Multivariate Linear Regression Test Research Articles

Social-Demographic Predictors of Sexual Self-concept in Women on the Verge of Marriage: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: A satisfying and proper sexual relationship that meets the needs of both spouses plays a crucial role in the stability and longevity of the family. Sexual self-concept is one of the factors affecting women's sexual behavior and performance and can be changed throughout life. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the status of sexual self-concept and its socio-demographic predictors of women on the verge of marriage. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 130 women referring to premarital counseling centers in Tabriz, Iran. The data collection tool was the questionnaire of personal and social characteristics and Snell's Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire. Pearson's correlation test, one-way analysis of variance, and multivariate linear regression test were used in data analysis with SPSS software version 24. Results: The mean (standard deviation) of the positive sexual self-concept score was 117 (0.20) from the obtainable score of 0 - 176, and the mean (standard deviation) of the negative sexual self-concept score was 16 (0.7) from the obtainable score of 4 - 38. Additionally, the mean (standard deviation) of the sexual self-concept score was 44 (0.9) from the range of the obtainable score of 0 - 72. The results of multivariate analysis with multivariate linear regression test and control of confounding variables showed that the husband’s age, education, and mother's education were the predictors of positive sexual self-concept. Moreover, age, father's education, and duration of previous acquaintance were reported as predictors of negative sexual self-concept, and age was observed as a predictor of situational sexual self-concept. Conclusions: The study's findings indicated that age, education, parents' education, and the duration of acquaintance with the future spouse could predict sexual self-concept in women approaching marriage without sexual abuse. Given that sexual self-concept evolves well before any sexual activity, policymakers can enhance women's sexual self-concept through interventions, such as psychological counseling with a focus on sexual health. This, in turn, can improve their overall well-being, ultimately supporting stable family foundations and successful childbearing in the future.

Healthy behaviors and gestational diabetes mellitus in an Iranian setting: A cross-sectional study.

The objective of this study is to determine the healthy behaviors of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Ardabil in 2020. An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on 360 mothers with GDM in Ardabil in 2020. Self-reported data was collected using a sociodemographic and a lifestyle questionnaire (LSQ) with assistance from health staff. Univariate and multivariate linear regression tests were used to assess risk variables associated with health behaviors and GDM. The total score of the LSQ was 123.6 ± 9.9, which was considered fair or average. The participants' age had a significant relationship with physical health (beta = -.093, P = .004), weight control and nutrition (beta = .094, P = .010), and psychological health (beta = .081, P = .005). Higher educational level was associated with accident prevention (beta = .453, P = .001). Participants' occupation had a significant positive relationship with the prevention of diseases (beta = .925, P = .003). A gravida of the participants was associated with weight control and nutrition (beta = -.497, P = .016). Body mass index was associated with physical health (beta = -.179, P = .001), exercise and fitness (beta = -.149, P = .016), psychological health (beta = -.158, P = .001), accident prevention (beta = .098, P = .023), and total score of LSQ (beta = -.559, P = .006). The findings of this study showed that mothers with GDM had LSQ subscales scores considered fair or average, except for the prevention of diseases and avoidance of drugs, alcohol, and opiates subscales, which were considered good.

The relationship between depression and sexual satisfaction: An equation model analysis

BACKGROUND: The relationship between depression and sexual satisfaction in middle-aged women has been reported previously. However, there is insufficient evidence that depression is related to sexual satisfaction or that sexual satisfaction is related to depression. This study evaluated the relationship between depression and sexual satisfaction in middle-aged women by evaluating the equation model analysis of the two models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 190 middle-aged women in Isfahan, Iran, in 2021. Sexual satisfaction dimensions were evaluated using self-report women's sexual satisfaction questionnaire. Also, the depression scale of the general health questionnaire was used to measure of the depression level. Research data were analyzed using a multivariate linear regression test. Also, the fit of the model was evaluated using Amos software. RESULTS: The results showed that depression score had an inverse relationship with sexual satisfaction in the relational concern dimension (Beta = −0.27, P = 0.006, CI: −0.11 to − 0.86). Model fit evaluation showed that the sexual satisfaction-depression model had a better fit than the depression-sexual satisfaction model (CMIN/DF = 1.123, P = 0.64). CONCLUSION: The results showed that depression in middle-aged women is related to the relational concern. It is necessary to consider counseling programs to solve sexual relationship concerns in middle-aged women's mental health promotion programs.

