Multistrand Wire Research Articles

Comparison of chairside rectangular chain retainers and multi-stranded conventional retainers: a randomized controlled trial.

While retention appliances are widely used in orthodontics, there is still no evidence-based consensus regarding the optimal type of appliance or time of retention. To compare chairside rectangular chain retainers, which can be placed in one sitting, with conventional multi-stranded bonded retainers regarding their levels of stability, biological side effects, complications, and patient experiences. A single-centre, two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial. In total, 48 patients were included in this single-centre, randomized controlled trial conducted in Varberg, Region Halland, Sweden. The patients were randomized to two groups: the chairside rectangular chain retainer group, using the Ortho FlexTech retainer (OFT); and the conventional retainer group, using the 0.0195 Penta One multi-stranded spiral wire (PeO). The primary outcome was Little´s irregularity index (LII) evaluated at debond (T0) and at 3 months (T3) and 12 months (T12). The secondary outcomes were inter-canine distance (ICD), plaque index (PI), calculus index (CI), bleeding on probing (BoP), and caries, evaluated at T0, T3, and T12, as well as patients' perceptions, evaluated at T3 and T12, and technical complications that were registered throughout the study period. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for continuous variables for inter-group comparisons, and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used for intra-group comparisons. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding LII, biological side effects, technical complications, or patients' experiences. However, there was a small but statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the maintenance of the ICD. Within the OFT group, there was a significant increase in CI, and within the PeO group, there was a significant increase in BoP. In terms of clinical relevance, the chairside rectangular chain retainer and the conventional multi-stranded spiral wire provide similar outcomes with respect to the stability of alignment, biological side-effects, technical complications, and patients' experiences short-term. VGFOUreg-929962. Keywords: Orthodontic retainers; fixed retainers; retention; stability.

Three-dimensional representative modelling for fretting wear and fatigue of submarine power cable conductors

Submarine power cables (SPCs) for floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) have received relatively little attention compared to the structural design of wind turbines. This is particularly true for the assessment of fretting-related damage in multi-strand copper wire conductors, due to the complexity of the contact interactions and potentially severe dynamic loading. In this paper, a three-dimensional representative crossed cylinder methodology is introduced to identify potential inter-wire fretting damage. The approach is based on a global–local methodology for FOWTs. Fretting wear testing of crossed cylinder copper specimens are used to characterise the friction and wear behaviour and validate the local fretting wear simulation. A multiaxial wear-fatigue methodology is implemented in conjunction with the global–local methodology for prediction of effects of normal operating and extreme floating wind SPC design load cases. It is shown that gross slip wear has a beneficial effect on predicted fatigue life by about two to three orders of magnitude. The work demonstrates a global–local modelling methodology for design of SPC conductors in floating wind applications.

Development and characterization of thin iron-based shape memory alloy prestressing wire

Iron-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMA) have been used successfully in the previous years as prestressing reinforcement in the form of rebars, rods and flat strips, for various types of structural elements and loading scenarios. This paper introduces a new application of this material in the form of thin wire. An experimental characterization study is presented herein for Fe-SMA wire that was drawn to a diameter of 0.5 mm, regarding its tensile stress-strain response and recovery stress development upon heating, for different activation temperatures and prestraining levels. Furthermore, an investigation is presented regarding the effects of heat treatment conditions on the mechanical response and prestressing performance of the wire. For the optimum heat treatment conditions and activation temperature range considered in this study, the measured tensile strength and recovery stress of the Fe-SMA wire was 1117 MPa and up to 390 MPa, respectively. The results indicate a strong potential of Fe-SMA as a candidate prestressing material where flexible wire cross-sections of small diameter are desired instead of larger, solid cross-section tendons (e.g., multi-strand wire ropes or concrete confinement spirals), or as novel short fiber reinforcement for concrete with prestressing capabilities.

