Municipal Waste Management System Research Articles

Autonomous Trash Tracking System

Our revolutionary waste management project introduces a comprehensive solution leveraging cutting-edge technology to transform traditional waste disposal systems. By integrating a smart mobile application and sensor-equipped trash cans, our initiative aims to streamline the waste disposal process, addressing challenges such as timing issues, accessibility concerns, and data management inefficiencies. The mobile app empowers users with real-time information on bin availability, optimal disposal times, and recycling practices, fostering a sense of responsibility and environmental sustainability among communities. Sensor-equipped trash cans strategically placed in public spaces communicate with the mobile app and municipal waste management systems via the Internet of Things (IoT), providing accurate, up-to-date data on bin statuses. This data-driven approach allows for dynamic optimization of waste collection routes, minimizing operational costs and environmental impact. Furthermore, municipalities can utilize real-time data insights to allocate resources efficiently, schedule maintenance based on usage patterns, and implement targeted educational campaigns. Overall, our technology-driven solution not only enhances efficiency in waste management but also contributes to reducing environmental pollution and promoting sustainable waste disposal practices. Keywords—Smart dustbins, proximity sensors, moisture sensors, App development, software and hardware integration

Waste Management System: A Case Study of Waste Bank Management Toward a Circular Economy in Maros Regency

Waste management has been in the spotlight recently due to the annual escalating volume of waste generated. The concept of a circular economy has emerged as a viable economic framework that aligns with sustainable development objectives, particularly those concerning responsible consumption and production practices to support local economies. This article seeks to assess the efficacy of waste bank management in fostering the development of an efficient municipal waste management system conducive to a circular economy with a robust waste recycling infrastructure. This study employed a descriptive qualitative interpretative approach underpinned by a phenomenological framework. Data were gathered from diverse reputable sources such as journals, books, and other relevant references, which the author subsequently analyzed. The findings indicate that waste management in Maros Regency has been operating optimally, driven by stakeholder involvement in promoting waste disposal practices within the community. Establishing the Turikale Main waste bank is a testament to the success of transitioning waste management towards a circular economy model. This initiative facilitates waste recycling and empowers the local economy, generating substantial monthly revenue independently. The significance of this research lies in its capacity to offer valuable insights and recommendations for researchers seeking to evaluate and formulate waste management strategies anchored in the concept of waste banks, which can be replicated in other regions.

Closed‐loop economics in waste management: financing procedures and results

To analyze the procedure and main results of financial support for the implementation of a closed‐cycle economy in the subjects of the Russian Federation.Statistical data and strategic planning documents. The method of analysing the legal and regulatory framework and statistical reporting, as well as the structure of the federal budget, were used. The study is also based on the application of methods of comparison and contrast, grouping, historical and factor analysis.The key role of the state in the creation and effective functioning of the integrated system of solid municipal waste management (MSWM) is determined by the ability to concentrate the necessary financial resources and guarantee uniform standards and requirements for system participants to achieve the stated goals of the closed cycle economy (CCE). Uniform standards and requirements for system participants must be guaranteed to achieve the stated objectives of the closed cycle economy (CCE). This is confirmed by the results of the financing of the TCO management system for 2019–2023, when the federal budget financed activities to the amount of 42.3 billion rubles. For the purposes of the federal EZC project, 8.6 billion rubles were allocated. It is important to ensure off‐budget financing of these activities and modernization of domestic enterprises, for which the use of secondary raw materials is available and economically feasible. The priority of measures to implement CCE in the Russian Federation is financial support for the creation and development of infrastructure for waste collection and recycling.The processes on improvement of the regulatory and legal framework and personnel training are related to the need to implement a "top‐down" approach, which determines the centralisation of decision‐making and the efficiency of attracting extrabudgetary funds dominating in the financial support of the functioning of the TCO management system and implementation of CCE.

