Mung Bean Sprouts Research Articles

A promising platform for the rapid and sensitive sensing of mercury ion and its applications in biological and environmental system

Mercury ion (Hg2+) is one of harmful heavy metal ions that can accumulate inside the human organism and cause some health problems. Herein, a novel NBD derivative, 1-(2-((7-nitrobenzo[c] [1,2,5] oxadiazol-4-yl) amino) ethyl)-3-phenylthiourea (NBD-SCN), has been reasonably designed, which was simply synthesized by introducing NBD moiety as the fluorophore, phenyl-isothionitrate as the reaction site and ethylenediamine as a linker group, resulting in intense fluorescence emission with high fluorescence quantum yields. Intriguingly, probe NBD-SCN provides a dual-mode colorimetric and fluorescence response pattern for the sensing of mercury ion with great limit of detections (3.6 nM) and rapid response time (4 s). The strong combination of mercury ions and sulfur atoms leads to intramolecular cyclization, causing the color of probe solution changed from orange to pale yellow as well as a complete vanishing of fluorescence intensity. The proposed reaction mechanism was verified by fluorescence and UV titration, 1H NMR, FTIR, HRMS analyses and DFT studies. Motivated by an impressive chromatic variation, test strip sensing platform are facilely constructed for real-time and on-site measurement of Hg2+ levels. Furthermore, confocal imaging experiments verify that this probe can be used for monitoring mercury ion in living mung bean sprouts and in biological systems in real time.

Pemanfaatan Kecambah Kacang Hijau dan Kacang Kedelai sebagai Sumber Nitrogen pada Produksi Nata de Pina

Pineapple skin, a by-product of the pineapple industry in Lampung, has significant potential for utilization. Pineapple peel extract can be used as a fermentation medium for nata de pina, thereby enhancing its added value. The production of nata de pina requires a nitrogen source that is safe for human consumption and poses no food safety risks. Legume sprouts, such as mung bean and soybean sprouts, have the potential to serve as nitrogen sources in the production of nata de pina. This study aimed to investigate the effect of varying concentrations of nitrogen sources from mung bean or soybean sprouts on the properties of nata de pina, including pH, total acidity, thickness, yield, moisture content, crude fiber, ash content, and sensory attributes (color, aroma, texture). Mung bean and soybean sprout juices were used at two concentration levels, 25% and 50% of the volume of pineapple peel juice (v/v). Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA with a 5% significance level, followed by DMRT if significant effects were observed. Nata de pina produced with the addition of 50% soybean juice demonstrated optimal results, with a thickness of 1.4 cm, yield of 67.5%, moisture content of 97.7%, crude fiber of 2.2%, and ash content of 0.16%. The sensory evaluation revealed scores of 4.26 for color (like), 2.92 for aroma (moderate), 3.78 for texture (like), and 3.78 for overall preference (like).

Influence of ultraviolet-C irradiation treatment on quality and shelf life of mung bean sprouts during storage

This research analyzed the impact of exposing mung bean sprouts to ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation for different periods (2, 5, and 10 min). Treated sprouts were preserved at 5°C and 85-95% relative humidity for 6 days. Irradiation for 10 min effectively reduced fresh weight loss, electrolyte leakage, and microbial count and main-tained the firmness of sprouts. It also positively influenced the bioactive components, including antioxidants, total phenols, and protein, potentially providing health benefits to consumers. In addition, prolonged UV-C exposure for 10 min leads to oxidative stress, marked by a rise in malondialdehyde, proline, and hydrogen peroxide content. These compounds assist in stress reduction and preserve secondary metabolites. This research implies that post-harvest 10 min UV-C irradiation offers a potential approach to uphold quality while maximizing the nutritional value of mung bean sprouts.

