Multivariate Statistical Program Research Articles

Variation and Non-formal Classification of Indonesian Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Accessions Based on Macro and Micro-morphological Characters

Indonesia has a variety of eggplant germplasms and is considered as one of the largest producing countries in the world. The study was conducted to assess the variation of 21 accessions and 2 commercial cultivars of eggplant from Indonesia based on 30 macromorphological and 8 leaves micromorphological characters. Cluster analysis was conducted by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Methods with Arithmetic averages) to create a dendrogram and construct eggplants grouping. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) was also performed to define the role of each character in the group by using MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Program) v.3.1 software. Results showed that eggplant accessions have macromorphological variation in fruit curvature, fruit shape, fruit apex, and fruit color, as well as leaves micromorphological characters such as the epidermal wall, trichome shape, and stomata type. Dendrogram based on macromorphological characters divided the accessions into 2 groups: curved and non-curved fruit groups. The non-curved fruit group divided into more spiny and less spiny leaves sub groups. Dendrogram based on leaves micromorphological characters divided the accessions into 2 groups based on the epidermal wall, trichome shape, and stomata type. Eggplant grouping doesn’t occur based on the origin of collection areas indicating that its variability isn’t affected by the environment.

Genetic variability of Indonesian eggplant (Solanum melongena) based on ISSR markers

Abstract. Husnudin UB, Daryono BS, Purnomo. 2019. Genetic variability of Indonesian Eggplant (Solanum melongena) based on ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 20: 3049-3055. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of important vegetable in Indonesia and this country has a variety of eggplant germplasm, whereas molecular data of Indonesian eggplant is limited. This study describes an analysis of genetic variation based on ISSR markers to determine the diversity and phenetic relationship of Indonesian eggplants. 23 samples were collected from the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD) and some commercial cultivars. Data were analyzed by ISSR analysis using UBC 809, UBC 880, UBC 888, UBC 892 and UBC 895 primers. Similarity index was counted by Jaccard Coefficient formula based on molecular scoring. Cluster analysis was conducted by Unweighted Pair Group Methods using Arithmetic averages (UPGMA) method to create a dendrogram with Multivariate Statistical Program (MVSP) v.3.1 software. The results showed that ISSR markers were effective in the estimation of the genetic variability of eggplant accessions characterized by different level of polymorphism. Five ISSR primers generated 40 polymorphic bands (64.5% of the total). The dendrogram divided 23 eggplant accessions into 2 main clusters and one accession ("terong jawa"/K18) located outside from the main cluster. Results suggested that all accessions were grouped randomly into some clusters not in accordance with the locations of sample collection.

Variations and Phenetic Analysis of Peanut Cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L.) Based on Morphological Characteristics

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a food commodity that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. At present there has been no analysis of the relationship between peanut cultivars with phenetic methods based on the morphological properties of the plants. Four cultivars of Arachis hypogaea L. Tuban, Talam 1, Talam 2, and Talam 3 used in this research. Morphological characters data was analyzed by description to construct identification key. Similarity index was counted by Simple Matching Coefficient (SSm) formula based on morphological scoring. Cluster analysis was conducted by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Methods using Arithmetic Averages) method to construct dendrogram. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) were performed to defined role of each morphological character in grouping of accessions with MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Program) v. 3.1 software. The dendrogram showed that four cultivars of Arachis hypogaea L. divided into two main clusters, 4 sub-clusters. The similarity index of clusters is 0.85%.