The Growing Problem of Textile Waste Generation—The Current State of Textile Waste Management

The textile industry is global, and most brands export their products to many different markets with different infrastructures, logistics, and regulations. A textile waste recovery system that works in one country may fail in another. European Union legislation (Directive (EU) 2018/851) mandates that post-consumer textile waste must be separately collected in all associated countries. This directive has also stated that, in January 2025, the rate of textile waste recycling in Europe should be increased. Local governments will be under pressure to improve the collection, sorting, and recycling of textiles. Supporting local governments could be part of a more long-term approach to managing high-value textile waste by implementing Extended Producer Responsibility, which would increase the recycling rate of textile companies. This would enable reuse of over 60% of recovered clothes, recycling into fibers of 35%, and only throwing away 5%. Today, most textile waste (85%) is disposed of as solid waste and must be disposed of through municipal or local waste management systems that either landfill or incinerate the waste. To increase reuse and recycling efficiency, textile waste should be collected and sorted according to the relevant input requirements. The dominant form of textile waste sorting is manual sorting. Sorting centers could be a future solution for intensifying the recycling of textile waste. Advances in textile waste management will require digitization processes, which will facilitate the collection, sorting, and recycling of textiles. It is very important that digitization will help to guide used products to recycling and encourage manufacturers to participate in the use and collection of product data. Currently, both the digitization of textile waste management and fiber recycling technologies are at the level of laboratory research and have not been implemented. The aim of this publication is to analyze the state of textile waste management, especially the various forms of recycling that involve a local governments and the textile industry.

A fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach to assess the risks associated with municipal waste management: Implications for sustainability

The rapid growth of industry, urban areas, and populations has substantially increased waste production worldwide. The inadequacy of robust waste management systems and limited resources poses significant challenges for many emerging economies, including Bangladesh, resulting in environmental contamination. Despite numerous academic studies on sustainable waste management, there is a noticeable gap in the literature concerning identifying, evaluating, and modeling critical risks associated with adopting sustainable municipal waste management systems, particularly in emerging economies like Bangladesh. This study, therefore, aims to fill this gap by identifying, categorizing, and assessing the crucial risks in implementing sustainable municipal waste management systems. Through an extensive review of existing literature and validation with expert feedback, this study employs a fuzzy synthetic evaluation method-based framework to prioritize the identified risks. The study calculates the probability of occurrence and degree of impact values to provide decision-makers with insights into the severity of different risk categories, aiding in case-by-case attention. Scores assigned on a 1 to 5 scale range from 2.59 to 4.14 for the various risk categories. Notably, “Industrial challenges related” and “Community and infrastructure requirements related” emerge as the most significant risk categories among those analyzed. This study contributes to the existing literature by employing fuzzy synthetic evaluation, a methodology rarely used to determine critical risks in municipal waste management. Furthermore, it is poised to offer valuable insights to industrialists and waste management authorities, empowering them to develop responsive strategies and contribute to the sustainable development of cities and urban communities.

Optimal selection and challenges of municipal waste management system using an integrated approach: a case study

ABSTRACT Efficient waste management is crucial for maintaining a clean and sustainable environment in Indian cities. Patna faces significant waste management challenges due to rapid population growth and urbanization. This has resulted in increased waste generation, straining the current waste management system. The state of Bihar ranks poorly in waste-management-based Environmental Performance, highlighting the need for improvement. Although around 4281.27 TPD of garbage is generated, only 4013.55 TPD is collected. Insufficient information regarding waste processing, landfilling, and technology adoption exposes critical gaps in solid waste management, including limited landfill facilities, inadequate technology implementation, and inadequate monitoring. Effective waste management is crucial for ensuring the sustainability and quality of life in Patna. To address these challenges, the implementation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in waste management is proposed. This study focuses on evaluating the most suitable smart waste management system for Patna Municipal Corporation. By employing an MCDM model with fuzzy logic-based TFN, the authors identified the optimal MWM alternative based on economic, technical, environmental, and social criteria. Findings unequivocally establish the IoT-based Door-to-Door system (Ʌ1) as the most effective and economical solution for MWM in urban settings like Patna, characterized by a proximity coefficient (PCi) = 0.942809. Furthermore, Social acceptance (ӄ2) emerged as the most influential criterion with a weight of 0.19375. This system not only promises enhanced operational efficiency for municipalities but also offers significant environmental and social benefits, including waste reduction, improved public health, and heightened community engagement. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the robustness of the proposed method. Notably, the IoT-based system demonstrated a higher sensitivity to cost changes, affirming its superiority in adapting to economic considerations. This insight is pivotal for decision-makers prioritizing cost efficiency in waste management solutions.

