Discharge Of Municipal Wastes Research Articles

Receptor model-based source tracing and risk assessment of elements in sediment of a transboundary Himalayan River

This study utilized surface sediments from a potentially less polluted transboundary Himalayan River (Brahmaputra: China-India-Bangladesh) to investigate the abundance of 15 geochemically and ecologically significant elements and to predict their sources and ecological consequences. INAA was applied to determine the elemental concentrations. The average abundances (μg.g−1) of Rb (94.20), Cs (4.49), Th (20.31), & U (2.73) were 1.12–2.26 folds elevated than shale. Environmental indices disclosed a pollution status ranging from “uncontaminated to moderately contaminated,” with minimal Rb, U, and Th enrichment in the downstream zone. Consensus-based sediment quality guideline (SQG) threshold values suggested that only Cr (60% samples > TEL) may impose rare biological effects. Ecological risk indices suggested “minor to no” possible eco-toxicological risks for the accounted elements (Cr, Co, Mn, Zn, Sb, & As). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model predicated the predominance of geogenic or crustal contributions (∼72.69%) for Al, K, Na, Ti, Co, Zn, Ba, Cs, As, Rb, Th, & U derived from elemental fractionations, mineral weathering, and bio-geo-chemical mobilization. The relative contributions of anthropogenic sources (∼27.31%; such as the construction of roads, settlement expansion, litter disposal, municipal waste discharge, mining activities, agricultural encroachment, etc.) on elemental distribution were significantly lower. The abundance of Cr and Mn was mainly influenced by anthropogenic sources. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of utilizing geo-environmental guidelines and receptor models in discriminating the natural & anthropogenic origins of metals in the complex riverine sediments of a less anthropogenically affected river.

Assessment of water quality and apportionment of pollution sources of an urban lake using multivariate statistical analysis

The Lake Gulshan has gained special attention to restore its water quality for public health safety, congenial lake bund, and aquatic lives as the lake is a popular recreational place and neighbourhood of critical residential and diplomatic zones. Therefore, this study assessed water quality and pollution sources of Lake Gulshan, located in the city of Dhaka in Bangladesh during dry and wet seasons, using the water quality index (WQI) rating system, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen (as low as 0.2 mg/L in the dry season and 0.8 mg/L in the wet season) in the lake water suggest that it is almost impossible for any living organisms to survive. Consequently, high levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD, a measure of biodegradable organic matter up to 80 mg/L), Phosphate, and Nitrate (indicators of eutrophication potential as far as 5.06 mg-P/L and 228 mg-N/L) were detected in the lake water, indicating severe anthropogenic pollution. A strong correlation (Pearson with 2-tailed t -test, r = 0.85 in the dry season, r = 0.76 in the wet season, p < 0.05) between color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) demonstrates the pollution of lake water due to mixing effluent resulted from surrounding garments and dying industries. The WQI rating systems proposed by the National sanitation foundation (NSF) and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) show that the lake's water quality is in poor or bad condition and has become a growing concern for a looming ecological severe danger. Both PCA and PMF models have apportioned four factors as pollution sources in the lake water during dry and wet seasons. PCA's four factors explain 86.41% and 80.97% variances of the dataset during dry and wet seasons, respectively. PMF receptor model estimates that the point source of nutrients contributes to 42.94% of the total pollution generated by municipal wastewater discharge during the dry season. Hence, municipal waste discharges through the point sources are the leading causes of lake water pollution in the dry season. However, a non-point source of surface runoff shares 41.80% of the total pollution in the wet season generated by soil leaching runoff. This study could help the concerned authorities for the policymaking with strict regulations to protect water quality, proper management, and control pollution of the lake water.