The Diversity And Classification Of Intraspecies Of Gembolo (Dioscorea Bulbifera L.) Based On Morphological Character

Gembolo (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) is a dioecious, annual, herbaceous, climbing plants and has heart-shaped leaves. Gembolo has aerial tubers (bulbil) and main tuber that has irregular shapes, as well as many rough roots at the base of the stem. The purpose of this research is to know the phenetic relationship of the germplasm of Gembolo in Special Region of Yogyakarta based on morphological character. The results of this study are expected to provide information on intraspecies diversity, phenetic relationship and Gembolo distribution. Gembolo plant samples were taken from D.I Yogyakarta. The sample was observed based on the difference of morphological character, so the number of accessions obtained from D.I Yogyakarta could be determined. Morphological characters would be described and characterized to determine the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU’s). Based on morphological character data, then the grouping analysis was done by grouping analysis method and the dendrogram was formed by the method of Unweighted Pair Group Methods using Arithmetic averages (UPGMA) using Multivariate Statistical Program (MVSP) software version 3.1pc. The results showed that gembolo had morphological variation in tuber shape, stem color, leaf shape, leaf base shape and leaf tip shape. Based on the morphological characters, 2 main groups with the value of similarity index of 62,8% was formed. Group I consisted of four accessions with a similarity value of 85%. Group II consisted of eight accessions with a similarity value of 75%. A high similarity based on the morphological character on gembolo accession caused the gembolo plants in Special Region of Yogyakarta did not vary.

PIXE characterization of Lebanese excavated amphorae from Jiyeh archeological site

Archaeological excavations were undertaken in the Jiyeh archeological site which is located north of Sidon, identified as the Greco-Roman Porphyreon. The first investigations raised suggest a probable pottery production centre. About 40 sherds were analyzed by Proton Induce X-ray Emission technique PIXE in order to identify and characterize the elemental composition of four types of amphorae, using the 1.7 MV tandem accelerator in Beirut. The analysis protocol provided almost 24 elements in one spectrum, including majors, minors and traces. The elemental composition provided by PIXE and based on 12 most abundant elements, ranging from Mg to Zr, was used in a multivariate statistical program and consequently the studied objects were classify into well defined groups.

Identifying relationships among silicic magma batches by polytopic vector analysis: A study of the Topopah Spring and Pah Canyon ash-flow sheets of the southwest Nevada volcanic field

The chemically and mineralogically zoned Topopah Spring silicic ash-flow sheet (12.8 Ma, 1200 km 3) in the southwest Nevada volcanic field (SWNVF) contains two pumice fragment populations, a lower silica (LS) and a high-silica rhyolite (HSR) composition. Recent interpretations are that these magmas, represented by the pumice fragments, were not related by AFC processes within a single magma chamber. The emplacement of the Pah Canyon ash-flow sheet followed the Topopah Spring ash-flow sheet eruption. This smaller volume (∼ 35 km 3) ash-flow sheet contains pumice fragments that were previously interpreted as a hybrid magma formed by mixing of residual Topopah Spring LS and HSR magmas. Pumice fragments from these ash-flow sheets were analyzed by polytopic vector analysis (PVA), a multivariate statistical program that describes each sample in a dataset in terms of some proportion of each end member generated by the program. Therefore each sample, or pumice fragment, is uniquely described by some amount of each of the end members so that graphical analysis of the dataset allows the immediate recognition of separate magma batches, as pumice fragment samples cluster in discrete groups and show different variations in end member proportions. Recognition of hybrid magmas is also immediately apparent, as pumice fragments representing mixed magmas must plot between the parent magmas (pumice fragment groups). Our results confirm the existence of independently generated magmas involved in the formation of the Topopah Spring ash flow. However, PVA of Pah Canyon pumice fragments reveals that Pah Canyon cannot be described solely as a hybrid magma derived from Topopah Spring LS and HSR magmas. Furthermore, Pah Canyon and the Topopah Spring HSR pumice fragments have identical trends in the variation of end member proportions that most likely represent crystal fractionation or accumulation in both magmas that was previously undetected. This pattern is inconsistent with simple mixing between the TS-LS and TS-HSR magmas. Rather it is consistent with magma mixing followed by fractional crystallization.