Nutritional and Organoleptic Value in the Formula Enteral of Growol and Germinated Mung Bean Flour as an Alternative Enteral Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by increased blood glucose. Nutritional support rich in dietary fiber and high protein can stimulate insulin secretion, thereby inhibiting increased blood glucose. Enteral of Growol-Germinated Mung Bean Flour (ENGROCAJO) is a formula developed from growol flour and germinated mung bean flour. It contains high dietary fiber with protein and is an alternative nutritional therapy for people with T2DM. Hospital Diabetes Mellitus (DM) enteral formula administered to patients is limited to dietary fiber. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the nutritional value and organoleptic value of the ENGROCAJO formula and compare it with the hospital DM enteral formula. Methods: This was an observational laboratory study developed an enteral formula from growol and germinated mung bean flour. It analyzed the nutritional value using proximate and dietary fiber analysis. The organoleptic assessment utilized a hedonic test with 20 participants. The nutritional and organoleptic contents were compared with hospital DM enteral formula. The difference test between formulas was tested using Kruskal-Wallis with a significant value of p<0.05. Results: The nutritional content in 100 g of ENGROCAJO formula and hospital DM enteral formula includes energy of 386.86 and 329.49 kcal, protein of 41.38% and 20.43%, fat of 2.78% and 8.88%, carbohydrate of 49.08% and 38.55% with dietary fiber of 22.43% and 3.62%. Organoleptic assessment of aroma, color, flavor, and thickness showed that the ENGROCAJO formula had higher quality than the hospital DM enteral formula. However, the flavor aspect showed significant difference (p=0.038). Conclusions: ENGROCAJO formula contains higher protein and dietary fiber compared to the hospital DM enteral formula. There was a significant difference in the organoleptic taste between the ENGROCAJO formula and the hospital DM enteral formula.

Modeling Behavior of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in Raw and Processed Vegetables.

Given the persistent occurrence of foodborne illnesses linked to both raw and processed vegetables, understanding microbial behavior in these foods under distribution conditions is crucial. This study aimed to develop predictive growth models for Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in raw (mung bean sprouts, onion, and cabbage) and processed vegetables (shredded cabbage salad, cabbage and onion juices) at various temperatures, ranging from 4 to 36 °C. Growth models were constructed and validated using isolated strains of Salmonella spp. (S. Bareilly, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium) and L. monocytogenes (serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b) from diverse food sources. The minimum growth temperatures for Salmonella varied among different vegetable matrices: 8 °C for mung bean sprouts, 9 °C for both onion and cabbage, and 10 °C for ready-to-eat (RTE) shredded cabbage salad. Both pathogens grew in cabbage juice at temperatures above 17 °C, while neither demonstrated growth in onion juice, even at 36 °C. Notably, Salmonella spp. exhibited faster growth than L. monocytogenes in all tested samples. At 8 °C, the lag time (LT) and specific growth rate (SGR) for Salmonella spp. in mung bean sprouts were approximately tenfold longer and threefold slower, respectively, compared to those at 10 °C. A decrease in refrigerator storage temperature by 1 or 2 degrees significantly prevented the growth of Salmonella in raw vegetables. These findings offer valuable insights into assessing the risk of foodborne illness associated with the consumption of raw and processed vegetables and inform management strategies in mitigating these risks.

Exogenous nitric oxide treatment delays the senescence of postharvest mung bean sprouts by regulating ascorbic acid metabolism.

This study evaluated the effects of nitric oxide (NO) treatment on ascorbic acid (AsA) metabolism and mung bean sprout quality. It examined changes in the AsA content, enzyme activity associated with AsA metabolism, antioxidant capacity, cell membrane composition, and cellular structure to clarify the effects of NO on mung bean sprouts. Nitric oxide treatment preserved mung bean sprout quality by enhancing significantly the activity of enzymes involved in the l-galactose pathway (including guanosine diphosphate (GDP)glutathione (-d-mannose pyrophosphorylase, GDP-mannose-3',5'-epimerase, GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase, l-galactose-1-phosphate phosphatase, l-galactose dehydrogenase, and l-galactose-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase) and the AsA-glutathione (GSH)(Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co.,Ltd., Beijing, China) cycle (including ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase, glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase) during the germination and storage stage. Increased enzyme activity led to an increase in AsA content and enhanced antioxidant capacity, and reduced the membrane lipid damage in mung bean sprouts. This was demonstrated by higher levels of DPPH radical scavenging capacity, unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids, along with lower levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, and malondiadehyde, in NO-treated mung bean sprouts. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed that NO treatment maintained the integrity of the cellular structure of the mung bean sprouts. Nitric oxide accelerates AsA metabolism effectively by regulating the biosynthesis and regeneration of AsA in mung bean sprouts. These changes increased AsA levels, alleviated membrane lipid damage, delayed senescence, and maintained the quality of mung bean sprouts during storage. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enhanced Fenton-like process on Co9S8 catalyst with Mixed-Valence Cobalt(0)/Cobalt(Ⅱ)