Comparative Evaluation of Durability and Hygiene Between Multistrand Round Dead Soft and 8-Braid Flat Dead Soft Stainless Steel Retainer Wire

Aim and Objectives The present study aims at evaluation and comparison of durability and hygiene between 2 different lingual retainer wires bonded between premolar to premolar, that is, maxillary or mandibular arch in the same patient. Materials and Methods Eighty retainer wires were placed in 40 patients. They were assigned to 2 groups and subjected to 2 different types of retainer wires (multistrand round and 8-braid flat). Results The mean durability of multistrand round retainer wire (235.7 ± 67.28 days) was more than 8-braid flat retainer wire (153.5 ± 43.85 days) irrespective of arches to which they were bonded, which was statistically significant. Scores for plaque index, calculus index, and gingival index were found more with 8-braid flat retainers and in lower arch than multistrand round retainer and in upper arch but these are statistically not significant. Conclusion The mean durability of multistrand round retainer wire was more than 8-braid flat retainer wire. The analysis did not find any statistical significant association for deposition of plaque, calculus, and gingival inflammation between different retainer wires and between arches.

Study of the Applicable Frequency Band of the YBCO Coil

Nowadays, copper Litz wire is widely used in the electrical applications. This wire is a particular type of multistrand wire, which is designed to reduce the skin effect and proximity effect losses in conductors. As the frequency dependence of losses in YBCO coils and Litz coils is different, how to determine the frequency band in which superconducting coils have an efficiency advantage over copper coils is a problem that needs to be solved. In response to the above concerns, a theory of the applicable frequency band of YBCO coils are proposed. Both experimental and numerical methods are used to study the characteristics of the applicable frequency band. Results show that the applicable frequency band of the YBCO coil decreases as the transport current increases, while its dependence on the radius of the coil is small. The obtained conclusions can be used as a reference when superconducting coils are used to replace copper coils.

Mechanical behavior and improved model of multi-strand entangled metallic wire material

This work presents the experimental characterization and improved model of multi-strand entangled metallic wire materials (MS-EMWMs). MS-EMWM is a novel damping material made of several strands of entangled wires using a modified manufacturing process. Six batches of specimens were fabricated and tested under quasi-static loading. Secant stiffness and loss factor were calculated to indicate the mechanical properties. The results showed that MS-EMWM has the characteristics of high damping energy dissipation compared to EMWM. A micro-multi-strand spiral spring model was proposed to predict the mechanical properties of MS-EMWM. The probability distribution of micro-spring pairs between wires was used to characterize the random combination of materials. According to the results, the improved model can effectively reflect the mechanical behavior of MS-EMWM. The mechanical properties of MS-EMWM were predicted by the coefficient matrix obtained by particle swarm optimization. Through the prediction and test results, the predicted results are acceptable.

Analysis on the technology, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy narrow gap oscillation laser welding with multi-stranded wire

Analysis on the technology, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy narrow gap oscillation laser welding with multi-stranded wire

Comparative Investigation of Multi-stranded Wire and Single Wire in Submerged Arc Welded Joints of Duplex Stainless Steel: Microstructure and Pitting Properties

Comparative Investigation of Multi-stranded Wire and Single Wire in Submerged Arc Welded Joints of Duplex Stainless Steel: Microstructure and Pitting Properties

IMPROVED DESIGN OF SINGLE-LAYERED WIRE STRAND FOR COMBINED TENSILE AND CRIMPING APPLICATION WITH MESHING OPTIMIZATION

Faced with increasing competition in the global automotive market, reducing costs and design time has become a major focus of development among manufacturers. Faced with these needs, the numerical simulation of shaping processes has become an essential tool. It saves considerable time in the upstream phase of a project by reducing the number of experimental campaigns on prototypes. The studied mechanical system consists mainly in a part crimping at one end of a multi-stranded wire rope, which is stressed in tension. In order to reduce calculation time, it is important to get the optimal meshing parameters which provide a high accuracy. In this paper, a numerical model of a single layered wire rope is studied. The objective is to determine the optimal size and shape of meshing elements to get both accurate and fast results. First of all, the wire strand is investigated in tension and compared with the analytical formulation by G.Costello. Then, the organized wire strand is investigated in crimping process. The process reveals an optimal solution for wire strand structure with a 95% reduction of computation time without losing accuracy. This model is then used to simulate the behavior of a strand in one of the first-ever combined crimping-tensile test in order to obtain a minimal crimping length. This work can be very important for designers to reduce considerably the calculation time of their numerical models while guarantying a great accuracy in the mechanical behavior of a wire rope. Keywords: Wire rope, Finite element simulation, meshing process, Optimization, Mesh elements parameters optimization, Single-layered wire strand numerical model, Wire strand optimal mesh parameters, Wire rope crimping simulation, Tensile stressed wire strand

