Municipal Solid Waste Generation Rate Research Articles

Optimized landfill site selection for municipal solid waste by integrating GIS and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) technique, Hossana town, southern Ethiopia

Improper solid waste disposal has remained the major bottleneck for the socio-economic development particularly in urban and peri-urban areas of Ethiopia. This study was conducted with the prime aim of identifying an optimum municipal solid waste (MSW) management option subsequently selecting the best landfill site in Hossana town using integrated geographical information systems (GIS) and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques. Accordingly, GIS integrated with MCDA was used to analyze the relative weight of each criterion and the overall suitability map where ten criteria were considered within their respective constraints. To create a landfill suitability index, environmental and socioeconomic factors such as distance from settlement, land use and land cover, lineament, slope, road, and wind direction/aspect were weighted. Population growth, waste generation rate, and waste volume/year were used to calculate the required landfill size. The study finding revealed that the town's MSW generation rate was 0.45 kg/cap/day, which was within the range of most of Ethiopian urban areas. On the other hand, the total daily and annual MSW generation was found to be 79.58 and 29,047 tonnes, respectively. Moreover, the study's findings revealed that 20.8 % of the solid waste was found was recyclable and the remaining 79.20 % was non-recyclable. Considering the future trend of waste generation, 19 ha of land in the city's Northern and Southern outskirts was chosen as a candidate landfill site with all the necessary suitability analysis. Therefore, optimized landfill site selection and better management system of MSW in urban and peri-urban areas could be achieved by the conjunctive application of MCDA and GIS.

Evaluation of the Methane (CH4) Generation Rate Constant (k Value) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Mogadishu City, Somalia

Landfills are the third largest source of the greenhouse gas methane, contributing to 25% of global warming. Therefore, the characterization of national municipal solid waste (MSW) and estimation of methane generation rate are very important for the solid waste management (SWM) toward sustainable development goal no. 13, climate action. This study presents (a) an assessment of daily MSW generation, (b) the characterization of MSW, and (c) an evaluation of the methane generation rate constant (k value) in Mogadishu, Somalia. The MSW samples were collected from three (3) sampling zones (Zones 1, 2, and 3; 204 households) and weighted (kg). Next, the waste generation per person per day was estimated. The MSW characterization includes sorting (based on plastic/polythene, food wastes, wood, metals, yard waste, paper/cardboard, textile, glass/ceramic and miscellaneous components, %), the determination of bulk density (kg/L), and measuring moisture content (%). The k values were evaluated from the percentages of different components in MSW based on first-order decay models. Mogadishu city generated 1671.03 kg MSW per week (maximum on Friday: 348.72 kg, and minimum on Monday: 152.04 kg). The total mean MSW generation rate observed in this study was 0.2 kg/person/day. The solid waste generation found was in the decreasing order of food waste > plastic/polythene > yard waste > miscellaneous > papers/carboard > wood > glass/ceramic > textiles > metals by weight. The average bulk density was found to be 0.269 kg/L. The average moisture content was ranged from 61.6 to 73%. The total k values were categorized as fast (Zone 1: 0.216053 yr−1, Zone 2: 0.228739 yr−1, and Zone 3: 0.244595 yr−1) and moderate (Zone 3: 0.244595 yr−1) degradation. This research serves as Somalian MSW baseline data and projected the methane generation rate from the MSW production in the country. The MSW sorting may reduce the impact of global warming and is highly recommended for better SWM in the future.

In-depth physico-chemical characterisation and estimation of the grid power potential of municipal solid wastes in Abuja city

Ineffective municipal solid waste (MSW) management is one of the major impediments to the realisation of sustainable development goals by developing countries. Prudent waste quantification and characterisation are essential for the planning and execution of sound waste management, including energy recovery. This study, therefore, analysed the power generation potentials of MSW in Abuja, Nigeria for possible evacuation to the national grid. The city's MSW generation rate was determined followed by in-depth physico-chemical and thermal analyses of the waste samples taken from the Gosa dumpsite. The results revealed that plastic bottles (14.74%) and food residues (14.64%) dominated the waste streams. Furthermore, of the 257,628 tons/year of MSW produced at the rate of 0.53 kg/person/day, 69.17% can guarantee continuous and sustainable energy production via incineration. The energy, power, and grid power potentials of these waste components were found as 2,274.42 MWh, 28.43 MW, and 19.19 MW respectively. Compared to the on-grid thermal power stations in the country, this waste-to-energy pathway can save 67.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year. It is anticipated that this study will serve as a model for achieving the SDG agenda, particularly in Nigeria.