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based Fenton-like reactions have great potential to revolutionize wastewater treatment, but achieving highly efficient decontamination at low chemical input remains extremely challenging. In this study, a carbon carrier-supported Co9S8 catalyst with Mixed-Valence Cobalt(0)/Cobalt(Ⅱ) was prepared, which enables 70.72 % PMS decomposition-rate and complete, highly efficient tetracycline (TC) removal. Through the cyclic conversion pathways of polyvalent cobalt and the auto-decomposition of PMS, which produced SO4•-, 1O2, •OH, and high-valence metals, the material’s efficiency in degrading TC through PMS activation was effectively enhanced (99.92 %). S2-, as one of the active sites, not only promotes the participation of Co3+/Co2+/Co0 in the generation of reactive oxygen species but also significantly facilitates electron transfer to further increase the catalytic reaction rate. Through metal-chelating agents, it is illustrated that Co2+ directly activates PMS to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), while Co3+ promotes cycling. The normalized kinetic constant of Co9S8/Co-C (105.6 min−1M−1) was even four times larger than that of Co9S8 (26.4 min−1M−1). Co9S8/Co-C exhibited rapid degradation over a wide pH range and extensive cycling experiments, demonstrating its versatility and stability in various environments. Possible degradation pathways were speculated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Toxicological evaluations and mung bean germination toxicity tests indicated that the Co9S8/Co-C+PMS system effectively reduced toxicity. It enables the complete degradation of TC while remarkably reducing the toxic intermediates, ensuring that the catalyst is suitable for wastewater treatment applications.

Constructing an S-scheme MnFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction with photothermal effect to achieve efficient degradation of tetracycline and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene

In this work, the S-scheme MnFe2O4/ZnIn2S4 (MFO/ZIS) heterostructure was prepared by hydrothermal method, which can degrade tetracycline (TC) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) efficiently. Under simulated sunlight irradiation, 88.9 % of TC can be degraded within 75 minutes, and 82.7 % of TNT can be degraded within 120 minutes. The photocurrent response of 3 %MFO/ZIS (0.45 µA cm-2) surpassed that of ZIS (0.15 µA cm−2) and MFO (0.08 µA cm−2). This is mainly due to the synergistic effect of the S-scheme electron transport pathway and the photothermal effect in MFO/ZIS, which improves its utilization rate of photogenerated electrons. After being used four times, 3 %MFO/ZIS can still degrade 80.2 % of TC, showing excellent stability. In addition, the TC degradation process was analyzed and the low toxicity of TC after degradation was confirmed by LC-MS, ECOSAR and experiments of cultivating mung bean sprouts, demonstrating the potential application value of MFO/ZIS heterojunction in the wastewater treatment field.

Effects of combined ultrasound and calcium ion pretreatments on polyphenols during mung bean germination: Exploring underlying mechanisms

Mung beans were pretreated with a combination of ultrasonic and calcium ion to enhance the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity during germination. Changes in polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity during germination, along with underlying mechanisms, were investigated. Both single ultrasound and combined ultrasound-Ca2+ pretreatments significantly increased the polyphenol content and enhanced the antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) of mung beans depending on germination period. Among 74 polyphenolic metabolites identified in germinated mung beans, 50 were differential. Notably, 23 of these metabolites showed a significant positive correlation with antioxidant activity. Ultrasound pretreatment promoted flavonoid biosynthesis, whereas ultrasound-Ca2+ pretreatment favored the tyrosine synthesis pathway. Polyphenol composition and accumulation changes were mainly influenced by metabolic pathways like flavonoid, isoflavonoid, anthocyanin, and flavone/flavonol biosynthesis. The results suggest that ultrasound alone or combined with calcium ion pretreatments effectively enhance mung bean polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity during germination.

Structural characterization, physicochemical properties and hypoglycemic activity of soluble dietary fibers from salt stressed mung bean sprouts

Low-salt stress germination is an effective way to improve the nutritional composition of food crops. A novel soluble dietary fiber (MS-SDF) was isolated from low-salt stress mung bean sprouts that were exposed to low-salt stress using anion exchange and gel permeation techniques. Structural analysis revealed that MS-SDF was a homogeneous heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 164.997 KDa. It featured a loose structure and contained the characteristic functional groups typical of polysaccharides. MS-SDF was composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, and mannose with a molar ratio of 3.95:3.86:82.69:9.02. The structure was mainly composed of →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, and →3,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ as the main chain. Branched at O-3 position with single β-D-Manp-(1→ as major the side chain. Furthermore, in vitro hypoglycemic assays indicate that MS-SDF exhibits α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, significantly enhancing glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and pyruvate kinase activity in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Overall, MS-SDF could be used as a promising source of functional hypoglycemic foods.

