty of military procurement to Joseon, which was conscious of and accepted Ming''s authority.

A Review on IMX‐101 and IMX‐104 Melt‐Cast Explosives: Insensitive Formulations for the Next‐Generation Munition Systems

AbstractIMX‐101 and IMX‐104 are novel insensitive melt‐pour explosives developed and produced by BAE Systems at the Holston Army Ammunition Plant (HSAAP). The U.S. Army has selected these two explosives as common low‐cost replacements for legacy explosives TNT and Composition‐B used in indirect fire weapons such as artillery and mortar munition systems. This paper will review the literature related to the properties and manufacturing processes of IMX‐101 and IMX‐104, including their physicochemical, thermal, explosive, and sensitivity properties as well as their behavior in Insensitive Munition (IM) tests specifically designed to simulate real threats and hazards faced by a munition on the battlefield. IMX‐101 has been qualified and is currently fielded in the 155 mm M795 and the 105 mm M1 rounds. IMX‐104 has been integrated into various mortar projectiles including the 60 and 81 mm rounds and is being evaluated as a main explosive charge in the next‐generation 155 mm family of ammunition, which includes the XM1128 Extended Range High Explosive round and the XM1113 Rocket Assisted Projectile (RAP).

Research on the Decrease of Dud Ammunition Rate of Grenade Fuzes of Remote Controlled Munition System(For practice) through Quality Improvement

Research on the Decrease of Dud Ammunition Rate of Grenade Fuzes of Remote Controlled Munition System(For practice) through Quality Improvement

Improving Reliability Understanding Through Estimation and Prediction with Usage Information

ABSTRACT Using information about the usage or exposure of a complex system in addition to its age can provide additional understanding about mechanisms driving change in reliability as well as potentially improve the prediction. Both the individual reliability of particular units as well as population reliability can be improved with the inclusion of additional explanatory factors. In this article we consider an example based on a complex munition system. Using age alone to predict reliability can provide some information, but differences between units of the same age cannot be discerned. Subpopulations of the stockpile can be identified to help improve estimation, but the largest gains in understanding of the mechanisms driving change in reliability and prediction of future performance come from incorporating usage information.

Investigation of HMX‐Based Nanocomposites

AbstractAdvanced munition systems require explosives which are more insensitive, powerful, and reactive. For this reason, nano‐crystalline explosives present an attractive alternative to conventional energetics. In this study, formulations consisting of 95 % octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) and 5 % polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) were prepared with mean crystal sizes ranging from 300 nm to 2 μm. The process to create these materials used a combination of mechanical particle size reduction and spray drying, which has the advantages of direct control of crystal size and morphology as well as the elimination of ripening of crystals (which occurs during slurry coating of nanomaterials). The basic physical characteristics of these formulations were determined using a variety of techniques, including scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Compressive stress‐strain tests on pressed pellets revealed that the mechanical properties of the compositions improved with decreasing crystal size, consistent with Hall‐Petch mechanics. The 300 nm HMX/PVOH composition demonstrated a 99 % and 129 % greater strength and stiffness, respectively, than the composition with 2 μm HMX. The formulations were subjected to the Small Scale Gap Test, revealing a significant reduction in shock sensitivity with decreasing crystal size. The formulation containing 300 nm HMX registered a shock initiation pressure 1.6 GPa above that of the formulation with 2 μm HMX, a 44 % improvement in sensitivity. These results serve to highlight the relevance of structure‐property relationships in explosive compositions, and particularly elucidate the substantial benefits of reducing the high explosive crystal size to nano‐scale dimensions.

RFID 기술을 이용한 피아식별 지뢰 설계

In this paper, a novel IFF(Identification of Friend and Foe) landmine system has been designed and fabricated using RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) wireless communication system. The IFF landmine system is composed of RECOMS(Remote Controlled Munition System), RFID reader and RFID tag. When the friendly forces have been identified by RFID wireless communication, the IFF landmine is unloaded automatically and indicates the warning message to the operator. Through the discussion, the detailed designs and the test results of identification distance have been described and antenna revision plans for improving the performance have been mentioned.

Simulation on Networked Munitions System Control with Time Delay

Networked munitions system is becoming more and more important with the development of modern electronic technology. This new generation of ground-based munitions are much more intelligent for the capability they have to trace targets, communicate with each other and order a killing node for vehicles caught in the kill-zone . It is useful to study and attempt to model through simulations the interaction between enemy targets and the whole munitions system . This paper is to propose a simulation-based model to study the performances of the weapon system. Especially, the sensors which sense the environment and the weapons which attack the targets are connected with wireless networks that will bring time delay to the system. We focus our efforts to evaluate how time delays from wireless communication affect the control performance of the weapon. This study introduces models for sensors and communication routing mechanisms , as well as the servo system and vehicle targets. A series of simulation trials to analyze and compare the effects of time delays have on the killing efficiency. The results of the study indicate in general that communication delay have the most effect on the systems.

Synthesis and Characterization of Bisimidazolylfuroxan Derivatives

Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong P.O. Box 35-5 (TRC-3-6), Daejeon 305-600, KoreaReceived February 15, 2013, Accepted March 5, 2013Key Words : Imidazole, Furoxan, Dioxadiazine, Dipolar cyclization, Energetic materialSince TNT and its mixture were introduced into warfaretechnology, various explosives have been continuouslydeveloped. Consequently, there has been remarkable successto synthesize much higher energetic materials such as RDX,HMX, HNIW and so on. However, recent interest in muni-tions system focused on lower sensitivities to impact, shockand friction to reduce accidental initiation, along with higherperformance.

