Municipal Water Supply System Research Articles

Selection of Water Transmission Method and Analysis of Pipe Network Zoning in Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Design

With the acceleration of urbanization, the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly. In the planning of urban construction, it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources. Therefore, the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city. In this paper, we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods. Besides, the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed, so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.

Trihalomethanes monitoring and their seasonal variation in urban municipal water supply system in North India

Trihalomethanes monitoring and their seasonal variation in urban municipal water supply system in North India

Enhanced harris hawks optimization based load frequency control of multi area microgrid based water treatment plant with consideration of 3DOF-(FO-PIDN)/(TIDN) controller

Municipal water supply system (WSS) consist of different pumping stages viz. intake, water treatment plant (WTP) and intermediate pumping station (IPS). Usually, the power supply for WSS is obtained through public power tapping sources. However, this often leads to load shedding and disruption of the water supply. This paper focuses on the concept, considering WSS as a multi-source multi-area microgrid scheme, this includes renewable energy sources (RES) such as solar, wind, etc. Moreover, the study incorporates a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and a Diesel Engine Generator (DEG) to provide power supply during peak demand at each pumping station. Frequency control is essential for optimizing system performance. This paper proposes Enhanced Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm (EHHO) based PID controller for regulating the frequency in the multi-microgrid-based water supply system. The proposed controller is implemented in MATLAB simulation software, and its response is compared with other optimization methods such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO). Moreover, implementation and comparison of higher degree order controller such as 3DOF-FOPIDN controller and 3DOF-TIDN controllers are tested under PSO method to observe the performance as well as robustness of the controller. The results indicate that the proposed controller provides better performance in controlling the load frequency deviation, thus improving the efficiency and reliability of the multi-microgrid system for consideration of municipal water supply.

Toxicological characteristics of drinking water in two large-scale municipal water supply systems of a metropolitan city in Central China.

Drinking water safety is threatened by numerous toxic organic pollutants difficult to chemically monitor. This study aimed to determine the toxicological profiles of organic extracts (OEs) of water samples from source to tap in two drinking water supply systems in a metropolitan city, Central China, during different hydrological periods. Mortality, DNA damage, growth, and development of Caenorhabditis elegans were evaluated following exposure to OEs. The median lethal doses of OEs of drinking water samples (n = 48) ranged from 266 REF (relative enrichment factor) to > 1563 REF. When tested at a dose of 100 REF, 56.25% (27/48) of OEs induced genotoxicity, 4.17% (2/48) inhibited the growth, and 45.83% (22/48) decreased the offspring number in C. elegans. No clear temporal-spatial variation patterns of the OEs toxicity indicators were observed. The correlations among the toxicity indicators were generally poor. The observed toxicities were not closely related to the level of dissolved organic carbon in drinking water. These findings support using multiple endpoint bioassays, such as C. elegans-based approaches, as complementary tools to conventional chemical analysis for drinking water quality monitoring.

Significance of MnO2 Type and Solution Parameters in Manganese Removal from Water Solution.

A very low concentration of manganese (Mn) in water is a critical issue for municipal and industrial water supply systems. Mn removal technology is based on the use of manganese oxides (MnOx), especially manganese dioxide (MnO2) polymorphs, under different conditions of pH and ionic strength (water salinity). The statistical significance of the impact of polymorph type (akhtenskite ε-MnO2, birnessite δ-MnO2, cryptomelane α-MnO2 and pyrolusite β-MnO2), pH (2-9) and ionic strength (1-50 mmol/L) of solution on the adsorption level of Mn was investigated. The analysis of variance and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis H test were applied. Before and after Mn adsorption, the tested polymorphs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope techniques and gas porosimetry analysis. Here we demonstrated the significant differences in adsorption level between MnO2 polymorphs' type and pH; however, the statistical analysis proves that the type of MnO2 has a four times stronger influence. There was no statistical significance for the ionic strength parameter. We showed that the high adsorption of Mn on the poorly crystalline polymorphs leads to the blockage of micropores in akhtenskite and, contrary, causes the development of the surface structure of birnessite. At the same time, no changes in the surfaces of cryptomelane and pyrolusite, the highly crystalline polymorphs, were found due to the very small loading by the adsorbate.

Assessing human exposure to phthalate esters in drinking water migrated from various pipe materials and water filter elements during water treatments and storage.