Additive Manufacturing of 1000 MPa High Strength Steel using Multi-Stranded Wire

Additive Manufacturing of 1000 MPa High Strength Steel using Multi-Stranded Wire

Evaluation and comparison of the effect of incorporating zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the bond strength and microleakage of two orthodontic fixed retainer adhesives

An adhesive withboth proper mechanical and antimicrobial properties seems to be beneficial. We aimed to investigate the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) on bond strength and microleakage of two different fixed retainer adhesives. In this in vitro experimental study, 168 extracted human incisors were randomly divided into six groups of 28 (eight double-tooth specimens for the bond strength test and 12 specimens for the microleakage test). In three groups: Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA) without NPs, with 1% ZnO NPs and with 1% TiO2 NPs were applied. The other three groups included Ortho Connect Flow (GC orthodontics, Tokyo, Japan) composite with the same order to bond a 0.175-inch multistrand wire to the lingual surfaces of the teeth. The bond strength was measured using the Universal Testing Machine, and the adhesive remnant index was reported using a stereomicroscope (Nikon, SMZ800, Tokyo, Japan). The dye-penetration method was used to determine the microleakage. For bond strength, there was no significant difference among groups. For microleakage, there was no significant difference between GC and Transbond XT groups. However, in subgroups of Transbond XT, the addition of TiO2 NPs increased the microleakage significantly in comparison with ZnO and control groups (P=0.011). There was no significant statistical difference between the groups in terms of residual adhesives (P=0.166). Through the incorporation of 1% TiO2 and ZnO NPs into the fixed retainer adhesive, the bond strength was maintained within the clinically acceptable range. The addition of TiO2 NPs to Transbond XT significantly increased the percentage of microleakage.

Structural health monitoring for multi-strand aircraft wire insulation layer based on ultrasonic guided waves

Aircraft wire insulation layer with defects can cause serious accidents that threaten the life of the people on board. Compared with the traditional aircraft wire detection methods, an on-line detection for multi-strand aircraft wire (MSAW) based on ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs) is proposed. In this paper, the propagation characteristics of UGWs in MSAW are investigated by numerical simulations and experiments. In the experiment, a 5 cycles Hanning window modulated sinusoidal waves with a center frequency of 20 KHz is employed as excitation signal. The experimental results show that this method effectively detect 4 different types of defects in a 3-strand aircraft wire and the maximum defect location relative error is 1.6 %. The amplitude of defect reflected echoes decrease as the axial length and circumferential ratio of these defects increased from 2 mm to 10 mm and 12.5 % to 100 %, respectively. An interesting phenomenon is found that the defects reflection energy in a wire can be acquired in other wires which shows that UGWs energy disperse among wires. The experiment successfully detected each defect in the MSAW, proving the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Comparison of the debonding force of metal, glass and polyethylene Fiber reinforced composite retainers: Mechanical and finite element analyses

The studies evaluating the efficiency of fiber reinforce composite (FRC) retainers are few and contradictory. This study aimed to compare the debonding force of metal, glass FRC (GFRC) and polyethylene FRC (PFRC) retainers, assess the interactions between the materials and forces, and pattern of load distribution by finite element analysis (FEA). Forty-eight sound lower incisors were collected and randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=8; each sample included 2 teeth). Next, 15mm of the three retainers (multi-stranded metal wire, GFRC, and PFRC) were bonded to the lingual surface of the teeth and debonding force was measured by a universal testing machine. For FEA, 3D models were designed. The data related to geometrical models and material properties were transferred to ANSYS software. A 187-Newton load was applied to the incisal edge of the two centrals. Then different parameters were assessed. The three groups were compared by one-way Anova and Tukey's test. Type one error was considered to be 0.05. The debonding force decreased in the order: Metal (143.71N)≥GFRC (108.29N)>PFRC (45.08N). The difference between metal retainer and GFRC was not significant. In contrast, PFRC group showed significantly lower debonding force compared to other groups (P<0.05). FEA showed stress peak value in metal-composite interface. Maximum total deformation was noted in central, followed by lateral and canine. Glass-FRC can serve as an alternative to metal retainers as the difference in debonding force is not significant. However, the difficulty of repairing or replacing the Glass-FRC should be taken into account given the large number of failure in the interproximal dental area.

EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF LOAD DEFLECTION RATE OF FOUR INITIAL ORTHODONTIC ARCH WIRES: AN IN VITRO STUDY

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the load-deflection rate of four different types of archwires used in initial stage of orthodontic treatment.&#x0D; Materials and methods: A modified three-point bending test was performed on the sample of 60 wires of superelastic Nickel Titanium(NiTi), everwhite esthetic NiTi, thermal NiTi and multistranded coaxial stainless steel (15 each). The load exerted by each of the wire was measured at the deflections of 2 mm and 4mm, subsequent unloading process at 37°C temperature.&#x0D; Results: Comparison of mean load-deflection values revealed that thermal NiTi wires had lowest value at both 2 and 4mm deflection when compared to other three wires which was statistically significant(p=0.009). Superelastic and esthetic NiTi showed similar values of load deflection ratios at both the deflections where as co-axial wire showed 1.89N at 2mm and 5.22N at 4mm deflection.&#x0D; Conclusion: The heat-activated NiTi wires are acceptable in severe crowding and periodontally compromised patients. Multistranded co-axial wire is acceptable when we need minimal alignment; whereas esthetic NiTi wires can replace superelastic Niti based on patient’s need.

A Comparative Assessment of Three Mandibular Retention Protocols: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Fixed retainers have been advocated for the prevention of anterior mandibular crowding after orthodontic treatment. However, limited data is available to help clinicians choose a retention protocol that is acceptable in terms of stability, emergencies, and side effects in the long term. It was the aim of this study to assess survival and alignment stability of the 0.016" x 0.022" stainless steel wire compared to more common protocols. Three different mandibular fixed retention protocols were compared in 600 consecutive patients: 1. 0.0215" multistrand wire (MW) with separate curing of resin and composite; 2. 0.016" x 0.022" stainless-steel wire with simultaneous curing of resin and composite (SS1C); and 3. 0.016" x 0.022" stainless-steel wire with separate curing of resin and composite (SS2C). The hazard rate for detachment across wire groups was assessed with a Cox frailty model. Incisor alignment was maintained with all retention wires. One incisor with unexpected torque change was observed in group MW. The average annual emergency rate was below 2% for all three protocols. Fewer emergency visits were found in patients with solid steel wires than with multistrand wires. Detachment of the wire is the most common cause of emergency visits with no difference between wire types. Multistrand wires were more often damaged than were solid steel wires. There was no evidence that direct application of the composite on the uncured primer influenced retainer adhesion to the enamel. The mandibular anterior teeth can be predictably stabilised with a 0.016" x 0.022" stainless steel wire..

Orthodontic Retention-Protocols and Materials-A Questionnaire Pilot Study among Polish Practitioners.

The aim of the study was to analyze retention protocols and materials for fixed retainers used by clinicians providing orthodontic treatment in Poland. The survey was carried out from February to April 2021. The questionnaire was designed using the Google Forms tool. After validation, the questionnaire was delivered to verified active orthodontists gathered in a closed social media group of 615 members. Finally, 104 answers were received. Answers to individual questions were provided in percentages and tabularized. A chi-squared test of proportion was used to compare: the proportion of clinicians using retainers of different characteristics and the proportions of clinicians indicating the superiority of a given clinical solution. Rectangular steel braided wire was rated as most reliable. However, doctors who declared to use gold chain were mostly solely using this type of wire. Multistranded round wire was rated the worst. Fiber-reinforced composite was mainly used in periodontal patients. The protocols used by Polish orthodontic practitioners relied on double long-term retention with regular follow-up. The most popular material was stainless steel braided rectangular wire bonded with a flowable composite. Most clinicians believed they could maintain the treatment results, but they declared that patients’ cooperation was a challenge.