Relationship between lead concentration in maternal and umbilical cord blood and some neonatal outcomes in primiparous opium-dependent mothers in Zahedan, Southeast of Iran in 2022

BackgroundThere are limited studies on maternal and umbilical cord blood lead levels and their relationship with each other and with pregnancy outcomes in women addicted to opium. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between lead concentrations in maternal blood and umbilical cord blood with some neonatal outcomes in primiparous opium-dependent mothers.MethodThe present study is a cross-sectional and analytical research. A total of 35 mothers addicted to opium and 35 women without addiction from Zahedan city of Iran participated in this study in 2022. Convenience sampling was done, lead levels were measured and pregnancy outcomes checked by a checklist to collect information. Data analysis was done by independent t-tests, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient, multivariate linear regression and multivariate logistic regression using SPSS version 26 software.ResultsThere was a significant difference in maternal blood lead levels (24.97 ± 8.45 in addicted mothers and 7.5 ± 4.25 in healthy mothers) and in umbilical cord blood lead concentrations (18.68 ± 6.95 in the addicted group and 5.7 ± 2.84 in the healthy group) between the two groups (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively).The lead concentration of all the samples in the addicted group was higher than the high-risk levels. Birth weight, Apgar score, admission to NICU and need for resuscitation were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). Based on the results of multivariate linear regression test, only addiction can reversely predict the birth weight (Beta= -0.74, P < 0.0001), 1-minute Apgar score (Beta = -0.47, P = 0.004) and 5th minute (Beta= -0.62, P = 0.001). According to multivariate logistic regression test, OR of none of the predictor variables was significant with the outcomes. Maternal and umbilical cord blood lead concentrations were not predictors of pregnancy outcomes.ConclusionThe use of opium during pregnancy leads to an increase in the level of lead in maternal blood and umbilical cord blood. Addiction increased adverse pregnancy outcomes but lead concentration did not predict pregnancy complications. It is recommended that the addiction treatment program be included in pre-pregnancy and pregnancy care plans.

Statistical Significance and Utility of Data-Driven Functional Dependencies of Wine Quality Data of Numerical Attributes

There has been a lot of research work to find out functional dependencies algorithmically from databases. But, when the databases consist of numerical attributes, some of the found functional dependencies might not be real functional dependencies, because numerical attributes can have a variety of values. On the other hand, regression analysis is an analysis method in which a model of the observed continuous or numerical variables is obtained and the degree of fit is measured. In this paper, we show how we can determine whether the found functional dependencies of numerical attributes have explanatory power by doing multivariate linear regression tests. We can check their explanatory power by way of adjusted R-squared, as well as other statistics like multicollinearity, the Durbin-Watson test for independence, and the F value for suitability of the regression models. For the experiment, we used the wine quality data set of Vinho Verde in the UCI machine learning library, and we found out that only 48.7% and 30.7% of functional dependencies found by the algorithm called FDtool have explanatory power for the red wine and white wine data set respectively. So, we can conclude that we should be careful when we want to apply the functional dependencies found by the algorithm. In addition, as a possible application of the found functional dependencies in the conditional attributes of the data sets, we have generated a series of random forests by dropping redundant attributes that appear on the right-hand side of the explanatory functional dependencies and acquired good results. So, we can also conclude that we may reduce our efforts by not collecting the data of the redundant attribute to check the wine quality because we can use samples with as few attribute values as possible in mass-produced wines like Vinho Verde.