Metabolomic analysis unveils the dynamic alterations in metabolite profiles in different accessions of Mungbean sprouts

Despite the high nutritional value and active components present in mungbean sprouts, the influence of different accessions on their nutrition remains unclear. Two accessions with pronounced differences in germination experiments were selected in this study, as the average fresh weight and root length of Shilv 22 (SL22) seedlings were only 47% and 41% of those of Shilv 17 (SL17), respectively. In order to investigate the metabolic changes that occur during mungbean germination, nontargeted metabolomics was performed with different accessions of mungbean sprouts. The results revealed that SL17 and SL22 accessions had extreme differences on metabolic changes, and amino acids including tyrosine, proline, aspartate and asparagine were considered to serve as potential markers to distinguish the two accessions. SL17 accumulated more vitamin B, flavonoids and phenolic acids than SL22 mungbean sprouts after 60 h, a critical time point of germination. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that caffeic acid, naringenin, kaempferol, apigenin and pinocembrin could be potentially used as crucial active components of mungbean sprouts for future research. This study offers a strong theoretical foundation for producing cost-effective, highly nutritious mungbean sprouts in the market.

Probiotic‐rich bean sprouts alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation induced by a diet with an increased fat‐to‐carbohydrate energy ratio

SummaryThe rat's model evaluated the function of sprouted beans enriched with probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v in alleviating dyslipidaemia, inflammation and disturbed redox homeostasis caused by a high‐lard diet. Sprouted beans improved the total antioxidant capacity of serum and liver, regardless of whether the feeds had a higher content of low‐molecular antioxidants or were additionally enriched with probiotics. The reduction of inflammation (lowered level of C‐reactive protein) and restoration of triglycerides and total cholesterol to the levels recorded in the control group (AIN‐93M) were especially observed in the group supplemented with the control adzuki bean. Introducing sprouted legumes (both the control and probiotic‐rich) improved microbiota activity affected by a high‐lard diet. The highest, desirable reduction of urease (by 80%) and tryptophanase (by 78%) activity was found in the groups fed with probiotic‐rich adzuki and mung bean sprouts respectively. Sprouted beans improve the metabolism of individuals subjected to a diet with an increased fat‐to‐carbohydrate energy ratio, especially concerning oxidative stress injury and microbiota activity.

The Effect of Mung Bean Sprout Extract (Phaseolus radiatus L.) on Catalase Levels in Male Wistar Rats Induced Paraquat Herbicide

Background Exposure to herbicide paraquat affects the body's organs of antioxidants that can exceed the capacity of antioxidant enzymes in the human body which causes the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). cause oxidative stress. This causes the endogenous antioxidants to decrease so prevention requires exogenous antioxidants such as mung bean sprout supplements. The effect of mung bean sprouts can reduce oxidative stress caused by the herbicide paraquat. This study aimed to determine the effect of mung bean sprout extract on catalase levels in male Wistar rats induced with paraquat herbicide. Methods This research is experimental with a posttest-only controlled Group Design. The research subjects were 25 male Wistar rats randomly divided into 5 groups, namely K1, K2, K3, K4, and K5. Groups K3, K4, and K5 were given a green bean sprout extract supplement at 21.6 mg/200 g BW/day, 43.2 mg/200 g BW/day, and 86.4 mg/200 g BW/day. 16 blood samples were taken for examination of catalase levels. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The mean catalase level was highest in the K1 group compared to the K3, K4, and K5 groups. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test on catalase levels showed a significant difference between groups (p=0.000). Conclusions Supplementing green bean sprout extract with doses of 21.6 mg/200 g BW/day, 43.2 mg/200 g BW/day and 86.4 mg/200 g BW/day could increase catalase levels in male Wistar rats induced by paraquat herbicide.