Plastic water-supply pipes and filter element are frequently used in municipal water supply systems. Leaching of phthalate esters (PAEs) from these pipes and filter elements to drinking water has become a common concern among the public. In this study, the migrations of 16 phthalate esters (PAEs) in seven different kinds of water-supply product materials were investigated. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) had the highest detection frequency of 54.4% in the water leaching samples of various water supply pipes and water filter elements samples, followed by Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP, 46/90, 51.1%). The maximum detected concentration level for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and DBP in the leaching experiment was below the regulatory limit values of 8µg/L, 300µg/L, and 3µg/L for each compound in China standards for drinking water quality. The increasing of the water temperature, the lower pH of the water, and the increasing of the leaching time will increase the migration of PAEs from plastic pipes into water. The chronic daily intake of children aged < 1-12years to PAEs through drinking water was higher than the rest of the population groups. Carcinogenic risks (CR) of DEHP via drinking water were neglectable for most groups of people, while for young children with age of 1-2years old, the CR is an acceptable risk.

SWOT Matrix as a tool for diagnosing the municipal water supply system of a small city: a case study

Small municipalities often face challenges related to their water supply systems, such as limited financial resources, low population densities and limited organizational capacity. In this context, this study aimed to diagnose the water supply system in the city of Quatro Pontes - PR, which serves 2,628 economies, through SWOT analysis. This analysis consisted of determining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the system, listed based on reports from employees and visual inspections. It was found that the system presents factors already documented for small municipalities with autonomous services, such as the strengths “good water quality” and “easy maintenance”, as well as the weaknesses “few financial resources applied” and “outdated pricing policy”. In addition, opportunities were mentioned, such as technological innovations in the sector, and threats related to water waste and contamination by pesticides. The results presented depict the water supply system of the municipality and can direct managers to take advantage of opportunities and mitigate system threats.

Municipal water supplies efficiencies in Gaza Strip: a data envelopment analysis approach

This paper reports the findings of a research carried out to evaluate the efficiency of municipal water supply systems using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Input and output variables needed for DEA were identified using literature review and questionnaires. Input variables considered in this paper include Number of Connections (NC), Length of Water Network (LWN), Number of Employees (NE) and Maintenance and Operation Costs (MOC), while Total Revenues (TR) and Number of People Served (NPS) were used as output variables. Values of these variables were obtained for the existing 25 municipalities for the years of 2015, 2016 and 2017 and the averages of these variables were calculated and used in the model. The paper uses Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) model and Banker, Chames and Cooper (BCC) model. Results indicate that length of water network and maintenance and operation costs were the major sources of inefficiencies.

Environmental assessment of a single-family photocatalytic greywater treatment system based on the design and operating conditions

A life cycle assessment was carried out to compare the environmental impacts of an alternative water supply for toilet flushing in households with those of water currently supplied for this purpose through the municipal potable water network. In the proposed system, greywater from showers, baths and wash-hand basins is collected and treated using heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalysis. Several scenarios comprising different design and operating conditions were studied. Using the ReCiPe (H) 2016 method, the following environmental impact categories were assessed: global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, marine eutrophication, human carcinogenic toxicity, human non-carcinogenic toxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, and water consumption. The results show that for the water reuse device to be less impactful than the municipal water system in at least 7 of the selected impact categories by more than 20 %, the product between the number of reactors and the operating time should not exceed 8 reactors·h·day−1, also taking the influence of the UVA-LED's power into account. Of the 18 alternative scenarios analyzed, 14 present a potential for reducing the environmental impacts compared to the municipal water supply system in at least 7 of the 11 evaluated environmental impact categories. For instance, the municipal supply of one cubic meter of water and its subsequent wastewater treatment in the baseline scenario produces 4.21 kg CO2 eq·m−3, whereas only 1.62 kg CO2 eq·m−3 are produced in the optimum scenario of the greywater reuse system. Moreover, the use of solar photovoltaic panels as a source of electricity for the systems is found to be an effective measure to further improve the environmental performance, mainly for the impact categories of global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, and terrestrial acidification. The study also highlights the benefits of recycling components and materials in the end-of-life stage of the proposed system.