Efektif Pengetahuan dan Sikap Masyarakat Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Tuberkulosis

Knowledge directly affects a person; attitudes arise due to the presence of knowledge from the individual. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that causes death. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air and is influenced by risk factors that play a role in transmission, such as people's attitudes, knowledge, and behaviour. This study aims to determine the influence of knowledge and community attitudes in preventing tuberculosis. The research design uses a descriptive survey with an observational approach. Accidental sampling method with a total of 52 respondents. Research instruments using questionnaires and observation sheets. Data analysis with multivariate linear regression test. The results of the statistical knowledge test with a p-value: of 0.811, an attitude of 0.599 and a multivariate logistic regression test showed that among the variables of understanding and attitude, the knowledge variable was more significantly related to efforts to prevent tuberculosis, as evidenced by the sig value. P value: 0.997 and Exp (B) 2.256. It can be concluded that the attitude and towards tuberculosis prevention efforts, but knowledge has partial value to Tubercollusis prevention efforts. Suggestions need to be made to educate them massively and continuously about tuberculosis, which are main causes, ways of transmission, and prevention.

Organizational Resilience Among Health Organizations in Israel

Introduction:Health Organizations (HOs) worldwide are vital to any nation’s capacity to withstand crises. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the HOs’ awareness of the importance of Organizational Resilience to ensure Operational Continuity during crises.This study aimed to identify the main elements affecting HOs’ resilience, to enable their application in long-term processes of capacity building.Method:A cross-sectional study examining the level of organizational resilience in HOs was performed, in a general hospital (group A) and one region of Emergency Medical Services–EMS (group B). A structured questionnaire, consisting of 29 items, was developed, validated, and subsequently used to assess organizational resilience. The questionnaire encompassed: ethos, organizational culture, leadership and human capital, situational awareness, adaptability, organizational performance, and learning ability.Results:The respondents included 225 participants from the hospital and 214 from the EMS. Both HOs presented a high level of organizational resilience (average score among hospital and EMS personnel was 3.79 versus 3.91 respectively).In a multivariate linear regression test, the factors found to predict the organizational resilience (in both organizations) were education (academic/non-academic), gender (male/female), and two age groups (20-30 &amp; 31-40).These factors explained 11% of the organizational resilience. Other factors such as profession or seniority at work, were found to be non-significant.Conclusion:As the operational continuity of health organizations is vital during crises, the developed evaluation tool contributes to the capacity of managers and policymakers to continuously monitor the level of organizational resilience. In line with the factors identified as predictors of organizational resilience, health managers should focus on educational interventions to increase their organization’s resilience. It is recommended that follow-up studies be initiated to examine additional variables that may predict the level of organizational resilience.

Prevalence and the affecting factors on depression, anxiety and stress (DASS) among elders in Qazvin City, in the Northwest of Iran

BackgroundDepression, anxiety, and stress are among the most common mental health disorders of the elderly that affect the health of individuals and society. Considering the growing trend of the elderly population in Iran, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of these disorders and to identify the factors affecting them in the elderly.MethodsWe conducted this cross-sectional study using cluster random sampling on 301 elderly people referred to Qazvin health centers. Data was collected using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) questionnaire and analyzed through univariate and multivariate linear regression tests with the interaction between variables in STATA Version 14 software. A P-value of less than 0.05 was significant.ResultsThe prevalence of depression was 45.5%, anxiety 35.5%, and stress 40.2%. Our findings showed that 22.9%, 7.9%, and 14.3% of people had severe and very severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. The variables of age, comorbidity, living status and job status had a significant relationship with the DASS score (p < 0.05). There was an interaction between the variables of comorbidity and income status influencing the DASS score (β = 0.68, 95% CI 0.15, 1.22).ConclusionThe prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in the elderly was high, indicating the inappropriate status of their mental health. Therefore, it is necessary to take operational steps to reduce some problems in the elderly, prioritize the elderly suffering from concurrent diseases, the unemployed elderly, those who do not have a certain income, and the elderly who live alone.