Transformative impact of atmospheric cold plasma on mung bean seeds: Unveiling surface characteristics, physicochemical alterations, and enhanced germination potential

This work investigates the impact of a new geometry Atmospheric Cold-Plasma (ACP) system on mung bean (Vigna radiata) seed germination and seedling growth. Plasma is produced using a bipolar pulse power source, providing superior control of the generated species. A substantial increase in germination rates (86.67%–91.67%) and optimal seedling growth after 40 s of treatment is reported. The functional and morphological features have shown improvements. Plasma treatment significantly increases the specific surface area (7.695 m2/g) and total pore volume (0.007 cc/g) of the seeds compared to the control (2.214 m2/g and 0.001 cc/g, respectively), suggesting potential enhancements in water absorption and nutrient exchange. Radicle growth stimulation is also observed without alterations in the seed’s chemical structure. These findings highlight the potential of the ACP system for enhancing mung bean sprout germination and seedling development, which is helpful for agriculture applications.

Untargeted metabolomics combined with vitro antioxidant to comprehensively evaluate the effect of sodium sulfite immersion on the holistic quality of mung bean sprouts.

Mung bean sprouts are widely consumed as a seasonal fresh vegetable, renowned for their affordability and richness in antioxidants and bioactive compounds. This study employed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatogram-Q-Exactive HF mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis to comprehensively evaluate the chemical profile of mung bean sprouts following sulfite immersion. The findings revealed a significant alteration in the overall chemical composition of mung bean sprouts following sodium sulfite immersion. Eleven components, including four sulfur-containing compounds, were identified as characteristic markers distinguishing between non-immersed and sodium sulfite-immersed mung bean sprouts. Esterification and addition reactions were inferred to occur during sodium sulfite immersion, leading to the transformation of flavonoid and saponin sulfates. Commercial samples analysis indicated that sulfur-containing compounds were detectable in 9 of 11 commercial mung bean sprouts. Meanwhile, when sodium sulfite concentration exceeded 3.00mg/mL and immersion time exceeded 360min, the contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid were significantly reduced and the antioxidant activity was adversely influenced.

Efficient degradation of MCPA in water by light/MIL-88A/H2O2 system: Mechanism, degradation pathways and toxicity assessment

2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is a herbicide that poses a threat to the environment. In this study, MIL-88A was utilized as a photocatalyst to degrade MCPA. Results demonstrated that the Light/MIL-88A/H2O2 system exhibited remarkable photo-Fenton catalytic activity. Under optimal conditions of pH = 3.8, H2O2 concentration of 1.2 mL/L, MIL-88A dosage of 0.2 g/L and an initial MCPA solution concentration of 50 mg/L, the degradation efficiency reached its peak, achieving a 99.9 % degradation rate of MCPA within 60 min. The morphology, structure, and photocatalytic performance of MIL-88A were investigated using characterization techniques such as SEM, XRD, XPS, and UV–vis DRS. Free radical quenching experiments and ESR characterization demonstrated that the main active material in the degradation of MCPA was •OH. The possible degradation pathways of MCPA were hypothesized by combining the results of Gaussian software and LC-MS analysis. Furthermore, the toxicity of MCPA was evaluated using T.E.S.T. software and mung bean germination experiments. The results revealed that the degradation of MCPA by Light/MIL-88A/H2O2 system could achieve solution detoxification.

Surface engineering of the lightweight aggregates derived from the dredged harbor sediment for green fertilizer utilization

Pursuing the circular economy driving scientists to explore additional environmental friendly application of lightweight aggregates (LWAs) derived from the dredged harbor sediment. We herein demonstrated the surface engineering of LWAs for the green fertilizer application by hydrothermally depositing iron species (Fe@LWAs) to increase the chemical reactivity. The obtained Fe@LWAs were first applied to adsorb nutrients (NH4+ and PO43−). Desorption of the adsorbed nutrients was then utilized as the replacement of commercial chemical fertilizer to cultivate mung bean sprouts to further biofix environmental CO2. Experimental results showed that the deposited iron species was the dominant component regulating the chemical behaviors of Fe@LWAs and adsorbed PO43− played an important role for Fe@LWAs to adsorb NH4+. With the coexistence of NH4+ and PO43−, the adsorption capacities of Fe@LWAs were 0.220 mg-NH4+/g and 0.486 mg-PO43−/g. The growth rate of mung bean sprouts using nutrient loaded Fe@LWAs was similar to those cultivated using commercial chemical fertilizer. Despite the nutrient recovery and mung bean cultivation decreasing the carbon footprint of the Fe@LWAs, the preparation of LWAs by high temperature sintering and the following hydrothermal surface modification consumed intensive energy. Consequently, the green fertilizer application of Fe@LWAs requires at least 594 cycles of nutrient recovery and mung bean cultivation to reach negative carbon emissions. Importantly, the cultivated mung bean sprouts could return to the soil to effectively secure the biofixed CO2, which could contribute additional environmental implications by increasing the organic content in the soil at the same time.

