Municipal Solid Compost Research Articles

Assessment of Physiochemical Properties and Heavy Metals Concentration of Municipal Solid Compost (MSWC): A Case Study in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria

Assessment of Physiochemical Properties and Heavy Metals Concentration of Municipal Solid Compost (MSWC): A Case Study in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria

A New Synthesized of Ferrous Ricinoleate Mixed with Maleic Dextrose Additive to Enhance Photo and Biodegradation Characteristics of LDPE

Low density polyethylene films blended (LDPE) with mixed Ferrous ricinoleate maleic dextrose additive have been exposed to accelerated UV and biotic environments. The films were accelerated UV light for 70 h before being mixed with water and municipal solid compost. The photo degraded and biodegraded LDPE films were examined by infrared spectroscopy and also to study the photodegraded film attacked by mitochondria β oxidation process of microorganism and its morphological study by SEM analysis and degree of crystallinity behaviour by XRD analysis.

A New Synthesis of Nickel 12-Hydroxy Oleate Formulation to Improve Polyolefin’s Degradation

A new additive Nickel (Ni) 12-hydroxyoleate was successfully synthesized and their performance on the photodegraded low density polyethylene and polypropylene fi lms were subjected to biodegradation in the presence of the microbes such as Aspergillus niger and Pencillium funculosum isolated from a dump. Fragments occur progressively in the biodegradation of the photodegradaded fi lms. Moreover, the biodegradation test results reveal that 19% and 23% respectively of the material degradation at the end of 45 days. This Ni 12-hydroxyloleate blended with LDPE and PP fi lms has been exposed to abiotic and biotic environments. The abiotic degradable of the fi lms were UV irradiated for periods of maximum within 96 hours of LDPE and 72 hours of PP in different percentage before being mixed with water and organic fraction municipal solid compost were examined by infrared spectroscopy. The carbonyl peak increased with time in the abiotic environment and the oxidative degradation. In the presence of a biotic environment however, this peak decreased. At the same time there was an increase in double bonds which was related to weight loss. This mechanism is compared, on the one hand, with abiotic photo-oxidation, Norrish type I degradation and on the other with biotic polyole fi n’s degradation to produce double bond formation fi nd out peak in FTIR. So it is proxidante and bioactive LDPE and PP-Ni 12-hydroxyloleate degradable simply. The SEM micrograph con fi rms the presence of the deterioration of fi lm increases with increase of percentage additive due to the presence of microbial exposure.

Influence of temperature and pH on the nonenzymatic reduction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride.

The effects of temperature and pH on the nonenzymatic (chemical) reduction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to triphenyl formazan (TF) in cheese whey and municipal solid waste compost samples were studied. Ten different incubation temperatures and 13 pH levels were tested. The study showed that the TTC could be reduced nonenzymatically at high temperatures and/or under alkaline pH conditions. The nonenzymatic TTC reduction was observed at pH values greater than 9.5 and 11.0 for the cheese whey and compost, respectively. The TTC chemical reduction rate followed the same trend in both media. The TF content increased with increasing the pH value, reaching its maximum at a pH of 12, then decreased and was not detected at a pH of 13. The TTC was also reduced nonenzymatically at temperatures higher than 70 and 85 degrees C for cheese whey and compost, respectively. Evaporation did not seem to have any significant effect on the TTC chemical reduction since less than 3% of water content was lost at a temperature of 100 degrees C. It was noticed that the TF yield in cheese whey samples was higher than that in compost samples. This was due to the higher moisture content of cheese whey and the presence of copper in the compost samples, which reacted chemically with the TF causing reduction in the red color. For a given incubation period, the effect of pH on the TTC chemical reduction was more significant than the effect of incubation temperature (at a 2 h incubation period, 57.5% and 17.9% of the TTC were chemically reduced at a pH of 12 compared to 10.9% and 7.7% at an incubation temperature of 100 degrees C, for cheese whey and compost, respectively). Among the six metals tested (Ca, Cu, K, Na, Ni, and Zn) only Cu affected the color intensity of the TF. The activation energy of the TTC chemical reduction was 168,808 and 239,102 J/mol in cheese whey and municipal solid compost, respectively. For dehydrogenase activity measurement, the pH of the samples and the incubation temperature should not be higher than 9 and 60 degrees C in order to ensure that the TTC reduction is caused only by the biochemical reaction. Measuring the color intensity of TF in waste samples that contain copper could give misleading results as a result of the formation of formazan copper complex, which reduces the red color.