Integrated MSW management system in the Russian Federation: problems of interpretation and formation

The object of the study is the formation of an integrated MSW management system within the framework of the national project "Ecology" and the federal project "Integrated Solid Municipal Waste management System". The subject of the study is organizational, methodological, legal, financial, economic, industrial and technological problems that make it difficult at the federal and regional levels to achieve the annual and final planned indicators of these projects in 2024. The purpose of the work is a general description of the integrated MSW management system being created, as well as to identify the main problems of its formation in the new financial and economic environment reality. The author considers the planned target indicators of the federal project and their correlation with the indicators achieved in 2019-2022. Special attention is paid to the three-fold decrease in the initial planned indicator for recycling, which occurred due to insufficient development of the MSW recycling infrastructure, and the threat of non-fulfillment of the utilization indicator in 2024, which persists even after that. The methodological basis of research is an integrated approach that allowed the use of methods of systematic, comparative, factorial and economic-statistical analysis, content analysis, and also synthesis. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the disclosure of an integrated system as a set of methods for handling MSW, located among themselves in a certain hierarchy of applications, the last of which is waste disposal, and the smaller its scale and the damage caused to the environment, the greater the level of consistency the system demonstrates. Neutralization and energy utilization do not fully solve the problem, since they leave a lot of harmful combustion products. Recycling is much more environmentally friendly, the degree of development of which should be considered as the second important criterion for the development of an integrated waste management system. The reduction by the curators of the MSW management reform of the initially stated recycling targets for 2024 by three times is actually an official recognition of the global underdevelopment of the domestic recycling and processing industry and the lack of real state participation in its formation and development.

Impact of Implementing Circular Waste Management System and Energy Recovery in a City with 100,000 Inhabitants on Nitrogen Emissions by 2035

Recent years have observed a reconstruction of the waste management system from a linear resource flow economy to a circular economy. This approach is reflected in the provisions of the Waste Framework Directive (2018), which introduces, among others, new recycling targets for municipal waste which require, by 2025, 55% of the municipal waste to be recycled, in 2030—60%, and in 2035—65%. The ambitious targets adopted for preparing for the reuse and recycling of municipal waste will not be achieved without a high level of the recycling of bio-waste. This paper studies the quantification of municipal waste and nitrogen in a circular municipal waste management system (MWM) implemented for a city of 100,000. It was assumed that MWM would meet the requirements in terms of EU and Polish circular waste management goal legislation for the years 2025, 2030 and 2035. The research results showed that the development of a separate waste collection will reduce the waste delivered to MBT. The required MBT capacity will decrease by almost 2.4 times. Moreover, it has been shown that the introduction of a closed-loop MWM will result in an almost two-fold reduction in the amount of nitrogen going to the landfill and an increase in the mass of nitrogen that can be used to fertilize the soil (by approximately 22%). Furthermore, it has been shown that the most favorable option for an organic waste treatment is the anaerobic–aerobic process. This solution provides the highest biogas production and the lowest nitrogen gas emissions to air.