Energy production potential of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and its implications for Nigeria

<abstract> <p>The issue of climate change and management of municipal solid waste (MSW) necessitates transition to renewable energy, including bioenergy. This work assessed energy production from organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) in the thirty-six state capitals and Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. Secondary research method (qualitative and quantitative analysis) was adopted. The four valorization methods considered were incineration, anaerobic digestion (AD), landfill gas-to-energy (LFGTE) and densification. MSW and OFMSW generation rate (kg/cap/day) for the thirty-six state capitals and the FCT, Abuja were obtained. The paper estimated that about 4.7 million tons per year (TPY) of OFMSW is generated in the 37 cities. Daily OFMSW generation ranges from 10416 tons per year (TPY) in Damaturu, to 1.6 million TPY in Lagos. The estimates show that about 1.82 billion Nm<sup>3</sup> of biogas could be obtained from anaerobic digestion (AD) of OFMSW generated in the cities each year; about 984 Gg (1085688 tons) of methane can be recovered from the landfill gas technology, while drying and densification will produce about 1.82 million tons of solid fuel. Based on secondary sources, the cost per ton waste and emissions (kg/ton) processed were also presented.</p> </abstract>

Machine learning tool-based prediction and forecasting of municipal solid waste generation rate: a case study in Guwahati, Assam, India

Machine learning tool-based prediction and forecasting of municipal solid waste generation rate: a case study in Guwahati, Assam, India

Exploring the use of astronomical seasons in municipal solid waste disposal rates modeling

This study quantifies seasonal variations of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal rates in a mid-sized Canadian city with respect to both meteorological and astronomical seasons using RNN – LSTM models with a single LSTM layer and 128 units. Meteorological seasons are related to the annual temperature cycle, whereas the astronomical seasons are based on the position of Earth in relation to the Sun. It is hypothesized that the number of hours of natural daylight could also affect MSW generation rates. The use of both meteorological and astronomical seasons in waste modeling is original. During the study period, considerably higher rates in summer (417.8-418.2 tonne/day) than in winter (289.0-290.0 tonne/day) were observed. Waste disposal behaviors in winter are however more consistent, with standard deviations about 138.5-139.8 tonnes/day. The astronomical models appear to better handle extreme situations in the winter and summer. The results indicate that the astronomical models may be more appropriate in some cases. Overall, the predictive accuracy of all models are acceptable, with R2 ranging from 0.70 to 0.86. In general, meteorological models outperformed astronomical models slightly, with RMSE ranged from 72-95 tonne/day. The RMSE of the winter sets are lower, probably due to the lower disposal rates in winter. The results generally support the use of astronomical data to supplement meteorological data in waste seasonal variation studies.

Global knowledge base for municipal solid waste management: Framework development and application in waste generation prediction

Increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has become not only a major sustainability challenge and a considerable financial burden for municipalities across the globe, but also an opportunity to promote a circular economy, provided adequate information is made available. Data and information on MSW generation, characterization, and management practices are prerequisites to studying and optimizing solid waste management systems (SWMS). However, such data and information are usually dispersed, unsystematized, and suffering from various availability and quality issues. This study aims to assemble and provide access to the current landscape of MSW data by establishing a comprehensive framework for understanding the interconnectedness of various sub-domains of MSW knowledge. Existing databases and governmental reports were reviewed to compile 1720 records of MSW generation, composition, management practices, and socioeconomic contexts for 219 countries and 410 cities. Multivariate linear regression and additive models were built to relate MSW generation, composition, and recovery rates to demographics, economic development, and climate patterns of cities and regions. These models generate new insights into the complex nature of SWMS and provide an evidence-based decision-making tool to future researchers and policy makers. Specifically, economic development (GDP), density factors (population, population density, and household size), sustainability initiatives, education, and regulation are all identified as positive drivers toward the targets of United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12.