Quantification of Solid Waste Destined in Kigali City Nduba Dumpsite

Kigali is Rwanda’s capital located in geographic center of the country. Rwanda is a fastest developing country where the urbanization is extensive and accelerates the increase of waste generated from households. Biodegradable organic matter constitutes a great portion of Municipal solid waste from Kigali City. The research was focused on the composition and quantification of Solid Waste destined in Kigali City dumpsite. The survey was carried out in Nyarugenge Sector of Nyarugenge District, city of Kigali with three selected cells and in each cell, two villages were selected in each village. The survey was conducted every week for four weeks corresponding to a month, to estimate the quantity of municipal waste discharge over a day and 60 households sample were involved in the research. Moreover, this survey was conducted between 24/June and 21/July. The sorting-and-weighing methodology was used for assessing the waste composition from each of the sample households for each week. The sorting-and-weighing methodology was used in assessing the waste composition from each of the sample households for each week. In the survey, the amount of solid waste generated and disposed of in each of survey areas (villages) as quantified, was found to be 686.000 kg. The result showed variation of weight percentage of waste: plastics (4%), paper (3%), cartons (3%), glasses (2%), metal (1%), biodegradable organic wastes (75%), others (clothes, shoes, bones, hair, pampers) (14%). The organic waste was found to be more generated with 500.000 kg and 73% fractions of entire municipal solids waste in Kigali city.

Appraisement of phreatic water characteristic using water quality Index modeling and GIS in industrialized region

Phreatic water quality for household activities and irrigation purpose in industrial zone along River Noyyal basin has been inspected. Sixty-three phreatic water were collected from borewells within the investigation region and its hydrochemistry was studied. Phreatic water tests demonstrate that iron and fluoride in both the seasons are inside the cut-off points. Over sixty percentage of the samples were prodigious the permissible limit of total dissolved solids and 50% of the samples were exceeding the permissible limit of total hardness. In view of Water Quality Index (WQI) 21% of the samples comprise the unfit classification for drinking purpose during pre-rainstorm season and 26% of the samples during post-rainstorm season. Rock -water interaction and phylogenies activities like industrial waste material and municipal waste discharge play an important role in making water for unfit for drinking purposes.US salinity diagram (USSL) and Wilcox diagram show that the phreatic water tests gathered from several of locations were unfit for irrigation purpose. Piper linear diagram is dominated by Sodium - Chloride (Na-Cl) facies and pursued by a mixer of Calcium-Magnesium-Chloride (Ca-Mg-Cl) facies in both the seasons. Phreatic water in many pieces of the examination region is unnaturally unfit for both drinking and water system functions.

Assessment of surface water quality status of the Aby Lagoon System in the Western Region of Ghana

The pollution status of the Tendo Lagoon, the upstream section of the Aby Lagoon System, was investigated. The water temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), nitrates (NO3-), and phosphate (PO43-) levels were evaluated using samples taken during the wet and dry seasons to assess the variabilities in water quality in the area. The water quality data was subjected to paired t-test, One-way ANOVA, Factor Analysis, Cluster analysis (CA) as well as a Water Quality Index (WQI) evaluation using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) model. The paired sample t-test confirmed that the surface water quality varies significantly between the wet and dry season samples (p < 0.05) except for phosphate loads which may be contributed largely by year-round municipal waste discharges. The results of the ANOVA showed that the variation of the water quality parameters among sampling stations was not statistically significant except for turbidity which was relatively higher in the upstream sections where the Tano River enters the lagoon. The results of FA indicated that three significant factors–relating to the degradation of organic materials, suspended solids (turbidity) and nutrients- accounted for 73.65% of spatio-temporal variations in the water quality. The CA showed that the eight sampling stations can be grouped into four distinct clusters based on their water quality. The source of pollution in the demarcated sections of the Aby Lagoon was concluded to be largely due to the result of localized anthropogenic inputs of domestic waste and sediments carried from the upstream in the Tano River. An evaluation of the CCME WQI for the sampling stations revealed that all the sampling stations showed marginal water quality relative to the target water quality range recommended by the Water Resources Commission (WRC) of Ghana for domestic use and protection of aquatic life. Monitoring programs were recommended with effective management measures instituted and implemented for the sustainability of the lagoon and the Tano River Basin.