Development of Management Systems for Sustainable Municipal Waste Management Systems

Waste Management Systems. are designed to efficiently handle and process waste materials generated by human activities. These systems are crucial for minimizing environmental impacts, promoting sustainability, and protecting throughout its lifecycle, from its generation to its final disposal or recycling. Here is an overview of the key components and processes involved in waste management: Waste Generation: Waste can be generated from various sources, including residential areas, commercial establishments, industries, and construction sites. It encompasses solid waste (such as household waste and packaging materials), liquid waste (such as wastewater and sewage), and hazardous waste (such as chemicals and medical waste). Waste Collection: its source. This involves the placement of collection bins or containers at strategic locations, regular pick-up schedules, and specialized collection vehicles for different types of waste. Waste Segregation: After collection, waste is often sorted and segregated based on its type and characteristics. This helps in the efficient management of different waste streams, enabling appropriate treatment or disposal methods. Segregation can be done at the source (e.g., separating recyclables from non-recyclables) or at dedicated facilities. Future vehicular organizations are supposed to send more limited distances the car employer. Client-server methods revel in decrease execution regardless of standard abnormal network. Another one the worldview of shared content dispersion over the Web is arising with swarm conventions. The objective of Web amassing conventions is to lessen the heap on satisfied servers. Waste Treatment: Waste treatment involves various processes aimed at reducing the volume and toxicity of waste, as well as recovering valuable resources. Common treatment methods include composting, incineration, landfilling, and biological or chemical treatment of wastewater. Advanced technologies, such as anaerobic digestion and plasma gasification, are also used for waste conversion. Recycling and Resource Recovery: Recycling plays a crucial role in waste management systems. Materials like paper, plastics, glass, metals, and electronic waste can be recycled and sent to landfills or incinerators. Resource recovery also involves the extraction of energy from waste, such as through waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities. GWP Uppsala WMS,GWP Uppsala CS, GWP Alvdalen WMS, GWP Alvdalen CS, AP Uppsala WMS. IncAll, Inc90%, BioBus, RecPl. From the result it is seen that GWP Uppsala CSis got the first rank where as is the GWP Alvdalen CSis having the lowest rank. GWP Uppsala CSis ranked first and industrial building is ranked lowest.

Towards integrated, and sustainable municipal solid waste management system in Shashemane city administration, Ethiopia

Solid waste generation is attested to be unavoidable product of human activities. Sustainable management of such waste is a pressing challenge faced in many developing countries today. The study was motivated by the fast growing population and the inefficient waste management system threatening the public health and the image of Shashemene city in Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were: to explore the existing household solid waste management practices, to examine the current governance system of municipal solid waste management, to investigate the contemporary challenges and opportunities of municipal solid waste management, and forward integrated and sustainable municipal solid waste management system for Shashemene city. Data were collected from sampled households, key informants, focus groups, and the city's environment. Data were analyzed by employing quantitative and qualitative methods. 94.8 % of the respondents opined that the solid waste generated in their city is organic in nature (Ash, and sweeps; leftover food, and vegetable peels; paper, and cardboards; green leaves, and grass; and cattle dung). 96.7 % of respondent households opined that they have temporary waste storage in their yards and trash bags were asserted to be widely used (87.6 %) in handling the trash in the courtyard. The waste sorting and recovering practices among the residents is very low and is certainly the major cause for inefficient and unsustainable management system of municipal solid waste in Shashemene city. Generally, a grand mean of 2.23 confirmed the absence of good governance in municipal solid waste management system in Shashemene city. Moreover, the significant proportion of responses ( ≥ 50 %) for each of the nine principles of good governance as either poor or very poor asserted governance failure of the municipal solid waste management system in Shashemene city. The results of the study confirmed that low public awareness on waste management; inadequate collection capacity; poor integration and coordination of stakeholders; environmentally unsound dump site; and illegal dumping by key stakeholders are the major challenges underpinning the unsustainable municipal solid waste management in the city. It is recommended that Shashemene city must adopt integrated sustainable municipal solid waste management system to substantially enhance the waste management service in the city leading to ultimate advancement of public health and environmental quality.