A contribution to the municipal solid waste management in Havana, Cuba

Problems of municipal solid waste (MSW) are increasing with growing populations and urbanisation, resulting in the need for improved waste management strategies. The physical composition and generation rate of MSW from residential areas in five representative municipalities in Havana were classified into 11 categories according to ASTM standards. The study reveals that over 65% of the MSW was comprised of organic waste (food waste). The average generation rate of MSW in the city was 0.7 kg/person-d. Five components of MSW in Havana are indicating promising dimensions for recycling activities, with paper and cardboard being largest. The recycling rate is currently insufficient and there is potential for significant improvements.

Estimating emissions from open-burning of uncollected municipal solid waste in Nigeria

<abstract> <p>Open-burning of municipal solid waste (MSW) is very common in Nigeria. Hence, this work estimated the emissions (greenhouse gases and others) from open-burning of uncollected MSW in Nigeria. The parameters (secondary data) used for the estimations were obtained from pertinent literature of MSW generation rate in Nigeria, level of uncollected MSW subjected to burning in Nigeria, oxidation/burning efficiency and others, 80.6% of wastes generated in Nigeria are combustibles. The National Bureau of Statistics showed that 52% of Nigerians lives in urban areas in the year 2020. With an annual mean growth rate of 2.62% between 2006–2020 (World Bank data), the urban population of Nigeria was estimated at 104, 885, 855 in 2020. The estimation for the year 2020 shows that the MSW generated by the urban population of Nigeria ranges from 16.8–25.3 million tons. With burning/oxidation efficiency ($\eta $) of 0.58, between 2.4–3.7 million tons of the uncollected wastes are open-burned. This represents 14.7% of the total MSW generated in Nigeria for the year. IPCC guidelines show that only fossil-carbon wastes are climate-relevant for CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Our estimation shows that 14.3% of the MSW generated in Nigeria contain fossil carbon. The total emissions for the three GHGs–carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides were between 798 to 1, 197 kilotons of CO<sub>2</sub>-eq per year. Other emissions associated with open-burning of MSW was also estimated using their default emission factor. The findings suggest the urgent need for the country to transition to proper waste management system, which will include improved collection and disposal to sanitary landfills, to protect public health and the environment.</p> </abstract>

Estimating emissions from open-burning of uncollected municipal solid waste in Nigeria

<abstract> <p>Open-burning of municipal solid waste (MSW) is very common in Nigeria. Hence, this work estimated the emissions (greenhouse gases and others) from open-burning of uncollected MSW in Nigeria. The parameters (secondary data) used for the estimations were obtained from pertinent literature of MSW generation rate in Nigeria, level of uncollected MSW subjected to burning in Nigeria, oxidation/burning efficiency and others, 80.6% of wastes generated in Nigeria are combustibles. The National Bureau of Statistics showed that 52% of Nigerians lives in urban areas in the year 2020. With an annual mean growth rate of 2.62% between 2006–2020 (World Bank data), the urban population of Nigeria was estimated at 104, 885, 855 in 2020. The estimation for the year 2020 shows that the MSW generated by the urban population of Nigeria ranges from 16.8–25.3 million tons. With burning/oxidation efficiency ($\eta $) of 0.58, between 2.4–3.7 million tons of the uncollected wastes are open-burned. This represents 14.7% of the total MSW generated in Nigeria for the year. IPCC guidelines show that only fossil-carbon wastes are climate-relevant for CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Our estimation shows that 14.3% of the MSW generated in Nigeria contain fossil carbon. The total emissions for the three GHGs–carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides were between 798 to 1, 197 kilotons of CO<sub>2</sub>-eq per year. Other emissions associated with open-burning of MSW was also estimated using their default emission factor. The findings suggest the urgent need for the country to transition to proper waste management system, which will include improved collection and disposal to sanitary landfills, to protect public health and the environment.</p> </abstract>

Determinants of Municipal Solid Waste in Urban Zone of Baglung Municipality, Nepal