Thermomechanical Impact of Polyurethane Potting on Gun Launched Electronics

Electronics packages in precision guided munitions are used in guidance and control units, mission computers, and fuze-safe-and-arm devices. They are subjected to highg-loads during gun launch, pyrotechnic shocks during flight, and highg-loads upon impact with hard targets. To enhance survivability, many electronics packages are potted after assembly. The purpose of the potting is to provide additional structural support and shock damping. Researchers at the US Army recently completed a series of dynamic mechanical tests on a urethane-based potting material to assess its behavior in an electronics assembly during gun launch and under varying thermal launch conditions. This paper will discuss the thermomechanical properties of the potting material as well as simulation efforts to determine the suitability of this potting compound for gun launched electronics. Simulation results will compare stresses and displacements for a simplified electronics package with and without full potting. An evaluation of the advantages and consequences of potting electronics in munitions systems will also be discussed.

Electrokinetic treatment of firing ranges containing tungsten-contaminated soils

Tungsten-based alloys and composites are being used and new formulations are being considered for use in the manufacturing of different types of ammunition. The use of tungsten heavy alloys (WHA) in new munitions systems and tungsten composites in small caliber ammunition could potentially release substantial amounts of this element into the environment. Although tungsten is widely used in industrial and military applications, tungsten's potential environmental and health impacts have not been thoroughly addressed. This necessitates the research and development of remedial technologies to contain and/or remove tungsten from soils that may serve as a source for water contamination. The current work investigates the feasibility of using electrokinetics for the remediation of tungsten-contaminated soils in the presence of other heavy metals of concern such as Cu and Pb with aim to removing W from the soil while stabilizing in situ, Pb and Cu.

The Nimic Energetic Materials Compendium (EMC)

Building on an earlier document published in hard copy form by the NATO Insensitive Munitions Information Centre (NIMIC) in 1994, the NIMIC staff is continuing work on a database of energetic ingredients and formulations that have application in munitions systems. This compendium contains descriptive information, performance data, mechanical properties, and results of hazard assessment and insensitive munitions (IM) testing. The new edition of the Energetic Materials Compendium (EMC), produced in electronic format, is currently available to NIMIC member nations and contains information on ingredients and high explosives. Currently, details on over 200 high explosive formulations that exhibit reduced vulnerability are included, along with information on more commonly used formulations provided for comparison. The process of expanding and updating the information that has already been compiled will be an on going task in order to keep this tool current. Updates will be provided at regular intervals on the latest ingredients, in the form of data sheets, and formulations. A new section concerning solid rocket propellant formulations is also being developed. Due to the sensitivity of information on rocket propellants, some of the information included is generic in nature and relates in some cases to propellant "families" rather than individual formulations. We envision the use of the EMC as a tool particularly for weapons system developers and formulators to aid in the selection of insensitive energetic material to meet their specific needs. It is hoped that the EMC will become a valuable reference tool for anyone looking for information on international energetic material formulations.

Improved Deployment Characteristics of a Tether-Connected Munition System

This study investigates theeffectofa tetherreel resistancemechanism intended to improve theunreeling process of a tether line connected to two projectiles comprising a munition system. The munition system considered is released from an aircraft at altitude and falls toward a target on the ground. Reel resistance models, based on feasiblemechanisms,aregeneratedasfunctionsofdropspeed,projectilemass,dragcoefe cientratio,andtetherline stiffness. Reel cone gurations are determined to decrease tether line loads, maximum acceleration on the follower projectile, time to reach a steady-state condition, and terminal miss distance. Reel resistance based on either the tetherlinepay outorthetetherpay outrateprovidesa powerful meansto improvesystem performance.Resistance as a function of tether line pay out yields theoverall best performance; however, resistancebased on tetherline pay out rate provides suitable performance over a wider band of drop speeds, mass ratios, and drag coefe cient ratios. Nomenclature An = projected area of the follower object Awi = wetted area of the ith element CDn = coefe cient of drag for the follower object Cfp = coefe cient of the e at-plate drag Csf = coefe cient of the skin-friction drag ci = damping coefe cient for the ith element Fr = resistance force of the reel FTj = magnitude of the elastic line force for the jth element Ir = mass moment of inertia for the reel i = bead index j = line element index ki = stiffness coefe cient for the ith element li = unstretched length of the ith element m j = mass of the jth bead ml = tether line mass per unit length mr = mass of the reel n = number of the follower object r = effective radius of the tether reel ri = directional vector of the ith element s = total length of tether line unspooled from the tether reel

Two Projectiles Connected by a Flexible Tether Dropped in the Atmosphere

Abstract : This study investigates the atmospheric flight dynamics of a munition system that is released from an aircraft at altitude and drops toward a target on the ground. The munition system consists of two projectiles connected by a tether line. Initially, the two projectiles are rigidly attached. At a specified time, the projectiles separate and subsequently unreel the tether line. After the tether line is fully payed out, the system settles toward a steady state as it approaches the ground. It is shown that while projectile position results converge for a relatively low number of tether line elements, the maximum tether loads require a significantly larger number of elements. For a low follower-to-lead projectile mass ratio, the tether line unreeling process is predominantly due to the follower and lead projectile separation. Conversely, for a high follower-to-lead projectile mass ratio, the tether line tends to billow and subsequently unreel itself, independent of the lead and follower projectile motion.