Prevalence of social media addiction and its related factors among students of nursing and midwifery in Iranian context: A cross-sectional study

Background and aims: This study aimed to identify the status of social media addiction (SMA) and some related factors in nursing and midwifery students in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 284 Nursing and Midwifery students participated. The study was conducted from October 4, 2021 to February 16, 2022. Sampling was done by simple random method. The data collection tool was Bergen’s Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22. Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression tests were used to analyze the data. Results: 234 (82.39%) of the students had some level of social media addiction. There was a statistically significant relationship between the hours of using social media during the day and the duration of using these media with addiction (β=0.537, P&lt;0.001). There was a significant relationship between SMA and living single and independently (β=0.58, P=0.032). SMA had no significant relationship with other demographic characteristics of students (P&gt;0.05). A statistically significant relationship was also between SMA and students’ academic performance (β=-0.412, P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of SMA in the study population was alarmingly high. This emerging social problem should be considered in the community of nursing and midwifery students. Because this type of addiction can affect the quality and quantity of nursing care, with the development of attractive social networks dedicated to education and learning, these networks should be directed toward useful student goals.

Sexualidade como fator associado à qualidade de vida da pessoa idosa

Abstract Objective to analyze the association between experiences of sexuality with bio-socio-demographic variables and quality of life of elderly people. Methods cross-sectional study, developed with 1,922 Brazilian elderly people, whose data were collected through a web survey. Three instruments were used to obtain bio-socio-demographic data, sexuality and quality of life. The analysis was carried out with the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation and multivariate linear regression tests, with the “insert” input method, adopting a 95% confidence interval. Results the overall assessment of sexuality was strongly associated with marital status (p&lt;0.001); religion (p=0.001); not having children (p&lt;0.001); sexual orientation (p=0.008) and receiving guidance on sexuality from health professionals (p=0.002). Sexuality correlated positively and with different magnitudes with all facets of quality of life (p&lt;0.001). Regression analysis demonstrated that all dimensions of sexuality remained positively associated with quality of life: sexual act [β=0.154; 95%CI=0.083-0.225; p&lt;0.001]; affective relationships [β=0.335; 95%CI=0.263-0.407; p&lt;0.001] and physical and social adversity [β=1.388; 95%CI=1.206-1.571; p&lt;0.001]. Conclusion and implications for practice sexuality was significantly associated with some bio-socio-demographic variables and positively correlated with the quality of life of the elderly people investigated.

Prevalence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth and its related factors in women hospitalized in the postpartum ward.

Disrespect and abuse during health care is an emerging concept without a common and agreed definition that has not been sufficiently studied in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of disrespect and abuse during childbirth and its related factors in women hospitalized in the postpartum ward. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on postpartum women admitted to Ghods Hospital, Paveh, who met the inclusion criteria from April to September 2021. Data collection tools included a demographic and obstetric characteristic questionnaire and a checklist of disrespect and abuse during childbirth, which were completed immediately before discharge by 276 participants who were selected by available sampling. The delivery provider also completed the demographic characteristic questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 and univariate and multivariate linear regression tests. P <0.05 was considered significant. The results showed that all participants had experienced at least one type of abusive care, and the most common forms were non-consented care (100%) and neglect/abandonment (92.4%). Among the studied variables, only drug interventions during childbirth had a role in predicting disrespect and abuse during childbirth (P < 0.03). Due to the high level of disrespect and abuse during childbirth, it seems necessary to educate staff about respectful maternity care and increase supervision of respect for maternal rights, and plan to reduce midwifery interventions.

Self-Care Performance of Pregnant Women in Preventing COVID-19 Infection and Its Relationship with Perceived Stress.

Objective: To determine the status of self-care performance of pregnant women in the prevention of COVID-19 disease and its relationship with perceived stress during the epidemic period of this disease. Method : This cross-sectional study was performed on 228 pregnant women who referred to the health centers in Tabriz, Iran, for prenatal care. They were selected by cluster sampling. Data collection tools included questionnaires about Demographic-Social Characteristics, the Self-Care Performance Questionnaire and Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale. Spearman correlation test was used to examine the correlation between self-care performance and perceived stress in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Also, multivariate linear regression was used, with control of demographic-social and obstetric characteristics as possible confounders. Results: The median (25-75 percentiles) self-care performance score of participants was 0.71 (0.65-0.76), from the achievable range of 20-80, and its mean (± SD) perceived stress score was 25.5 (± 5.6), from the achievable range of 0-56. The Spearman's rank correlation test results showed a significant inverse correlation between perceived stress and self-care performance scores (r = -0.13; P = 0.041). According to multivariate linear regression test, the variables of self-care performance, education, spouse's education and number of family members were the predictors of perceived stress in pregnant women during the COVID-19 epidemic. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, self-care performance of pregnant women in prevention of the COVID-19 disease was good and their stress was moderate. There was a significant inverse correlation between self-care performance and perceived stress that could indicate the high value and importance of the fetus for the mother and her strict adherence to health protocols to prevent COVID-19, which also leads to calming and reduced perceived stress.