In Situ Remediation of Lead Contaminated Marine Sediment using Bentonite, Kaolin and Sand as Capping Materials

There is a growing public concern over the issue of sediment contamination resulting from industrial and municipal waste discharge, mining activities, and improper use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides, and wastewater irrigation. However, there is a need to reduce the continuous contamination of the water column and biota by the pollutants in the sediment. The conventional approach of contaminated sediment treatment is dredging but is expensive and requires a large area of land for disposal. In situ capping of contaminated sediment is considered as a cheaper technique compared to dredging and efficient treatment technology to immobilize pollutants in sediments on site. A laboratory-scale capping experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using bentonite (B), kaolin (K), a mixture of bentonite with kaolin (BK), and sand in immobilizing lead-contaminated sediment using in situ capping treatment technology. The results indicated that applying bentonite, kaolin, and sand as capping materials has the potential to effectively reduce the release of lead from the heavily spiked contaminated marine sediment (3000 ppm) to the overlying water. The adsorption kinetics results obtained showed that the experimental data for adsorption of Pb fitted well to the Elovich, Second-order and Two- constant rate kinetic models as judged by highest values of R2 and the lowest values of standard error of estimate (SE) such as R2 of 0.937, 0.735, 0.932 with SE values of 0.23, 2.62 and 0.26 for B, K and BK respectively in the Elovich, likewise R2 of 0.817, 0.935, 0.821 with SE values 0.33, 0.07 and 0.19 for B, K and BK in the Second-order and R2 of 0.938, 0.637, 0.925 with SE values of 0.000135, 0.0015 and 0.00024 for B, K and BK were obtained for Two-constant rate models, which implied that the process of adsorption was by chemisorption.

Assessment of Dumpsite Soils in Mangrove Forest at Eagle Island, Nigeria: It’s Effect on Potential Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in the Environment

Heavy metals can be absorbed by plants resulting to contamination of other organisms in the food chain. This study was intended to determine heavy metals in soil, their mobility factor and impact on flora and fauna. To determine bioavailability of metal ions in soil chemical speciation and mobility factor indices were calculated. The level of Fe, Pb, Zn and Cd in readily available forms were assessed in dumpsite soils within mangrove forest in the Eagle Island and compared with control (i.e., relatively undisturbed soil). The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact and contribution of municipal waste discharge on alteration of soil quality and bioavailability of metals within the soil matrix. Samples of soil were collected in triplicate from five locations across the dump area while the control point was established at a less impacted area. Sampling was done in November 2018. Concentration of metal ion/species was analysed using GBC Avanta PM A6600 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Soils of the sampling area were acidic with pH values ranging between 4.55 and 5.74. The most important heavy metal fractions in the dumpsite soils were; Fe (residual fraction, 53.75%), Pb (residual fraction, 42.58%), Zn (Fe-Mn oxide fraction, 46.85%) and Cd (carbonate bound fraction, 37.77%). However, the less impacted soil was predominantly affiliated to the residual fractions of Fe (68.75%), Pb (54.86%), Zn (37.45%) and Cd (51.51%). Heavy metal mobility factor indices reflected the order: (Cd>Pb>Zn>Fe) for soils of both the solid waste dumpsite and control areas. Despite the prevalence of heavy metals to the inert fractions, the significant affiliation of Cd to the readily mobile fractions of waste dump soils may suggest its release to have come from toxic constituents such as petroleum products that are associated with municipal wastes.

Identifying and Eliminating Sources of Recreational Water Quality Degradation along an Urban Coast.