Influence of Hydraulic Model Complexity on Results of Water Age and Quality Simulation in Municipal Water Supply Systems

The age of water in the municipal water supply system is one of the main factors influencing water quality. To create a good quality hydraulic model, one must achieve a high level of calibration accuracy with real life measurement data. Before we start building our model, we must decide on the model’s level of detail, that is, its complexity. We must know if skeletonization of the network graph and different hydraulic timesteps have an influence on simulation results. This study strives to prove that this decision can lead to unforeseen problems during the calibration process, thus making it impossible to achieve the required calibration precision. In order to prove this, two different model variants were created with different levels of graph detail, and simulation data results were used to determine which model variant is best suited to achieve the highest fidelity simulation results. Following this, the chosen model was run with different hydraulic timestep settings, which made it possible to showcase the large influence this setting has on achieved results.

Study on Quality Control Countermeasures of Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Pipeline System Engineering Construction

Study on Quality Control Countermeasures of Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Pipeline System Engineering Construction

Design development alternatives for Alubijid Municipal water system in Misamis oriental, Philippines using EPANET

Providing safe and clean water is a concern and responsibility of the local government unit (LGU) in the Philippines. However, this is a great challenge to the LGU because of several factors such as availability of water supply, increasing population, low or no maintenance of existing water systems, and lack of engineering expertise. The general objective of this study is to come up with design development alternatives for Alubijid municipal water supply system in Misamis Oriental using EPANET. This study consists of two major stages, namely: the modelling stage and the design stage. The former includes modeling the physical features of the existing water supply system to EPANET. The design stage focused on the evaluation of the different sustainable alternatives available. The sources of potable water include groundwater through deepwell and surface water collected from springs. The design displays information on the projected population, supply-demand analysis, hydraulic design and analysis, and alternative network design for the area.

Experimental study on total coliform violations in the complied NH2CL, O3, and UV treated municipal water supply system.

Water quality has become a severe concern on a global scale, owing mostly to the rapid increase of the nation's development. According to Malaysia's Natural Resources and Environment Ministry, poor water management is the primary cause of the country's water quality problems. Many river systems are polluted by home and industrial pollutants, according to the findings of research in Malaysia and comparable difficulties in a few other nations. Hence, the following are the research's goals: (1) To look into what is causing the infractions. (2) To undertake the inquiry, develop a thorough hypothesis. (3) To detect dangerous germs by sampling the most usually infected regions. (4) To develop a test for Total Coliform violations in chlorine-treated water at the water treatment plant and in water distribution systems. As a result, the most major barrier to ensuring the safe delivery of treated water to consumers and protecting human health from water-related diseases is the drinking water treatment process. As a result, practically all water treatment systems around the world, including those in the USA, use a chlorine-based procedure to disinfect the water system during treatment. According to studies, the ideal way of disinfecting treated water is both safe and beneficial. Any sort of pandemic or biologically caused disease has no societal implications. Many countries began to suffer in 2009 as a result of e-coli and total coliform contamination in their water systems, leading to ambiguity in disinfection methods. Some water from UNMC's coolers was within the guidelines, while some exceed them. Water coolers at Block E (614 m) and Block B (605 m), for example, measured 12 CFU/100 ml and 11 CFU/100 ml, respectively. Water coolers should be cleaned regularly to ensure that they perform correctly. Further, the microbial population was found to be higher at water storage tanks than that is at the water cooler. This demonstrates how a water cooler fulfils its purpose of filtering and trapping germs to provide clean drinking water.Graphical abstract

Impacts of future climate on local water supply and demand – A socio-hydrological case study in the Nordic region

Study regionFårö island, part of Region Gotland, Sweden. Study focusDespite its importance for proactive planning and management, understanding of how future climate and socioeconomic trends may interact to influence water supply and demand at sub-regional scale remains limited for the Nordic region. We aim to close this knowledge gap by developing a combined social and hydrological simulation model for Fårö island in the Baltic Sea. We use multivariate Monte Carlo simulations to explore the effects of future climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) on local groundwater supplies, and subsequent impacts on the housing sector, tourism sector, and municipal water supply system in the period 2020–2050. New hydrological insights for the regionOur results suggest that groundwater storage will remain critically low in the coming 30 years, with a 60–70% probability of the groundwater head falling to lower levels than experienced in the past 60 years. Low water availability and widespread saltwater intrusion will constrain housing and tourism development by up to 11% and 30% respectively. To sustain growth, the tourist sector will become increasingly reliant on water from private wells, and supplementary water deliveries from neighboring regions will be required to meet water demand on the municipal grid.