Adaptive institutional change in municipal waste management

Purpose. The paper proposes a new trajectory of institutional change that integrates economic (fiscal) and technical solutions in managing municipal waste.
 Methodology / approach. The study adopts a model for the study of institutional change. A retrospective, quantitative analysis of institutional change, a legal-historical analysis of formal institutions, and a comparative-institutional analysis are used to substantiate the link between municipal waste quantities and Gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Using correlation and regression analysis, we examine the relationship between institutional change in municipal waste management and recycling.
 Results. The study proves the impact of institutional change on municipal waste management in the EU and Bulgaria. It can change the relationship between GDP and the amount of waste and stimulate the implementation of more efficient and innovative waste management methods. The relationship between institutional change in municipal waste management are studied. The main idea is that more legal acts regulating municipal waste management and a higher human development index, wich reflects better and more efficient municipal waste management, will lead to higher recycling rates. The study discusses how institutional change aimed at effective municipal waste management can contribute to increased revenues and reduced costs for the government by promoting innovation in the sector, introducing more efficient waste collection and treatment technologies, and encouraging recycling.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The study highlights the lack of a unified direction in rules and policies for municipal waste management in Bulgaria and its impact on the system’s efficiency. It aims to present a new approach to solving the problems related to municipal waste management in Bulgaria that focuses on the importance of institutional change.
 Practical value / implications. The paper identifies differences between the municipal waste management systems in the EU and Bulgaria. The proposed financial and technical solutions help central and municipal administrations to create new institutions. These actions can be joint and better coordinated. All this should lead to changes in the regulatory framework. The new rules will contribute to stability and less need to change regulations, clarity for individuals and organisations to the optimal solutions for reducing municipal waste costs, and “pressure” on the central and local administration to take the necessary actions for such a change.

Designing a Flexible and Adaptive Municipal Waste Management Organisation Using the Viable System Model

Changing consumption patterns, new packaging materials, innovative waste processing, and recycling technologies, but also unforeseen events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in the presence of the climate crisis and ecological degradation, necessitate the development of flexible and adaptive municipal waste management infrastructure and processes governed by equally flexible and adaptive organisations. In this regard, this paper presents the design process for such an organisation based on the Viable System Model (VSM). The VSM is a systems approach for the methodological diagnosis and design of organisations that can adapt to, and survive, changes in the environment that they are part of. Through a reference case of a large municipality in Greece, we demonstrate how the VSM and the related VIPLAN methodology can be used for the methodological development of flexible and adaptive municipal waste management systems (MWMS) for governing organisations.

Changes in Main Parameters of Biological Stabilisation of Municipal Waste from a Full-Scale Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT) Installation

Abstract Poland's mixed municipal waste management system has been based on mechanical-biological treatment (MBT). One of the MBT processes is the biological stabilisation of fractions of less than 80 mm. The final product after biological stabilisation is a stabiliser that, once the conditions required by law are met, can be landfilled. The stabilizer must meet the following requirements: the loss of ignition (LOI) of the stabiliser is less than 35% DM, the organic carbon content is less than 20% DM and the AT4 value (aerobic 4-day respiration test) value is less than 10 mgO2/g DM. The study aimed to analyse the changes that occurred during the first 4 weeks of biological processing of the fraction of less than 80 mm of mixed municipal waste. The bioreactor feedstock consisted of 41.7% organic fraction (OF), the LOI was 32.3%, and the AT4 value was 45.7 mgO2/g DM. During biological processing, at 4 weeks, the loss of OF in the total weight of the waste was found to be 22.6%, the losses after roasting decreased by almost 90% and the value of AT4 was 6.6 mgO2/g DM. This means that the stabiliser already after 4 weeks, according to the law, could be sent to a landfill.