Artificial Neurol Networks in Policy Research: A Current Assessment

Recent advances in neuroscience, computer science, psychology, and other fields have led to the development of computer programs that are modeled, in principle, on idealizations of organic neural structures. These artificial neural networks (ANNs) exhibit important properties that promise great usefulness for policy researchers. Most important among these are ANNs’ability to learn to identify complex patterns of information and to associate them with other patterns. Furthermore, like their biological predecessors, ANNs can recognize and recall these patterns and associations in spite of noisy, incomplete, or otherwise defective information inputs. ANNs can also generalize information learned about one or more patterns to other related patterns. As a result, ANNs have already found extensive use in areas once reserved for multivariate statistical programs such as regression and multiple classification analysis, and are developing an extensive community of advocates for processing text and other qualitative information.

Differentiation of leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula L.) accessions based on chemical constitution using Curie-point pyrolysis-mass spectrometry-pattern recognition

Curie-point pyrolysis-mass spectrometry, in combination with multivariate pattern recognition methodology (Py-MS-PR), is shown to be an effective method for differentiating accessions of leafy spurge ( Euphorbia esula L.) based on the chemical constitution of plant latex. Three standard multivariate statistical programs — hierarchical cluster analysis, factor analysis, and principal component analysis — correctly classified pyrolysis-mass spectra as either E. esula or E. cyparissias. In addition, different accessions of E. esula corresponding to three different populations (Mandan, ND; Cambridge, ID; and Baker, OR), were classified by this method. The features ( m/z) responsible for each differentiation/classification were identified using Fuzzy c-Varieties Pattern Recognition (FCV). The results of this study were compared to results obtained in an earlier study using Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography-pattern recognition (Py-GC-PR) to differentiate/classify the same set of leafy spurge plants. Results from both techniques (Py-MS-PR and Py-GC-PR) elucidated various biotypes of leafy spurge, demonstrating the applicability of both methods for differentiating/ classifying this troublesome weed.

Use of pattern recognition in the evaluation of PCDD and PCDF residue data from GC/MS analyses

We used the chemometric approach with SIMCA (soft independent modeling by class analogy) multivariate statistical programs, based on principal components modeling to examine complex PCDD and PCDF residues in environmental samples. This approach was employed to determine the acceptability of measured tetrachloro isotope ratios when three ion intensities, m +., (m+2) +., and (m+4) +., were measured by monitoring multiple ions. Isotope labeled internal standards and native compounds were examined. Principal components contain information about similarity of samples and variability in measurement. The data for the observed ion ratios were merged with the theoretical ion ratios and a calculated set of data that deviated from the theoretical values over a range of +/− 10 % for each ion pair. Thus the plot of principal components sample scores contains the error boundaries for accepting data that meet this quality assurance criterion and identifies the samples and calibration data that are within the acceptable range. In addition, GC/MS peaks having more than one constituent with different degrees of chlorination were readily detected. Residues of PCDDs in eggs of herring gulls ( Larus argentatus ) collected from colonies in the Great Lakes region in 1981 – 1984 were measured by GC/MS. Principal components modeling of the normalized residue data demonstrated that the sample residue profiles differed according to the sample's origin and that sample profiles remained remarkably similar over the 4-year period in which the samples were collected.

Automated and interactive analysis of eye fixation data in reading

A package of five FORTRAN programs that provides for fast user-controlled analyses of reading eye fixations is described. The package requires the data to be in a fixation format and to be rescaled to screen dimensions. OLDEYE identifies six types of fixations and calculates descriptive statistics on each of them, on their associated saccades, and on their average pupil diameter. CONVRT represents the text as a string of words that can be coded according to experimentally relevant variables. PLTFIX prints fixation durations by letter position and sequence of occurrence. MODDAT is an interactive program for marking parts of the text in which the data quality is below acceptable standards. It also allows the correction of systematic errors due to calibration or drift. MATCH combines the outputs from OLDEYE, CONVRT, and MODDAT and calculates 11 dependent measures for every word. The output of MATCH is suitable for input to conventional multivariate statistical programs.