The studies on the solid waste generation and characterization with their relationships with different determinants are limited in Nepal which helps in the implementation of the solid waste management approach. This study is focused on the quantification of the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rate and its characterization in the Baglung Municipality, Nepal. Factors affecting MSW generation with perceptions towards the MSW management were also evaluated through household survey. The study was carried out in the month of January 2021 in four wards of urban zone in the municipality. The average waste generation rate in 188 households (HHs), 20 institutions, and 20 commercial sites were 0.43 kg/c/d, 0.83 kg/institute/day and 2.75 kg/commercial site/day, respectively. The largest component, which accounted for about 74% household waste, 75% institutional waste and 52% commercial waste composed of organic waste. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicates a significant variation in between MSW generation rate with respect to household size and type of days. Regarding affordability of MSW management, most of the households can be able to afford service fee ranged from US$ 0.5 to 1.0 (55.38%). Most of the households dispose of solid waste in the municipal vehicle. From this study, the residents of the municipality are suggested to prepare compost manure at the source for the minimization of waste volume to be transported and disposed of. Higher production of recyclable MSW depicts there is a possibility of revenue generation and importance of MSW management in community mobilization in the municipality.

Comparative performance analysis of support vector regression and artificial neural network for prediction of municipal solid waste generation.

The evolution of machine learning (ML) algorithms provides researchers and engineers with state-of-the-art tools to dynamically model complex relationships. The design and operation of municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems require accurate estimation of generation rates. In this study, we applied rapid, non-linear and non-parametric data driven ML algorithms independently, multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) and support vector regression (SVR) models to predict annual MSW generation rates in Bahrain. Models were trained and tested with MSW generation data for period of 1997-2019. The population, gross domestic product, annual tourist numbers, annual electricity consumption and total annual CO2 emissions were selected as explanatory variables and incorporated into developed models. The zero score normalization (ZSN) and minimum maximum normalization (MMN) methods were utilized to improve the quality of data and subsequently enhances the performance of ML algorithms. Statistical metrics were employed to discriminate performance of MLP-ANN and SVR models. The linear, polynomial, radial basis function (RBF) and sigmoid kernel functions were investigated to find the optimal SVR model. Results showed that RBF-SVR model with R2 value of 0.97% and 4.82% and absolute forecasting error (AFE) for the period of 2008 and 2019 exhibits superior prediction and robustness in comparison to MLP-ANN. The efficacy of MLP-ANN model was also reasonably successful with R2 value of 0.94. It was shown that MMN pre-processing generated optimal MLP-ANN model while ZSN pre-processing produced optimal RBF-SVR model. This work also highlights the importance of application of ML modelling approaches to plan and implement their roadmap for waste management systems by policymakers.

Overview of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Energy Utilization Potential in Major Cities of Indonesia

Problems in municipal solid waste sector remains a challenge to solve for the government of Indonesia. Processing waste into fuel, or known as refuse derived fuel (RDF), are some of the technological alternatives considered to tackle the waste problem. This paper aims to describe recent information on municipal solid waste generation in major cities of Indonesia, including DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, Bekasi, Bandung, Semarang, Surakarta, Surabaya, Makassar, Denpasar, and Palembang, and to overview its potential for energy utilization as refuse derived fuel (RDF). Municipal solid waste generation in Indonesia was assessed based on sources, generation rate, and composition data by year of 2018. Data was obtained from the State Ministry of Environment and Forestry’s (SMEF) national inventory of waste generation website, the National Waste Information System (SIPSN). To assess refuse derived fuel (RDF) potential, waste characteristics such as calorific value, water content, volatile content, ash content is evaluated for each composition. In those cities, municipal solid waste generation rate was 0,69 kg/capita-day, with 1780 tonnes/day generated on an average per city. Household sector was significantly the largest source of municipal solid waste generation in all cities in Indonesia, which contributed 44-75% to total waste generated. The composition of municipal waste consists of 43.78% of food waste, 16.05% of paper, and 14.08% of plastics. The result of calculations showed that, mixed municipal solid waste from those cities has high water content with average of 49.94%, high volatile content with average of 53.34%, and low ash content with average of 6.12%. Calculated heating value of the mixed municipal solid waste is 9.5 MJ/kg which is lower than standard for refuse derived fuel of 12.56 MJ/kg. Therefore, sorting and pre-treatment mixed municipal solid waste in Indonesia is necessary to meet the criteria of refuse derived fuel material.