Shear bond strength of three different fixed retainers: Stainless steel wires versus fiber reinforced composite (An in Vitro study)

Background and Objectives: Long term preservation of lingual retainer after active orthodontic treatment is mandatory in oral cavity to prevent teeth relapse to its original place before treatment which is documented in orthodontics and considered as a success factor of lingual bonded retainers. This in vitro study is conducted to evaluate and compare the bond strength (shear bond strength) of three different fixed lingual retainers using a specific retainer composite and fracture modes of different retainer’s wire/adhesive combination. Methods: One‐hundred twenty extracted human upper premolar teeth (60 pairs) were divided into three groups(40 for each group) bonded with three different types of retainer wires (db Straight‐8strand flattened nickel free braided wire 0.028 x 0.008 inches UK, 3M 0.0175; multi‐stranded wire and Speed korean orthodontic fiber reinforced splint (2 mm x 200 mm ‐ FS‐2) which were bonded to the lingual surface of the teeth as fixed retainers by specific adhesives (Transbond LR, 3M). The specimens were debonded using a Universal Instron machine to measure shear bond strength. The site of failure was recorded for each specimen was calculated. Statistical analyses were provided using one‐way analysis of variance with inter‐group comparison using the least significant difference. Results: There was a statistically high significant difference among all three retainers groups (p &lt; 0.001); db Straight‐8 braid flat soft wire debonding force was (130±29.6N), followed by Speed fiber reinforced splint group (107.5±18.9 N), whereas the minimum was observed 3M Unitek coxial multi strand wire group(76±27.6 N).The site of failure was pre‐ dominantly at the wire composite interface except in FRC was in enamel/composite inter‐ face. Conclusion: db straight‐8 wire delivered higher shear bond strength, followed by fiber rein‐ forced splint retainer group, whereas 3M multi‐strand wire had the least shear bond strength.

Optimal structural patterns of multi-strand wire ropes

A quantitative approach for guiding the optimal structural design of multi-strand ropes with hierarchical helical structures has been developed. The structural pattern is optimized to maximize the capacity to bear axial loads and minimize the global toque of the rope simultaneously. In the light of the hierarchical calculation method for calculating the internal forces of wire ropes, a procedure of structural optimization is proposed for the multi-strand ropes. Two typical multi-strand wire ropes, namely 7 × 7 and 19 × 7 ropes, are treated in detail. The favorable structural patterns are identified, providing a database that covers most practical applications. It is demonstrated that the crisscross arrangement of strands or wires within the multi-strand ropes is beneficial for achieving a torque-balanced state. The influence of structural parameters on the global mechanical behavior of ropes increases gradually from inner strands to outer strands. The initial helix angle of the outer strands has a significant effect on the axial stiffness of the wire ropes.

Variation law of equivalent bending stiffness of steel-cored aluminum stranded wire under bending

Steel core aluminum stranded wire, its abbreviation is ACSR, is a classic multi-stranded wire composed of different materials. Many scholars have used static experiments to study the mechanical properties of steel wire rope structures[1]. In this paper the author use the finite element software ANSYS to carry out numerical simulation on the aluminum-scored steel-cored wire of model LGJ/JL/G1A-300/25, gain a more in-depth understanding of the bending rigidity of the aluminum-steel wire the numerical change law and internal reasons of the bending stiffness of the wire structure.

Evaluation of Mandibular Arch Width Changes following Fixed Retention in Post Orthodontic Patients - a Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Retention is an integral phase in which teeth are maintained in their newly adapted position for which retainers are inserted. Retainers are generally of two types: removable and fixed. Fixed retainers are indicated in the mandibular arch for an indefinite period specifically in the non-extraction cases. Changes in intercanine and intermolar widths are valuable parameters to evaluate the stability. The objectives of this study were to assess and compare the mandibular intercanine and intermolar width changes following orthodontic treatment after insertion of two types of fixed lingual retainers for one year. Methods: Total 54 subjects were recruited in which two types of fixed lingual retainers were inserted in the mandibular arch randomly. Intercanine and intermolar arch widths were measured by digital caliper of 0.01 mm accuracy. Data was analyzed by using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS V-21). Chi-square and independent t tests were used to compare baseline characteristics. Intercanine and intermolar widths were assessed and compared using independent t test, p-value ≤ 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Results: Intercanine width increased from baseline to T4 in both retainers. When mean differences of intercanine width were compared between two retainers significant differences were observed at T1, T2, T3 and T4 with significant p-values (&lt; 0.05) and increased intercanine width with multistranded stainless steel wire (MSW) retainers. Conclusion: Mandibular intercanine width increases significantly in post retention phase with multistranded stainless steel retainers. Thus, fiber reinforced composite retainers are more effective in preserving the arch width changes.