Low protein intake impacts on bone mineral density

Background/Aim: Protein may play a positive beneficial role in the augmenting Bone Mineral Density (BMD), mitigation bone resorption and consequently risk of osteoporosis. The effect of dietary protein may be different in older adults compared to younger adults, since this population has a greater need for protein. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of a dietary protein intake below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g/kg /day from any source (Group I) on Bone Mineral Density (BMD) to a higher dietary protein intake ≥0.8 g/kg/day in our Jordanian osteoporotic patients. Methods: This study trial was a single-center retrospective study, conducted for 206 participants who attended the rheumatology clinic between Sep 2021 and Nov 2021 at Prince Rashid Bin Al-Hasan Military Hospital under ethical approval of Ref #24, 1/2022. The results were expressed as Mean±SD and as Mean difference±SEM. The correlation strengths of binary categorical variables were also expressed as an odds ratio. FRAX score of 3% was used in our study to dichotomize the overall cohort into two cohorts. Univariate and Multivariate Linear Regression Tests were conducted sequentially to abstract the significant coefficients for predicting the 10-year fOHF risk.

Assessment of Mental Health and Quality of Life Status of Undergraduate Students in Indonesia during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic globally impacted physical, spiritual, and mental health (MH). The consequences significantly affected students’ quality of life (QoL) too. This cross-sectional study assessed MH status and its relationship to the QoL of college students in Indonesia. This study collected data (September 2021–April 2022) online using the depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 (DASS-21) to measure MH and the world health organization quality-of-life scale (WHOQoL-BREF) to measure the QoL. The data were analysed using SPSS with a bivariate and multivariate linear regression test. A total of 606 respondents participated in this study, with the majority being women (81.0%), aged 21–27 years (44.3%), and unmarried (98.5%) respondents. We observed 24.4% (n = 148) moderate depression, 18.3% (n = 111) very severe anxiety, and 21.1% (n = 128) moderate stress status. The QoL measurement determined that a moderate QoL in the physical and environmental health domains (>70%) and poor QoL in the psychological health domain (58.3%) were found. Gender, age, family support, history of COVID-19 diagnosis, family with COVID-19 diagnosis, vaccination status, and physical symptoms are significantly associated with MH status and QoL (p-value < 0.05). This study demonstrated that COVID-19 was negatively related to college students’ MH and QoL. Targeted interventions may be needed to ameliorate both MH and QoL.

The effect of safety climate on safety behavior with intervention

Safety climate influences safety behavior and tends to unsafe behavior. Accidents caused by unsafe behavior are quite high, 80%-85% than unsafe conditions. Previous research has addressed the safety climate to safety behavior by looking at the impact and involvement of individuals and the result is controlled safety climate to increase in safety behavior. Changes in unsafe behavior need to be made by applying intervention methods. Based on this, research is carried out on the influence of safety climate on safety behavior by providing interventions to change behavior. The study was conducted on 198 production workers in manufacturing companies. The safety climate influence analysis was conducted using the NOSACQ-50 questionnaire and multivariate linear regression test, Structural Equation Model (SEM) to see who influenced worker behavior and T-Paired test to see results of the given intervention. Implementation of behavior change is done by intervention. Intervention is provided by installing special safety signs at work and training for workers. The results of the intervention were analyzed using the Critical Behavior Checklist (CBC). The results of the influence test showed that management had a large influence on worker behavior with 5 variables. Testing with SEM showed that there were 3 variables with significant values so that worker behavior was influenced by management opinions and attitudes. The T-Paired test showed that unsafe behavior decreased and safe behavior increased after the intervention was administered. Thus, management has a considerable influence on the formation of worker behavior so management needs to participate in realizing work safety.