Analyzing The Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in Da Nang City, Vietnam

Recently, most cities in Vietnam are facing waste problems that are mainly caused by the rapid increase of municipal solid waste (MSW) amount and the limitations of the MSW management system. This study aims to characterise the waste generation, composition and characteristics of MSW in Da Nang city, which is one of the five biggest cities in Vietnam. The current problems and challenges of MSW system are also analysed. The sampling survey was conducted in the dry and wet seasons in August and November 2018. The MSW was taken directly from trucks at the landfill site with the sample size by 500 kg/waste sources. This study shows that the simultaneous development of production, trade and service activities in the last decade has led to the speedy growth of waste by 9 %/y, and reached 1,073 t/d in 2018. In which, waste generated from industry and the hospitals account inconsiderable proportions by 3.9 % and 1.4 %. This study also indicated that the MSW generation rate from the urban areas is more than that of the coastal and industrial areas. For the composition of MSW, biodegradable waste and recyclables are the main components with the proportion of 54 % and 27 % of the total waste. While the waste composition almost do not differ considerably by seasons, the difference in the characteristics of waste is a consideration for the processing. The current problems and solutions to improve the MSW system toward sustainability are also discussed and suggested.

Detailed municipal solid waste composition analysis for Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan with implications for sustainable waste management in Central Asia.

A detailed characterization of municipal solid waste (MSW) beyond a standard compositional analysis may offer insights useful for improving waste management systems. The present paper contributes to the scarce literature in the field by presenting new data from a rapidly developing Central Asian city, the capital of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan. Three sampling campaigns (each 1week long) have been conducted at the city landfill over a 1-year period (2018-2019), and a detailed characterization for selected waste components and sub-components has been performed. The major fractions of MSW were organics (46.3%), plastics (15.2%), paper (12.8%), and diapers (5.9%). The detailed composition analysis showed high LDPE (low-density polyethylene) content (5.5%) mostly comprised of plastic bags (4.5%), transparent glass (3.2%), pharmaceuticals (0.4%), and fine (i.e., < 12mm) organic fraction content (29%). The MSW generation rate of Nur-Sultan was estimated as 1.47kgcapita-1day-1 based on the field collection as well as literature data. Among sustainable waste management recommendations addressed for Nur-Sultan and applicable to other cities in Central Asia, composting is recommended due to high organics fraction in MSW and its great potential to reduce the landfilled waste volume and tohelp valorizing the waste.

New insights into regional differences of the predictions of municipal solid waste generation rates using artificial neural networks

As one of the most popular non-linear models, artificial neural network (ANN) has been successfully applied in the prediction of municipal solid waste (MSW). Despite its high accuracy achieved in a specific city or region, little progress is made on a larger-scale, which would be resulted from the regional difference. In this study, ANN models for MSW prediction in mainland China are developed and optimized. Besides a model aiming for all cities, regional models are developed by grouping these cities into three categories. Impact of regional difference in MSW prediction is analyzed by evaluation of model’s dependence on each predictor, and comparisons made between these models. Results show that regional difference has huge impact on MSW prediction. Accuracy of MSW prediction would increase from 0.916 in R2 and 59.3 in rooted mean squared error (RMSE) to 0.968/0.946/0.943 in R2 and 6.4/9.7/17.6 in RMSE for southern/northern/western region after a three-region division. Models for MSW prediction in southern and northern region of mainland China share much similarity in dependence on predictors, which differs a lot from that for western region. Further cross-prediction process confirmed that models for southern or northern regions might be suitable for the MSW prediction in another, yet not apply to that in western region. Such large-scale based model can be used by cities lacking historical data for prediction of their local MSW generation, the predictive result would be helpful in MSW disposal planning and the analysis of regional difference would be helpful in establishing regional policy, especially for the three regions in mainland China.

