Multi-source Power Generation Research Articles

Evolving Dynamic Bayesian Networks for CO2 Emissions Forecasting in Multi-Source Power Generation Systems

Evolving Dynamic Bayesian Networks for CO2 Emissions Forecasting in Multi-Source Power Generation Systems

Optimal allocation and energy management of a wind–hydrogen generation system equipped with the speed regulating differential mechanism

The hybrid drive wind turbine (WT) can be friendly connected to the power grid by using a speed regulating differential mechanism (SRDM) instead of partially or fully rated converters, which has been considered as a promising solution for the stable consumption of large-scale wind power generation. To further improve the on-grid performance of hybrid drive WTs, this paper develops a multi-source power generation scheme, in which a hydrogen storage system (HSS) is integrated for mitigating the wind power generation intermittencies. The overall architecture and kinematic principles of the proposed wind–hydrogen generation system, called SRDM-based WT with HSS, are first analyzed. Then, the graphical descriptions of mathematical models are finalized via the Energetic Macroscopic Representation method, by which the physical characteristics and energy flow relationships are revealed. To ensure the economical and stable operation of the proposed wind–hydrogen scheme, an effective optimal allocation framework, considering the uncertainties from wind power output and load demand, is presented to HSS, targeting the maximum annual revenue. The effects of several key HSS parameters on the capacity allocation results are also investigated. Moreover, aiming at the different system working modes, an energy management approach is synthesized to achieve the interaction analysis and power supervision between energy sources and storage elements. Finally, experimental and simulation case studies are demonstrated. Results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches and the optimal performance for uninterrupted on-grid operation of the proposed wind–hydrogen energy system.

Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller in Three Area Multi Source LFC System

The objective of this paper is to analyze power system with is interconnected with neighboring areas and having multisource power generation which is equipped with the fuzzy logic controller. Thermal, hydro and gas generating stations is used in each control area by considering real power environment. The proposed controller is tested with sudden step load disturbances. The dynamic response of LFC problem is studied by comparing with conventional controllers using MATLAB simulink software and found dynamic responses obtained satisfy the LFC requirement.

Distributed model predictive control for load frequency control with dynamic fuzzy valve position modelling for hydro–thermal power system

Reliable load frequency control (LFC) is very important for a modern power system with multi-source power generation and has been the primary focus of studies on advanced control theory and applications. In the LFC of a power system, the generation rate constraints (GRC) and position limit of the governor valve present major challenges to the control scheme because they significantly affect the dynamic responses of the system, resulting in larger overshoot and longer settling time. Model predictive control (MPC) is an attractive control strategy that systematically considers the constraints on the process inputs, states, and outputs. It is employed in LFC to cope with the GRC problem. This study proposes a distributed MPC (DMPC) for a four-area hydro–thermal interconnected power system. In the proposed scheme, the limit position of the governor valve is modelled by a fuzzy model and the local predictive controllers are incorporated into the non-linear control system. The effectiveness of the proposed non-linear constraint DMPC was demonstrated by simulations.

Automatic generation control of multi source power generation under deregulated environment

Abstract This paper presents a novel scheme for automatic generation control (AGC) of interconnected two area multi source power generation under deregulated environment. The conventional two-area AGC system is modified to take into account the effect of bilateral contracts on the dynamics. In the considered two area power system, each area contains two GENCOs; first GENCO is a reheat steam turbine with appropriate generation rate constraint nonlinearity and second GENCO is a gas turbine generation. The performances of integral (I), proportional-integral (PI), integral-derivative (ID) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) are evaluated for the proposed AGC system in the deregulated environment. The gain of the controllers and speed regulation parameters are optimised using differential evolution (DE) algorithm. Differential evolution algorithm is used because of its convergence superiority and easy to implement. The performance of DE algorithm applied to the proposed problem is compared with that of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to establish its optimisation superiority of the former.

Tuning of PID Controller in an Interconnected Power System using Particle Swarm Optimization

paper, deals with tuning of PID controller for the Load Frequency Control (LFC) system of an interconnected power system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). A two area thermal system with governor dead - band nonlinearity and a two area power system with multi-source power generation are considered for study. A two area multi-source power generation system comprises hydro, gas and thermal sources in area-1 and thermal source in area-2. Both the areas are equipped with PID controller. Parameters of these PID controllers are obtained using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The objective function taken into consideration here is Integral Square Error (ISE). A comparative study on tuned values has been presented to confirm effectiveness. Ziegler- Nichols (Z-N) method is used for tuning of parameters for comparative study. The efficiency of the proposed method is confirmed via wide study using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The existing LFC systems help out the frequency and tie line power deviations to settle quickly with zero steady state error.