An Applied Study: Investigate the relationship of cash flows, capital expenditure and the ratio of shares issued according to the price coefficient (Case Study: Companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange)

The interests of an investor in an enterprise include: Future earnings, future cash flows and paying future cash dividends, Investing in these interests is demanded by investors and awareness of both the profit and future cash flows draws more attention. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cash flows, capital expenditures and stocks on the price coefficient. This research is an applied research in terms of purpose it also falls into the descriptive-correlational research group in terms of inferring research hypotheses, combined regression models and panel data were used to test the hypotheses, multivariate linear regression test (year-company) was used to test the hypotheses. It is a library and analytical-scientific study based on panel data analysis (panel data). After collecting the required information from the companies involved, the research hypotheses were analyzed using correlation and regression analysis and data analysis panel method, initially, preliminary calculations were performed in Excel software and the data was prepared for analysis, then 10 E views software was used to perform the final analysis. In this study, financial information of 101 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 1391 to 1396 (660 companies - year) was reviewed. Based on the analysis carried out to confirm the first hypothesis of the study, we concluded that: There is a significant and direct relationship between cash flows and capital expenditures of companies with respect to the price coefficient of each share. We also concluded that, in support of the second research hypothesis: There is a significant and direct relationship between the ratio of issued stocks and the accumulated cash flows of companies according to the price coefficient.

Comparative Evaluation of Serum High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Complete Hemogram Indices in Subjects with and without Apical Periodontitis: A Prospective Interventional Study

IntroductionThis study aimed to compare the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and complete hemogram (CH) parameters before and after root canal treatment in patients with apical periodontitis (AP) and healthy controls. MethodsTwenty-five patients with asymptomatic AP in a single permanent tooth were recruited along with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Baseline serum hsCRP and CH parameters were recorded in both groups. Root canal treatment was performed in teeth with AP, and biochemical parameters were re-evaluated at the 6-month follow-up. Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests were used to analyze data quantitatively and qualitatively, respectively. Spearman correlation was applied to explore the relation between hsCRP with AP and periapical healing. Multivariate linear regression tests were used to assess the effect of independent variables such as age, sex, body mass index, and periapical index score on levels of hsCRP. ResultsA baseline comparison between patients with AP (3.37 ± 2.69 mg/L) and controls (1.69 ± 2.2 mg/L) revealed a significant difference in hsCRP levels. However, all CH parameters were within the reference range. A total of 22 patients in the AP group completed follow-up, and based on the periapical index score and clinical presentations, 72.2% of patients were classified as healed. At follow-up, hsCRP significantly reduced to 1.79 ± 1.65 mg/L in the AP group. A significant correlation between AP and hsCRP was observed. ConclusionsPatients with AP had a significantly higher inflammatory burden than healthy controls, which significantly reduced after root canal treatment. No significant change was detected in CH indices.