Optimization of recyclable MSW recycling network: A Chinese case of Shanghai

The establishment of recycling network is critical to improve municipal solid waste (MSW) management. However, how to determine the best locations for the recycling stations and recycling centers remains to be solved. Under such a circumstance, this study aims to forecast the MSW generation and develop a cost-based location optimization model using p-median method so that the optimal scale and location of recycling centers can be identified. Shanghai, with an ambitious plan for promoting MSW recycling at the city level, was selected as a case study city. Results show that Shanghai’s MSW generation rate will be about 3% from 2017 to 2020. Regional distribution analysis shows that the downtown areas have higher intensity for MSW generation due to high population density and consumption level. Fourteen regional recycling centers were identified to be the optimal places for establishing recycling centers. The achievement of this scenario can lead to the lowest total cost of 144 million Chinese Yuan. Moreover, the optimal results may change if unit transportation cost and unit scale cost are changed. For instance, the optimal numbers of recycling centers will increase with the increase of unit transportation cost or decrease of unit scale cost. Finally, model limitations and policy recommendations are raised by considering the local realities.

Status, characterization, and potential utilization of municipal solid waste as renewable energy source: Lahore case study in Pakistan

With rapid increases in population and urbanization, uncontrolled municipal solid waste (MSW) is a threat to public health and environmental safety. In this study, we explore its generation, treatment, and characteristics of physical/chemical composition and assess the potential of MSW as a renewable energy source in Lahore, the second largest city in Pakistan. Based on the average generation rate of MSW (i.e., 0.65 kg/capita/day), the daily production of MSW in this city would reach 7150 tons/day. However, its disposal in a safely engineered way has been restricted due to the lack of: (a) pre-planning, (b) infrastructure, (c) political will, and (d) public awareness. Various samples of MSW considering socio-economic structure were collected. The physical components of MSW in Lahore were found to be in the descending order of biodegradable, nylon plastic bags, textile, diaper, and paper. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) technique was used to determine the heavy metal content and leachability of the MSW components to check for the environmental contamination risk. The proximate and ultimate analysis of this MSW was also carried out along with its heating values. The average high heating value of MSW was measured as 14,490 kJ kg−1. Energy recovery potential of 48 MW was assessed further from 2000 tons of MSW/day. The results of this study should be helpful for policy makers to establish a MSW management strategy for the potential renewable energy alternative.

Mapping incinerability of municipal solid waste in Indian sub-continent

Effective municipal solid waste (MSW) management is essential for sustainable development of a region. Waste management strategies are, consequently, aimed at waste minimisation with material and energy recovery. Rising MSW generation rates, acute shortage of land resources and improving thermal characteristics have collectively contributed to the growth of waste-to-energy sector in developing countries like India. Negligible source segregation and the resultant heterogeneity of the MSW necessitate ascertaining its incinerability to assess the feasibility of the technology. Incinerability index or i-Index is, hence, used to estimate the incinerability of MSW generated in cities across the Indian sub-continent. An incinerability-based map is developed to illustrate the variations in incinerability across the country. The lifestyle habits, topography, income level of the residents, culture and food habits are found to affect the composition and in turn the incinerability. The variations in incinerability of MSW generated in the northern, southern, eastern and western regions are graphically identified using incinerability plot or i-Plot. The reported power generation potential from MSW in Indian states is also found to be consistent with the incinerability of the MSW feed and the daily waste generation rates.

Measurement and Quantification of Residential Solid Waste in a Metropolitan City of a Developing Country: Case Study in Four Selected Informal Settlements in Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania

This study has employed multiple techniques, including subjective and objective approaches, to augment existing information and data on household waste generation, generation rates, composition and waste management perceptions in informal settlements. Waste weight, volume and composition data were obtained through one measurement study (n=80) and five surveys (n = 1,239). Additional information was obtained through physical observations and interviews. Results of this study revealed per-capita overall mean weight and volume to be 0.51 kg/day and 1.33 liters/day, respectively. Relatively higher per-capita daily waste generation rates were observed in smaller households, suggesting a positive dependence of municipal solid waste generation rate on both household income and size. Generation high points were on Mondays, signifying that accumulation of waste is more on Sundays perhaps because of shopping during weekends. Organic waste constituted the largest component (60.5% by weight), while e-waste constitute the least (0.4%). About 43% and 8% of the population have to store the waste for two to three weeks and for more than a month, respectively, before delivery for collection by the local government and or the private sector. The study established existence of both extreme satisfaction and dissatisfaction with waste collection and significance of collection problems in the informal settlements.