The Effect of Adjuvant Concentration on Changes of Spray Characteristics and Spraying Parameters for Selected Types of Nozzles

Abstract The paper presents the results of the research on the influence of the adjuvant concentration on the size of the drops produced by the spray nozzles of agricultural sprayers. For the tests, adjuvant Normaton with the composition of total nitrogen, amide nitrogen (N-NH2) and phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) was used. The adjuvant was added to the water taken from the municipal water supply system of the city of Lublin. The tests were carried out for three concentrations, i.e. 75%, 100%, and 125% of the adjuvant concentration recommended by the manufacturer, and water without the adjuvant. The surface tension of water with adjuvant was examined for each nozzle. Then, the size of the obtained droplets was measured for each adjuvant concentration. Two types of nozzles were used for spraying, standard nozzle AP 120-03 and 6MSC injector nozzle, both with the same nozzle flow rate, but with a different design. The size of the droplets produced was measured on a HELOSVARIO laser diffractometer by Sympatec. The droplet measurement was performed at a pressure of 3 bar. The nozzle was placed 50 cm above the diffractometer laser light line. The droplet size was measured in three places of the sprayed liquid, i.e. in the position of the nozzle axis, 30 and 60 cm from the nozzle axis. It was shown that the addition of the adjuvant influenced the number of droplets produced in the indicated droplet size classes.

DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR PUBLIC WORKS

The aim of the study is to improve the efficiency of technology transfer management in public works by developing a model for the reasonable definition of transfer objects and their components. The subject of the study are models of reasonable definition of technology transfer objects and their components. The basis of the methodology of research are the principles and models of technology transfer, methods and models of the theory of project management, as well as system analysis. The paper shows that for the formation and implementation of public works for various purposes, the goal of using technology transfer processes should be considered the achievement of the highest level of technological development. Under the conditions of the technological development processes analysis of the individual economic sectors, possible models to achieve different levels of technological development and technical-technological indicators of public works are defined. These include the "gradual" transition model, the "jumps" model, and the "big jump" model. These models are characterized by the following: the model of "gradual" transition assumes that its main feature should be considered a gradual transition from the actual level of technological development to the one following it; for the model of "jumps" the main feature should be considered the possibility of transition to a higher level of technological development bypassing the next in order from the actual level; the "big jump" model differs from the "jumps" one in that a significantly low initial level of technological development immediately reaches the maximum level, which takes place for a certain time. The chosen model of processes to achieve different levels of technological development significantly affects the planning of qualitative and quantitative indicators of public works. Identification of potential objects of transfer and their components is proposed to solve through the development of classification features of public works and programs, as well as the formation of their information models. The main classification attributes of public works should be considered: organizational, technological, as well as equipment and materials. As the main indicators to ensure effective management decisions in the planning of public works should be used the cost of transfer, as well as the timing of delivery of objects. The conditions for selecting the object of transfer and its components in terms of cost and time for different models of acquisition of the appropriate technological level are defined. A model of technology transfer object distribution and an algorithm for planning public works using technology transfer was developed. The implementation of the research results on a number of public works for the development of municipal heating and water supply systems has proven their effectivenessTaking into account the significant resources needed for public works and programs, the research findings should be considered important for various sectors of the economy.

Study on the Electrochemical Anticorrosion Effect of Piezoelectric Materials in the Internal Environment of Water Supply Pipeline

The problem of corrosion in water supply pipelines not only poses a considerable threat to the safety of drinking water but also causes a large amount of water wastage due to the leakage of the pipeline network, which can be a chronic problem for a municipal water supply system, as observed in Beijing and other cities in China. In this study, a new piezoelectric PVDF fiber membrane was prepared by electrospinning process, and a piezoelectric anticorrosive film was fabricated based on the internal environment of the pipeline. In the simulated water supply pipeline environment, based on the principle of the piezoelectric effect and the principle of cathodic protection, the electrochemical corrosion protection effect of piezoelectric materials in the water supply pipeline environment, under different water quality conditions, was investigated by a single factor experiment. The results show that piezoelectric anti-corrosion tablets have an obvious inhibitory effect on pipeline corrosion under different pH values, ammonium nitrate concentrations, chloride ion concentrations, and sulfate ion concentrations. Furthermore, under the conditions of pH neutral, alkaline, and high ion concentration, the piezoelectric anti-corrosion sheet can protect the pipeline by 100%. Additionally, since the piezoelectric material can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and does not cause pollution during the experiment, it has good environmental and economic benefits. The use of piezoelectric materials for preventing corrosion of pipelines is a frontier exploration. We believe that the improvement and development of material properties, and the combination of these new materials and traditional techniques, will provide new ideas and methods for pipeline anti-corrosion technology.