Ethnobiological study of Tumpeng, traditional food in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Septhia ND, Izdihar NS, Destiani NFL, Rindiani N, Izdihar RS, Setyawan AD. 2024. Ethnobiological study of tumpeng, traditional food in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 7: 61-67. The Javanese ethnic group, which is the largest ethnic population in Indonesia, shows its cultural richness through a variety of traditional foods, one of which is tumpeng. This research aims to find out information about each ingredient in tumpeng, the meaning of tumpeng in various Javanese traditions or ceremonies, and the knowledge of the people in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia regarding this tradition through ethnobotanical studies. The research method used was observation and interviews with the people of Surakarta City regarding the Tumpengan tradition. Of the 60 respondents from Baluwarti, Kauman, and Mojosongo Villages in Surakarta City, the majority, especially 42 people, showed a "somewhat understand" level of understanding of tumpeng. The locals mention at least 19 plants and 3 animals often used as ingredients in tumpeng, such as coconut, water spinach, spinach, yarlong beans, mung bean sprouts, carrots, cucumber, cabbage, as well as chicken meats and eggs, milkfish, and anchovies. Tumpeng and each food element on it has a deep symbolic meaning for the community which is related to the relationship between humans and God, humans and nature, and humans and humans. For example, side dish such as chicken symbolizes gratitude and peace given by God, and cone-shaped rice shows the hope that there must always be progress and improvement in every life.

Morphologic and microstructural modulation of graphitic carbon nitride through EDTA-2Na mediated supramolecular self-assembly route: Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity for antibiotic degradation

Photocatalysis technology is a promising green route to eliminate antibiotic residues, but current performance still cannot satisfy the practicality. Herein, an EDTA-2Na mediated supramolecular self-assembly strategy was employed to modulate the morphology and microstructure of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN). The obtained EDTA-2Na mediated supermolecule-based GCN (ESGCN) was proved to possess ultrathin flake-like morphology with developed porous structure and Na/O dopants to enhance visible light harvesting. Compared to the pristine GCN and the supermolecule-based GCN (SGCN) without the EDTA-2Na mediation, the ESGCN has more photogenerated charges, decreased charge recombination and accelerated transport/transfer rate, which thus greatly improved photocatalytic activity for degrading tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) and the apparent rate constant is 37.3 and 6.0 times higher than those of the GCN and the SGCN. Additionally, it exhibits excellent universality in degrading various tetracycline antibiotics with a wide pH range and good stability/durability. A possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of TC by the ESGCN was elaborated. And the toxicity assessments and mung bean germination experiments also indicate the photocatalytic process can effectively decrease the toxicity and the potential risk of TC to the environment. This work provides a feasible and effective approach to enhance photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride, which has prominent potentials for elimination of antibiotic residues in environment.

Controlled fermented sprouted mung bean containing ginger extract as a novel bakery bio-preservative for clean-label enriched wheat bread

Application of controlled fermented sprouted legumes is important in terms of improving quality and shelf-life of wheat bread. In the present study, after spontaneous fermentation of sprouted mung bean containing ginger extract (GE), the predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates were screened based on their inhibitory activity against Aspergillus niger. Sequencing results of the PCR products led to the identification of Levilactobacillus brevis as the selected isolate with 73.12% antifungal effect. Then, the selected isolate was used as a protective starter culture in the controlled fermented sprouted mung bean (FSM). Production of wheat bread with FSM containing a protective starter culture and GE not only improved the textural features of the product, but also increased its mold-free shelf-life. Accordingly, wheat bread containing FSM and GE with crumb hardness of 9.52 N, specific volume of 3.53 cm3/g and weight loss of 15.95% had the most appropriate textural characteristics with the lowest fungal surface expansion (45.52% mold growth) after 7 days storage in a challenge test. Furthermore, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between this sample and control bread in terms of overall acceptability.