Canonical Correlation Programs: a Comparative Analysis of Performance

This study was designed to compare and contrast generally available computer programs which provide canonical correlation analysis. The same set of data was analyzed by each of four canonical correlation programs. The four programs compared came from the Biomedical Computer Programs (BMD), Miami Multivariate Statistical Programs (Miami), Statistical Analysis System (SAS), and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Following the analyses detailed comparisons were tabulated using the following criteria: (1) Run Characteristics, (2) Limitations, and (3) Analysis Features and Options. The newer programs (i.e., SPSS CANCORR and SAS CANCORR) tended to have more features and greater versatility. However, each program had certain uniquenesses which might make it more nearly appropriate for a given analysis requirement.

Sociocultural Change and Psychiatric Disorder Among Rural Yorubas in Nigeria

EthosVolume 1, Issue 2 p. 239-262 Free Access Sociocultural Change and Psychiatric Disorder Among Rural Yorubas in Nigeria Jane M. Murphy, Jane M. Murphy Jane Murphyis an Associate Professor in the Department of Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University.Search for more papers by this author Jane M. Murphy, Jane M. Murphy Jane Murphyis an Associate Professor in the Department of Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University.Search for more papers by this author First published: Summer 1973 https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1973.1.2.02a00060Citations: 15 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Bross, I. D. J. 1958. How to Use Ridit Analysis. Biometrics 14: 18– 38. Clyde, Dean J., Elliot M. Cramer, and Richard J. Sherin. 1966. Multivariate Statistical Programs, Florida: Biometrie Laboratory. Coleman, James S. 1958. Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. University of California Press. DeVos, George, and Horace Miner. 1959. Oasis and Casbah—A Study of Acculturative Stress, Culture and Mental Health ( M. K. Opler, ed.), pp. 333– 350. Macmillan. Duncan, David B. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics 11: 1– 42. Essen-Möller, Erik 1956. Individual Traits and Morbidity in a Swedish Rural Population. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica, Supplement 100, 1– 160. Hollingshead, August B., and Frederick C. Redlich. 1958. Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. John Wiley and Sons. Hughes, Charles C., Marc-adelard Tremblay, Robert N. Rapoport, and A. H. Leighton. 1960. People of Cove and Woodlot. Basic Books. Inkeles, Alex. 1969. Making Men Modern: On the Causes and Consequences of Individual Change in Six Developing Countries. The American Journal of Sociology 75: 208– 225. Inkeles, Alex, and David Smith. 1970. The Fate of Personal Adjustment in the Process of Modernization. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 11: 81– 113. Jessor, Richard, Theodore D. Graves, Robert C. Hanson, and Shirley Jessor. 1968. Society, Personality, and Deviant Behavior: A Study of a Tri-Ethnic Community. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Kahl, Joseph A. 1953. The American Class Structure. Rinehart and Co. Kopytoff, Jean Herskovits. 1965. A Preface to Modern Nigeria. University of Wisconsin Press. Hilda Kuper (ed.). 1955. Urbanization and Migration in West Africa. University of California Press. Lambo, T. Adeoye.1959. A Report on the Study of Social and Health Problems of Nigerian Students in Britain and Ireland. Government publication, Western Nigeria. Leighton, Alexander H. 1959. My Name is Legion. Basic Books. Leighton, Alexander H. 1968. Some Propositions Regarding the Relationship of Sociocultural Integration and Disintegration to Mental Health, Social Psychiatry ( Joseph Zubin and Fritz Freyhan, eds.). 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A Numerical Taxonomic Study of Caribbean and Hawaiian Reef Corals

Powers, Dennis A. and F. James Rohlf (Division of Biological and Medical Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill. 60439, and Division of Biol., State Univ. of New York, Stony Brook, N. Y. 10960) 1972. A numerical taxonomic study of Caribbean and Hawaiian reef corals. Syst. Zool., 21:53-64.-Sixty characters were measured and used in multivariate statistical programs to study the systematics of 54 species of Caribbean and Hawaiian reef corals. Correlation and distance phenograms and a computer-generated, threedimensional model were used to develop phenetic rankings of species groups at levels corresponding to the taxonomic categories of genus, family and suborders. The data generally supports the classification of Vaughan and Wells (1943) as opposed to the classical systematics (e.g., Hyman, 1940; Bourradaile, et al., 1963) of the order. [Numerical taxonomy; reef corals; Caribbean; Hawaii.]