Mineralização de azoto de diferentes resíduos orgânicos em incubação laboratorial de longa duração

The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a long-term incubation experiment (443 days) conducted under laboratory conditions, the N net mineralization progress after addition to soil of different amendments: sewage sludge, cattle slurry, municipal solid compost and pulp mill sludge. Excluding pulp mill sludge, the residues were applied at two rates (80 and 160 kg total N ha-1). Treatments with the same rates of mineral N fertilizer and a control were also included. N net mineralization was evaluated using the mineral N content (NH4+-N and NO3--N) accumulated in the mixtures of soil+residue. Measurements were performed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 15, 22, 29, 36, 46, 59, 74, 88, 120, 144, 186, 249, 338 and 443 days after residues application. Highest values of soil mineral content at the beginning of the experiment were obtained on the treatments with cattle slurry and sewage sludge amendments. After 443 days of incubation, the treatments with cattle slurry and sewage sludge released respectively, 50 and 76% of the total N applied (two rates mean). Pulp mill sludge and municipal solid compost treatments originated N immobilization, with this effect lasting for a period of 4-5 months and one month respectively. After 443 days of incubation, the treatment with pulp mill sludge showed an immobilization of 43%, relatively to the amount of total N added. And the treatment with municipal solid compost showed a mineralization of 26% of the total N added. The organic amendments showed a very diverse N mineralization behaviour, which may imply distinct practical results. Application of cattle slurry and sewage sludge should be accompanied by reduction of the amounts of mineral fertilizer applied in a short-term period, while the addition of municipal solid compost and, mainly, the addition of pulp mill sludge may need a reinforcement of the rate of the mineral N fertilizers applied.

Fuzzy mathematics-based evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste compost maturities in different spaces in static tunnel from Nangong compost plant

Fuzzy mathematics-based evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste compost maturities in different spaces in static tunnel from Nangong compost plant

Determination of heat generated by metabolic activities during composting of greenhouse tomato plant residues

Heat and mass balances were performed on an insulated laboratory composting bioreactor operating on tomato plant residues. Wood shavings and municipal solid compost were used as a bulking agent and an inoculum, respectively. The moisture content and C:N ratio were adjusted at 60% and 30:1, respectively. Both the thermal and biological parameters were evaluated. The moisture content stayed relatively constant at 59.7 ± 0.61%. The reductions in volatile solids, total carbohydrate, fat and grease, protein, and TKN-N were 29.1, 31.7, 88.8, 17.8, and 11.0%, respectively. The NH4+-N remained unchanged (0.33–0.35%). The temperature peaked after 31 h of operation reaching 63.3 °C and lasted for 9 h. The result of the thermal analysis indicated that the average heat production value was 14.6 kJ/g DM degraded. The conductive heat losses through the cylindrical body and the sidewalls of the bioreactor accounted for 36.53% of the total cumulative heat produced, whereas the heat loss due to aeration accounted for 62.57% and the heat gained by the compost and bioreactor materials accounted for the remaining 0.9%. The addition of a bioavailable carbon source (used cooking oil) at the peak temperature could extend the duration of the maximum temperature to insure that the composting process is effective in destroying pathogens and pesticides. Key words: compost, bioavailable carbon, tomato residues, wood shavings, nitrogen, carbohydrate, protein, fat, temperature.

Inactivation of Botrytis cinerea During Thermophilic Composting of Greenhouse Tomato Plant Residues

The effectiveness of in-vessel thermophilic composting on the inactivation of Botrytis cinerea was evaluated. The bioreactor operated on an infected mixture of tomato plant residues, wood shavings, and municipal solid compost (1:1.5:0.28). Tap water and urea were added to adjust the moisture content and C:N ratio to 60% and 30:1, respectively. Used cooking oil was added as a bioavailable carbon source to compensate for heat losses from the system and extend the thermophilic composting stage. The controlled thermophilic composting process was successful in inactivating B. cinerea. During all experiments, the average reactor temperature increased gradually, reaching its peak after 31 h of operation. Temperatures in the range of 62.6-63.9 degrees C were maintained during the thermophilic stage by the intermittent addition of used cooking oil. The results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test indicated that the initial concentration of B. cinerea in the compost samples (14.6 mug of dried mycelium/g of compost) was reduced to 12.9, 8.8, and 2.4 mu/g after 24, 48, and 72 h of thermophilic composting, respectively. Plating assay indicated that the mold was completely inactivated in samples after 48 h of thermophilic composting. No significant reduction in B. cinerea was observed during the transient phase (first 30 h of rising temperature) because the temperature reached the lethal level of 55 degrees C after 23 h, thus allowing only 7 h of exposure to temperatures higher than 55 degrees C during this phase. The relatively short time required for complete inactivation of B. cinerea was achieved by maintaining a constant high temperature and a uniform distribution of temperature and extending the duration of the thermophilic stage by the addition of the proper amount of bioavailable carbon (used cooking oil).