MO868: The Impact of Cognitive Impairment in Sleep Disorders in Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Patients undergoing dialysis have a higher cognitive impairment (CI) risk than the general population. We evaluated the association of cognitive function (CI) in haemodialysis (HD)and peritoneal dialysis patients (PD) and the relationship with restless leg syndrome (RLS) and hypersomnolence. METHOD This is a cross-section study evaluating 167 patients who met the inclusion criteria in the study. Of these, 39% were on Haemodialysis, 22% on Peritoneal Dialysis, 19% on Transplant and 20% with CKD stage IV-V. Cognitive impairment (CI) in the study population was assessed based on the MoCA test. Patients with a MoCA global score of 24/30 were considered cognitively impaired. The rating is classified: light, moderate, heavy and very heavy.The International Restless Legs Syndrome study group (IRLSSG) was used for evaluation of restless leg and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale is used as a The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is widely used in the field of sleep medicine as a subjective measure of a patient's sleepiness. RESULTS The frequency of CI based on the test classification was 20% mild, 61% moderate, 15% severe and 3% very severe. In the studied population, it was observed that there is a significant relationship between cognitive impairment and forms of renal replacement therapy (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and the etiology of the underlying disease, P = 0.0011). The multivariate linear regression test shows an independent relationship of CI with age, where each increase of 1 year in age leads to a decrease of 0.094 points of the MoCA test. Patients in the study were evaluated as having enough sleep (60.8% patients), mildly sleepy (10.1% patients) and sleepy (29.1% patients). In 59% of patients that responded positively for restless leg syndrome, the degree of severity was significantly correlated with dialysis treatment (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and not with time in dialysis. The comparison between the three tests performed in the studied population showed a positive correlation of sleepiness and restless leg syndrome (r = 0.32) and a negative correlation between CG and CK(r = –0.38). CONCLUSION In this study, we saw the impact of RRT on CI, RLS and Sleepiness, affecting the quality of life negatively. Cognitive function disorders negatively impact the independence of realizing essential life functions, thus reducing compliance with medical care. Sleep fragmentation in sleepiness can also affect CI through dysfunction in neural networks, particularly in the frontal lobes, probably reducing the efficiency of restorative processes in the prefrontal cortex leading to cellular and biochemical stress. RLS is associated with sleepiness, and both negatively affect the quality of life and emotional states like anxiety and depression.

Estimating Stature and Gender by the Length of the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Fingers of Dominant Hand in Iranian Adults

Background: Stature and gender are essential parameters of forensic anthropology. Moreover, their estimation is critical for medico-legal investigations to identify unknown remains. The present study aimed to estimate stature and gender by the anthropometric dimensions of the Iranian population’s third, fourth, and fifth fingers. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 199 individuals (99 men &amp; 100 women) were included. Individuals’ demographic information was recorded. A caliper measured the length of the fingers. An anthropometer was used for the measurement of stature. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS. A multivariate linear regression test was used to predict the stature of individuals based on finger length. Results: In males and females, a solid and positive direct relationship was observed between the length of the third, fourth, and fifth fingers of the hand with the stature of individuals and between the length of the fingers with each other. In the coefficient table of the regression model of this study, in males, the length of the fingers was not predictive of stature, and only the length of the third finger in females had a predictive effect on stature (P=0.007). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, stature is predictable in women through the third finger length using the derived regression equation.

Factors Associated with Cognitive Score in People with Schizophrenia at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital Medan

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is characterized by being a condition with complex symptomatic dimensions. Its prognosis is poor due to the impairment of multiple cognitive functions, which handicaps the adequate social, academic, or employment reintegration of the patient. Cognitive impairment refers to the loss of cognitive functions, specifically memory, attention, and speed of information processing. A wide range of cognitive functions is affected, particularly memory, attention, motor skills, executive function, and intelligence. METHODS: This study is a multivariate predictive conceptual framework study with a cross-sectional approach to 120 subjects at the Prof. Dr. M Ildrem Mental Hospital Medan in May 2020–July 2020 using a sample that is a consecutive sampling. The test conducted in this study consisted of a bivariate test and a multivariate linear regression test to determine the factors that were associated with the cognitive score. The measuring instrument used is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Ina. RESULTS: In the bivariate test, in gender variable (p = 0.644) and age variable (p = 0.255) were not statistically significant, so the variables were not included in the multivariate test. In marital status variable (p = 0.0001), type of antipsychotic (p = 0.193), income/month (p = 0.0001), length of education (p = 0.0001), length of illness (p = 0.0001), frequency hospital admission (p = 0.0001), duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) (p = 0.0001), positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scale (p = 0.141), and negative PANSS scale (p = 0.0001) were found statistically significant for the total MoCA Ina score on the bivariate test. After multivariate linear regression testing, the statistically significant variables on the total MoCA Ina score were negative PANSS scale (p = 0.001), income/month (p = 0.0001), length of education (p = 0.001), length of illness (p = 0.0001), DUP (p = 0.028), and marital status (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: By knowing the factors related to the total score of MoCA Ina, it is expected that clinicians can be more careful in giving treatment interventions for people with schizophrenia who are at risk for cognitive impairment.