DE optimized fuzzy PID controller with derivative filter for LFC of multi source power system in deregulated environment

Abstract In this paper, Differential Evolution (DE) optimized fuzzy PID controller with derivative Filter (PIDF) is proposed for Load Frequency Control (LFC) of a deregulated power system with multi-source power generation and interconnected via parallel AC/DC transmission links. To get an accurate insight of the LFC problem, important physical constraints such as time delay and GRC are considered. The performance of proposed controller is evaluated at all possible power transactions that take place in a deregulated power market. The improvement in dynamic performance of the power system with DC link in parallel with AC tie-line is also assessed. Further, sensitivity analysis is performed by varying the system parameters and operating load conditions from their nominal values. It is observed from the simulation results that the optimum gains of the proposed controller need not be reset even if the system is subjected to wide variation in loading condition and system parameters.

PSO based PI Controller for the LFC System of an Interconnected Power System

Proportional plus Integral (PI) controller has been presented for the Load Frequency Control (LFC) system of an interconnected power system. The power system comprises multi-source power generation which is more pragmatic. The controller gains have been optimized using an efficient PSO technique. The dynamic responses have been obtained by giving step load perturbation (SLP) in the control area-1. The presented LFC system assists the frequency and tie line power deviations to settle quickly with zero errors at steady state. The dynamic responses further examined by varying the SLP from 1% to 3%. The dynamic responses obtained satisfy the LFC requirements.

LFC of an interconnected power system with multi-source power generation in deregulated power environment

In this paper, an interconnected power system with multi-source power generation is proposed for load frequency control (LFC) in deregulated power environment. Keeping in view the new power environment, modified LFC scheme is proposed in deregulated environment for multi-source combination of hydro, reheat thermal and gas generating units in each control area. Optimal output feedback controller with pragmatic viewpoint is presented which uses less number of state variables for feedback as measurement of all of the state variables of a large system is impossible in the real world. The proposed controller incorporates all possible power transactions taking place in a deregulated power market. An extensive analysis is done for LFC and it is found that dynamic responses obtained satisfy the LFC requirements in deregulated power environment.

Load frequency control of a realistic power system with multi-source power generation

In this paper, load frequency control (LFC) of a realistic power system with multi-source power generation is presented. The single area power system includes dynamics of thermal with reheat turbine, hydro and gas power plants. Appropriate generation rate constraints (GRCs) are considered for the thermal and hydro plants. In practice, access to all the state variables of a system is not possible and also their measurement is costly and difficult. Usually only a reduced number of state variables or linear combinations thereof, are available. To resolve this difficulty, optimal output feedback controller which uses only the output state variables is proposed. The performances of the proposed controller are compared with the full state feedback controller. The action of this proposed controller provides satisfactory balance between frequency overshoot and transient oscillations with zero steady state error in the multi-source power system environment. The effect of regulation parameter (R) on the frequency deviation response is examined. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the proposed controller is quite robust and optimum controller gains once set for nominal condition need not to be changed for ±25% variations in the system parameters and operating load condition from their nominal values. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller on the actual power system, the LFC of hydro power plants operational in KHOZESTAN (a province in southwest of Iran) has also been presented.

Automatic generation control of single area power system with multi-source power generation

In the current paper, automatic generation control (AGC) of a more realistic single area power system with multi-source power generation is studied. The system transfer function model comprises hydro, thermal, and gas power generations with speed governor models and system load for studying the dynamic response for small load disturbances. A proportional plus integral load frequency control scheme is applied only to thermal and gas power generations and hydro is allowed to operate at its scheduled generation level with only speed governor control. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the conventional proportional—integral controller gains. Integral squared error (ISE) and integral time absolute error (ITAE) performance indices are used to obtain optimal AGC parameters. The effects on transient performance of the system are investigated for common and individual AGC controller gains of thermal and gas power generations. It is shown that the optimum values of the AGC controller parameters for a single area power system obtained by assuming single source plant dynamics (hydro or thermal) are considerably different than that of a multi-source single area system. The study is also conducted by considering generation rate constraint (GRC) on thermal and hydro generating units. Finally, transient responses are shown for different scheduled loading conditions.

Sampled-data Automatic Load Frequency Control of a Single Area Power System with Multi-source Power Generation

In this article, discrete-mode automatic load frequency control (ALFC) of a more realistic single area power system with multi-source power generation is studied. The system transfer function model comprises hydro, thermal and gas generations with speed governor models and system load for studying the dynamic performance for small load disturbances. A proportional plus integral (PI) load frequency control scheme is applied only to thermal and gas power generations, and hydro is allowed to operate at its scheduled generation level with only speed governor control. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to obtain the optimal gains of the conventional discrete data proportional-integral controller. Integral squared error (ISE) and integral time absolute error (ITAE) performance indices are used to obtain optimal discrete ALFC parameters. The effects on transient performance of the system are investigated for common and individual ALFC controller gains of thermal and gas power generations. The effect of sampling period of the controller signal on the performance of the continuous system is also investigated. Finally, transient responses are shown for different scheduled loading conditions.