Restoration of highly degraded urban coastal waters often requires large-scale, complex projects, but in the interim, smaller-scale efforts can provide immediate improvements to water quality conditions for visitor use. We examined short-term efforts to improve recreational water quality near the Grand Calumet River (GC) in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Identified as an Area of Concern (AOC) by the International Joint Commission, the GC has experienced years of industrial and municipal waste discharges, and as a result, coastal beaches have some of the highest rates of beach closings (>70%) in the United States. Project objectives were to identify sources of microbial contamination and to evaluate a short-term management solution to decrease beach closings: during 2015 (partial) and 2016 (season-long), canines were used to deter gull presence. Water samples were analyzed for in 2015 and 2016, and fecal sources were evaluated using microbial source tracking markers (2015): human ( HF183, ), gull (Gull2), and dog (DogBact). Hydrometeorological conditions were simultaneously measured. Results indicated that human, gull, and canine fecal sources were present, with gulls being the dominant source. densities were highly correlated with number of gulls present, Gull2 marker, and turbidity. Gull deterrence decreased and Gull2 marker detection during 2015, but numbers rebounded after program completion. The full-season program in 2016 resulted in lower densities and fewer beach closings. Large-scale restoration efforts are underway at this location, but short-term, small-scale projects can be useful for reducing beach closings and restoring ecosystem services.

Investigation of the Physico-Chemical Parameters and Plankton Biotopes of the Nta Wogba Creek, Diobu, Port Harcourt

Physicochemical parameters could help to reduce or otherwise contribute to the growth and survival of plankton biotopes in the water bodies. This study investigated the physicochemical parameters and plankton biotopes of Ntawogba creek in Port Harcourt, River state. Water samples were collected from five stations representing upstream and downstream. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Dissolved oxygen (Do), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Nitrate, and Phosphate were determined under standard laboratory methods. Zooplankton and Phytoplankton abundance were also determined. Concentrations of Electrical Conductivity (Range=860.00µS/cm) and Chemical Oxygen Demand, (Range=31.80mg/L) varied widely, the other parameters had narrow variations. pH, EC and Phosphate ion concentrations varied from 7.06 – 8.27 (7.54±0.23), 395.00 – 1255.00 (722.40±160.47)µS/cm and 0.01 – 0.04 (0.03 ± 0.01)mg/L respectively. Nitrate ion concentrations varied from 0.63 – 5.34 (3.41 ± 0.77) mg/L while Dissolved Oxygen varied from 0.00 – 4.90 (2.92 ± 0.84) mg/L. BOD and COD ranged as follows: 2.80 - 22.70 (14.20 ± 4.21) mg/L and 4.50 – 36.30 (22.72 ± 6.74) mg/L respectively. Phytoplanktons recorded are as follows: Bacilariophytes (291 species), Euglenophytes (68 species) and cyanophyceae (139 species) while zooplanktons identified are protozoans (37 species), copepods (19 species), cladocera (462 species) and rotifers (100 species). This study therefore suggests high pollution impact occasioned by heavy municipal waste discharges and recommends that the government should evolve better solid and liquid waste management policies and practices. The government agencies should enforce all relevant environmental laws, standards and regulations as well as industry operators to treat industrial effluent before disposal into public drain.

Copper-tolerant rhizosphere bacteria-characterization and assessment of plant growth promoting factors.

Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil is a major problem or concern worldwide. Heavy metal accumulation in the soil is increasing day by day by industries, mines, agriculture, fuel combustion and municipal waste discharge. Such contaminated soils harbour a large number of resistant microbial populations. Screening and isolation of such microbes would be utilized for natural remediation of metal contaminated soils. Therefore, in the present study, highly copper-tolerant bacteria from rhizosphere soil of Cynodon dactylon grown in brass effluent contaminated soil were isolated and assessed for plant growth promoting factors. A total of 61 isolates were isolated from the rhizosphere of three contaminated sites. Six highly copper-tolerant isolates named as MYS1, MYS2, MYS3, MYS4, MYS5 and MYS6 were isolated through enrichment in copper containing nutrient broth. 16S rRNA analysis revealed that the isolates were from genera Stenotrophomonas and Brevundimonas and belong to classes Alpha Proteobacteriacea and Gamma Proteobacteriacea, respectively. Strain MYS1, MYS2 and MYS4 showed 95-99% similarity with Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, strain MYS3 and MYS5 showed 99 and 97% similarity with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Stenotrophomonas sp. Strain MYS6 showed 94% similarity with Brevundimonas diminuta. All the rhizobacteria showed plant growth promoting traits such as production of siderophores, indole acetic acid (IAA), phosphate solubilization and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity. From this study, we can conclude that all the isolates possess copper resistance and potential for phytoremediation of copper polluted soils.