Effects of Urban Development Patterns on Municipal Water Shortage

While urban areas are being threatened by water shortage due to climate change and rapid population growth, effects of urban development patterns on future municipal water shortage are rarely investigated. We address this aspect of urbanization by assessing the impacts of sprawl vs. high-density patterns on future changes in the sub-annual water shortage intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships. The City of Fort Collins, Colorado, water supply system is chosen as a representative region that is rapidly developing over the last decades. The future water supply is estimated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) driven with a hot-dry climate model from the statistically downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP5) projections. Future water demand is projected using the Integrated Urban Water Model (IUWM) under both sprawl and high-density development patterns. The demonstration study reveals that urban areas under the sprawl development pattern are likely to experience water shortage events with higher intensity, duration, and frequency compared to the high-density pattern. Characterizing impacts of urban development patterns on future water shortage conditions is required for sustainable water management and smart urban growth and can help urban planners and water managers to develop an adaptive path to meet future water demand and decrease the vulnerability of municipal water supply systems to shortage.

A Basic Experimental Study on Analysis of Leak Signal and Monitoring Method for Water Supply Pipe

Water supply systems are essential elements for human life and industry, and water leaks and water supply cut-off may cause major problems. Local water leaks and pipe failures in the water supply system are inevitable problems due to the aging of pipes. Therefore, leakage detection and prevention are required to monitor the integrity of the water supply system. This paper is a fundamental study on the applicability of the smart bolt, which was developed as a monitoring system to detect water leakage in water supply monitoring. Detection experiments were conducted using a smart bolt with a built-in strain sensor and an accelerometer. Through finite element analysis using ANSYS 2019 R2 and tensile strength testing, the strength of the smart bolt was confirmed to have the acceptable tensile strength. The smart bolt used in this study was verified to meet the allowable criteria of torque and tensile stress for a municipal water supply system. The frequency responses of the simulated leakage pipe system, according to the leakage of the valve and the main pipe, were analyzed, and a leak signal at the valve leak point was detected in the 60-Hz band. The main pipe leaking point was observed to produce a leak signal with a much higher-order mode than that of the valve leak point. Therefore, the smart bolt can be applied to detect warning leak signs from water supply valves and to monitor for loosening of the bolts.

The Feasibility Study to Improve the Efficiency of Municipal Water Supply

The feasibility study was designed to assess water efficiency in municipal water supply systems. The total amount of produced and distributed water was 14,184,650 m3 in 2018 for 79,296 people in Marmaris. Nonetheless, the volume of billed water was only 8,131,491 m3; therefore, the non-revenue water percent was 42.7% involving unbilled authorized consumption (5.1%), physical losses (28.9%), and administrative losses (8.7%). According to projections, water demand including the losses was 14,184,650 m3 in 2018, and is expected to increase to 22,204,429 m3 in the without-project scenario whereas it would reach 19,852,469 m3 in the with-project scenario by the year 2038. Consequently, five measures were proposed; establishing district metered areas and pressure management areas, infrastructure development, updating and extending Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems, and other complementary measures to improve the efficiency of the water supply system. Applying the proposed actions would reduce the total water losses from 37.6% to 24.7% (19.9% physical, 4.8% administrative) in 2023, and the value would reach 20.3% (18% physical, 2.3% administrative) in 2038. This study presents that the proposed investment’s estimated total cost is € 2,956,739.26 and is foreseen to be implemented throughout 2021 and 2022. The Payback Period of the investment is 5.5 years (2027), and the Discounted Payback Period is 6.8 years (2028). The assessment shows that the unitary cost of water evolves from 1.31 €/m3 in the current situation to 1.00 -1.30 €/m3 in 2038, based on the scenario selection (with-/without- project scenario) and the investment distribution periods.