Analysis of the main sources of pollution of the ecosystem of the Lipetsk region and methods of State regulation of negative consequences

The industry in the Lipetsk region is quite well developed, including ferrous metallurgy, agriculture, construction, and transport infrastructure. Harmful emissions accompanying the work of industry and transport change the state of water, air, land, thereby having a negative impact on the health of humans and animals. In order to eliminate negative consequences and improve control methods, the Lipetsk region, in the national project "Ecology", determined its participation in 6 federal / regional projects: "Clean Air", "Clean Water", "Preservation of Unique Water Bodies", "Preservation of Forest -sov", "Clean Country", "Integrated system of municipal solid waste management". The aim of the work was to identify the main sources of environmental pollution in the Lipetsk region and to assess the existing methods for correcting the negative impacts from industrial enterprises. We have conducted studies of domestic literature sources, reports and reports in various databases and open sources, in the period from 2018-2022. During the study, the data of the Office of Industrial Ecology and the Hydrometeorological Center of the Lipetsk Region were analyzed for the release of harmful (hazardous) substances into the environment by heavy industry enterprises for 2020-2022. To reduce emissions of pollutants in the Lipetsk region, the Federal project "Clean Air" is being implemented. According to the Federal Project, until 2024, the implementation of the planned activities and achievement of the targets during the implementation of the National Project "Ecology", including the reduction of emissions of toxins into the environment, the formation of a unified scheme for waste disposal, and the maintenance of cleanliness, remain the main priority task. and rehabilitation of water bodies, preservation of the population of a number of rare, especially valuable, endangered species of animals.

Jobs in the circular bioeconomy under scrutiny: The challenging reality of compost production in Rwanda

Today, most African countries have dysfunctional municipal waste management system, negatively impacting the environment and human health. However, as most of this waste is recyclable, informal actors are making their income out of the collection/sorting of waste. Accounting for the risks involved in waste manipulation, it is important to ensure decent working conditions for those recycling it. This study focuses on biowaste recycling in Rwanda, a Circular Economy leader in Africa, with the purpose of: (i) characterizing the working conditions of waste recyclers along the definition of ‘decent work’ and (ii) assessing workers’ satisfaction and its determinants. We surveyed 63 workers employed in three compost production and three biowaste processing companies. Our results show that the work can be considered relatively decent compared to national references, except for insufficient social protections and occupational safety. Workers reported being rather satisfied with their jobs, although our analyses of covariance showed that workers employed in composting were significantly less satisfied than the others. These findings highlight the importance of household-level waste separation for improving not only worker safety, but also nutrient recovery. Further research should investigate how to push forward waste sorting at the household level and improve worker safety (SDG 8) without negatively affecting the women currently employed in waste sorting at the company level (SDG 5).

Legal Problems of Environmental Information in the Management of Solid Municipal Waste

The article reveals some problems of legal regulation of the solid municipal waste management system and the elimination of accumulated environmental damage in terms of the elimination of unauthorized locations of solid municipal waste and landfills of solid municipal waste. The importance of the measures and rules adopted by the state to ensure the implementation of environmental protection projects to eliminate accumulated environmental damage, as well as to reduce the negative impact on the environment and human health, the importance of improving legislation in terms of ensuring access to environmental information in the field of education, processing, disposal and disposal of municipal solid waste is noted. Particular attention is paid to the need to establish transparency of the state environmental management aimed at implementing an Environmental Safety Strategy, one of the main issues of which is the creation of an integrated system for the management of solid municipal waste and the elimination of accumulated environmental damage.The direct dependence of ensuring environmental safety and achieving the indicators of the national development goals of the country on the transparency of environmental information generated during the management of solid municipal waste and the elimination of unauthorized landfills of solid municipal waste has been established. The article also touches upon some issues of coordination of the activities of public authorities that ensure the formation of a sustainable system of solid municipal waste management, and the importance of environmental information in the framework of building interdepartmental cooperation in this direction.