The concentration of heavy metals in soils around the wetlands of the Ina valley near Sławęcin / Koncentracja metali ciężkich w glebach mokradeł doliny Iny koło Sławęcina

Abstract Wetlands around the upper part of the Ina valley are the area of great natural value, free from negative industrial impact. In the possible sources of contamination, we could include herbicides and artificial fertilisers from fields and meadows or municipal waste discharge from a small town Recz and local farms. The soils of wetlands, situated in the left part of the Ina valley near Sławęcin, were studied. Four characteristic profiles were made, from which soil samples were collected for laboratory analysis. In the soil samples, the content of organic matter and reaction in 1 mol KCl·dm-3 were determined, whereas in mineral horizons, granulometric composition and the concentration of total and exchangeable forms of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Co, Zn, Fe). As a result of conducted studies, it was found that the soils of wetlands in the Ina valley near Sławęcin, do not exhibit contamination with heavy metals but their greater accumulation was observed in the surface muck layers than in fen peat and lower lying sediments.

Quality characterization of groundwater in the south-eastern part of the Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India

Hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out in the south-eastern part of the Ranga Reddy district, Hyderabad, India, to assess the quality of groundwater for its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes. The area falls under a semi-arid type of climate and consists of granites and pegmatites of igneous origin of Archaean age. Forty-five representative groundwater samples were collected from bore wells to monitor the water chemistry of various ions, comprising Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, CO3−2, HCO3−, SO4−2, NO3−, Cl− and F−. The results showed that the concentrations of these ions are above the permissible limits for drinking and irrigation purposes. The pollution with respect to NO3−, Cl−, and F− is mainly attributed to the extensive use of fertilizers and large-scale discharge of municipal wastes into the open drainage system of the area.

Municipal waste discharge policies in Washington State and recent discharge issues between the State and British Columbia

Federal and state laws mandated secondary sewage treatment for all municipal dischargers in the state of Washington regardless of need. Evidence supported the suitability of lesser amounts of treatment and the use of industrial source controls as protective of water quality, but could not be considered. The full implementation to secondary treatment is now complete. In the 1990's, the media, environmental activists and various local, state and federal politicians from Washington State became upset with Victoria, British Columbia when they realized that most of the sewage from the greater Victoria area was only screened prior to discharge to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The perception was tainted by a lack of understanding of the benefits and power of rapid dilution, and also the mistaken impression that the excessive treatment requirements in Washington were actually needed for water quality reasons. A British Columbia/Washington State Marine Science Panel was established by the political leaders of the province and state to examine issues of the shared marine waters. The Panel concluded Victoria's discharges were not a problem. The media in Washington State did not report this, and the director of the state's environmental agency expressed disappointment rather than relief with the finding.

Municipal waste discharge policies in Washington State and recent discharge issues between the State and British Columbia

Federal and state laws mandated secondary sewage treatment for all municipal dischargers in the state of Washington regardless of need. Evidence supported the suitability of lesser amounts of treatment and the use of industrial source controls as protective of water quality, but could not be considered. The full implementation to secondary treatment is now complete. In the 19909s, the media, environmental activists and various local, state and federal politicians from Washington State became upset with Victoria, British Columbia when they realized that most of the sewage from the greater Victoria area was only screened prior to discharge to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The perception was tainted by a lack of understanding of the benefits and power of rapid dilution, and also the mistaken impression that the excessive treatment requirements in Washington were actually needed for water quality reasons. A British Columbia/Washington State Marine Science Panel was established by the political leaders of the province and state to examine issues of the shared marine waters. The Panel concluded Victoria9s discharges were not a problem. The media in Washington State did not report this, and the director of the state9s environmental agency expressed disappointment rather than relief with the finding.