Immunologic Comparisons of the Sera of Certain Phyllostomatid Bats

Gerber, J. D. (Center for Disease Control, W. 39th. St., Kansas City, Kans. 66103) and C. A. Leone (Grad. School, Bowling Green Univ., Bowling Green, Ohio 43402), 1971. Immunological comparisons of the sera of certain phyUostomatid bats. Syst. Zool., 20:160–166.—Densitometric, micro-Ouchterlony immunodiffusion tests and turbidimetric precipitin tests were used to study relationships among species of bats in the family Phyllostomatidae. The immunodiffusion data were analyzed using two multivariate statistical programs in a GE 625 computer. The turbidimetric data were analyzed empirically. A distance dendrogram and a computer-drawn three-dimensional stereogram were derived. Immunologically the sturnirinines and the stenodermines are closely related as are the carollines and glossophagines. The immunologic distinctness of Choeronycteris from Glossophaga and the affinity of the former to species of the Phyllostomatinae suggest that the Glossophaginae are of polyphyletic origin. Desmodus (Desmodontidae) may possibly be a subfamily in the Phyllostomatidae. The Chilonycterinae may rank as a separate family.

Phenetic Relationships in the Genus Myotis

The genus Myotis is of interest to the evolutionist because of its diversity and because of its nearly cosmopolitan distribution. An understanding of the biology of this remarkable genus may provide insight into its success, as well as the success of other expansive groups of mammals. As part of an overall study of Myotis, I subjected measurements of 48 morphological traits from most of the described species to standard numerical taxonomic analysis. I hoped to delineate phenetic groupings in the genus, and to learn if these groupings provide insight into adaptive diversification of species, into the history of the genus, and into a replicable approach to its classification. Phenograms based on Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients and on coefficients of taxonomic distance were prepared, as was a three dimensional model depicting phenetic placement of the species with respect to the first three principal factors derived from a centroid factor analysis. The analysis was performed using the Numerical Taxonomy System of Multivariate Statistical Programs (NT-SYS) developed by F. James Rohlf, John Kishpaugh, and Ron Bartcher, at the University of Kansas in 1968. For methodology, see especially Sokal & Sneath, 1963, and Rohlf, 1968.

Serum esterases among registered breeds of dogs as revealed by immunoelectrophoretic comparisons

1. 1. Aromatic esterase and cholinesterases in the sera of 110 dogs representing 40 breeds of dogs were identified by specific enzyme characterization tests conducted on immunoelectrophoresis slides. The serum from each breed was tested against antisera prepared, in rabbits, against 10 of the breeds. 2. 2. Aromatic esteraseactivity was found in an α-globulin precipitin arc. Cholinesterase activity was found in two precipitin arcs, one involving a protein having the electrophoretic mobility of an α 2-globulin, the other involving a protein having the mobility of and α 1-globulin. 3. 3. The variations in the numbers and densities of the zones of enzyme-bearing precipitates were attibuted to molecular differences of the protein molecules at sites other than the enzymic center. 4. 4. The data were analyzed by a multivariate statistical program, written in Fortran IV for the IBM 7040, which computed correlation coefficients for molecular similarities of the enzyme molecules. 5. 5. Dendrograms were constructed by the computer that placed all breeds in hierarchies in term of their correlations for enzyme activity with one another. 6. 6. In the aromatic esterase tests, 64 per cent of the breeds had the highest amount of correlation with breeds in their own genealogic line. For the cholinesterase esterase tests, the value was 67·5 per cent. 7. 7. When statistical tests for congruency between the aromatic esterase and cholinesterase data were performed, the correlation coefficient betweenthe two sets of results was found to be 0.230. On the basis of this low correlation, the two enzyme systems are assumed to be independent of one another and are controlled by different gene systems.