Conceptual approaches and methodology of strategic planning in the field of consumer waste management

One of the trends of modern state policy is the formation of a comprehensive system of solid municipal waste management aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment, public health, and ensuring environmental safety. This direction is being implemented as part of the reform of the sphere of waste management of production and consumption, which is carried out on the basis of strategic planning documents. The complexity of the problems of such waste requires the use of scientifically-based conceptual approaches and methodology in the process of strategizing, ensuring the inclusion in the management process of all stages of waste management (collection, accumulation, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, disposal), as well as levels of adoption and implementation of management decisions (federal, regional and municipal).The article substantiates the need to apply an ecosystem approach to these relations, the concept of sustainable development, shows the importance of using system-structural and structural-functional methods that allow taking into account the specifics of this area, as well as to ensure consistency and balance of sectoral priorities, targets, objectives, indicators, means of achieving them with similar elements of strategic planning documents, developed in related fields. Proposals are formulated to improve the strategy in the field of consumer waste management, including MSW (on the development and adoption of an industry strategy, elimination of conceptual gaps, allocation of measures for the formation of consumer waste as a priority, creation of a system for their separate collection, organization of selective collection and disposal of types of consumer waste, etc.), aimed at improving efficiency management in this area.

Waste Recycling: Waste to Energy System

The current economic growth trend of increased urbanization has resulted in huge amounts of municipal waste and energy consumption. Many emerging countries, such as Iraq, suffer from the worsening of such a problem. Thus, an adequate municipal waste management system and the innovation of renewable energy alternatives are the fundamental issues that need to be addressed. Two test rigs were used in this study: the first separates waste based on the principle of gravity and the difference in density between the constituent elements of the waste, The test rig consists of a conveyor belt (0.5 meter) width and (1.5 meter) length with variable height and speed that throws the waste into special containers to separate the waste. The study suggested taking samples of equal size (1 cm3) for all elements and showing the effect of the sampling process on the separation methods approved by the test rig. The second is a laboratory test rig that analyzes waste and produces combustible gas, thus producing thermal energy. The main components of the rig are a digester (0.4 meter diameter - 0.64 meter height), a calorimeter, and several other components. The data analysis method developed by Japanese scientist Takeuchi was used to analyze the results of the first test rig's experimental work. The main results of this analysis showed that the height is (0.67 meter), the speed is (1.9 meter/second), and the distance of the samples falling ranges from about (0.53 meter) to (0.58 meter). The significant findings of the current study for the second test rig are obtained for the amount of thermal energy and measured using a calorimeter, and it was found that the highest value of energy was obtained on the 23 day of the start of the fermentation process; the amount was (10752.88 Jules) in the second experimental test.

A hybrid machine learning-mathematical programming optimization approach for municipal solid waste management during the pandemic.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-023-03354-2.

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from renewable resources: a review on prospects, challenges and applications.

Bioplastics replace synthetic plastics of petrochemical origin, which contributes challenge to both polymer quality and economics. Novel polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)-composite materials, with desirable product quality, could be developed, thus targeting the global plastics market, in the coming years. It is possible that PHA can be a greener substitute for their petroleum-based competitors since they are simplydecomposed, which may lessen the pressure on municipal and industrial waste management systems. PHA production has proven to be the bottleneck in industrial application and commercialization because of the high price of carbon substrates and downstream processes required to achieve reliability. Bacterial PHA production by these municipal and industrial wastes, which act as a cheap, renewable carbon substrate, eliminates waste management hassles and acts as an efficient substitute for synthetic plastics. In the present review, challenges and opportunities related to the commercialization of polyhydroxyalkanoates are discussed and presented. Moreover, it discusses critical steps of their production process, feedstock evaluation, optimization strategies, and downstream processes. This information may provide us the complete utilization of bacterial PHA during possible applications in packaging, nutrition, medicine, and pharmaceuticals.