Cyanobacteria dynamics in a restored Finnish lake: a long term simulation study

Several explanations have been presented for the formation of lacustrine cyanobacteria blooms. These include elevated water temperature, nutrient enrichment, low N/P ratios, low light energy requirements, high pH and/or low carbon dioxide concentration, selective zooplankton grazing, excretion of compounds which suppress the growth of competing algae, and migration. The impact of the first four were studied in Lake Tuusulanjarvi, a eutrophic Finnish lake, using deterministic simulation. The study, which covered 15 years, included a sequence of cases on the recovery of the lake after the implementation of two restoration measures: aeration of the hypolimnion, and termination of municipal waste discharge, both of which were done during the study period. The focus was on Microcystis and Oscillatoria, and on the N-fixing cyanobacteria, Anabaena and Aphanizomenon. Eukaryotic phytoplankton were also included in the study. Monitoring data were used. The roles of the hypotheses were discussed, from the point of view of the utility of the information in water resources management.

Pesticides and PCBs in oysters from Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico

Maritime activities, industrial and municipal waste discharge of Mazatlan (Mexico) are prominent potential source of toxic contaminants from the developed portions of the estuary. One local concern was the potential impacts of pesticide discharge on the abundance of important economic species (Penaeus sp and Crassostrea sp). Quantitations of pesticides and PCBs were performed using gas chromatographic analyses

Effects of discharge of municipal waste on water quality of the lower Mississippi River

The effects of discharge of municipal wastes on water quality within the lower Mississippi River below Old River have been reevaluated using published water quality data in the Louisiana reach of the river for the water years 1974-1984. A novel graphical technique has facilitated the evaluation of upriver controls on water quality and the identification of sources and sinks along the lower Mississippi. Comparison of calculated annual fluxes at different down-stream monitoring stations has simplified some of the problems inherent in evaluating analyses of samples collected from different water masses during a typical sampling run. With the exception of an increase in bacterial count, the discharge of municipal waste into the Mississippi River in Louisiana appears to have had no significant effect on water quality, a finding consistent with the earlier US Geological Survey study of Wells (1980). It would be highly desirable for future mass balance studies if existing water quality programs on the Mississippi River were to adopt a Lagrangian sampling approach.

Socio-Economic Development Levels and Adequate Regulatory Policy for Water Quality Management

Rapid industrialization in a substantial number of developing countries has serious implications for the environment and human health and well being. Water resources such as river basins are particularly affected by industrial and municipal waste discharges which have led to severe effects on water quality. Current regulatory policies to cope with this situation are reviewed and their effectiveness compared. Major governmental instruments include legislation, planning instruments such as environmental impact assessment, effluent standards and charges, licensing, specification and subsidization of pollution control installations and direct interventions. In many developing countries the government acts in a dual role as developing agency and regulatory institution at the same time, which allows for introduction of environmental considerations and pollution control measures early in the industrial development process. Often the lack of an experienced and adequately staffed government machinery in the environmental sector hampers the regulatory agencies control function.

Pollution in selected rivers of India‐three case studies

Industrialization and urbanization of India have measurably influenced the quality of water of its rivers. The discharge of oxygen-demanding substances, toxic wastes, and hot substances, suspended solids and coloured wastes into rivers has deteriorated the quality of natural streams and placed economic restrictions on many downstream water uses. This paper is a summary of three major regional reconnaissances, one each from Central, North and South India. The extent of pollution due to various industries located in these areas, and due to discharge of municipal wastes is identified and the plans of various organizations in combating the pollution and saving the streams from the onslaught of indiscriminate industrialization are identified. It is concluded from this study that while there are a few success stories in preserving the quality of streams in India, the challenges posed to the environmental engineers of the country are many.