Multiprotocol Label Switching Networks Research Articles

Tel-MPLS: a new method for maximizing the utilization of IP telephony over MPLS networks

Currently, the multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) standard is extremely prevalent. By exploiting the features provided by MPLS technology, a range of services, including IP telephony, have enhanced their overall performance. However, due to the size of the packet header, the IP telephony service consumes a significant portion of the MPLS network's available bandwidth. For instance, in IP telephony over MPLS networks, the packet header might account for as much as 80% of lost time and bandwidth. Designers working on IP telephony are making substantial efforts to address this issue. This study contributes to current efforts by proposing a novel approach called Tel-MPLS, which involves IP telephony over MPLS. TelMPLS approach uses the superfluous fields in the IP telephony packet's header to retain the packet data, therefore lowering or zeroing the IP telephony packet's payload. Tel-MPLS is an approach that significantly reduces the bandwidth of IP telephony MPLS networks. According to the findings, the Tel-MPLS approach is capable of reducing the amount of bandwidth that is lost by 12% when using the G.729 codec.

Evaluating the Hybrid Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) on the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

The development of technology and communication is expanding rapidly. In this case, the internet has become a vital necessity in globalization. Technological innovations are required to create a seamless, fast, and secure communication system. This research aims to evaluate the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) implementation by applying the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) technology. This study adhered to several stages in the Network Development Life Cycle (NDLC) method. The results of the two technology combinations, EIGRP and MPLS, demonstrated MPLS network simulation testing in several dynamic routing systems: EIGRP and OSPF, identified through the Quality of Service (QoS) value. It revealed that the best performance was EIGRP with a throughput of 2152.5 bps, delay of 335.6 ms, and jitter of 411 ms. Furthermore, MPLS and EIGRP network redundancy was better applied in the mesh topology with a multi or backup link than in the linear topology with a single link.

A New Machine Learning-based Hybrid Intrusion Detection System and Intelligent Routing Algorithm for MPLS Network

Machine Learning (ML) is seen as a promising application that offers autonomous learning and provides optimized solutions to complex problems. The current Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)-based communication system is packed with exponentially increasing applications and different Quality-of-Services (QoS) requirements. As the network is getting complex and congested, it will become challenging to satisfy the QoS requirements in the MPLS network. This study proposes a hybrid ML-based intrusion detection system (ML-IDS) and ML-based intelligent routing algorithm (ML-RA) for MPLS network. The research is divided into three parts, which are (1) dataset development, (2) algorithm development, and (3) algorithm performance evaluation. The dataset development for both algorithms is carried out via simulations in Graphical Network Simulator 3 (GNS3). The datasets are then fed into MATLAB to train ML classifiers and regression models to classify the incoming traffic as normal or attack and predict traffic delays for all available routes, respectively. Only the normal traffic predicted by the ML-IDS algorithm will be allowed to enter the network domain, and the route with the fastest delay predicted by the ML-RA is assigned for routing. The ML-based routing algorithm is compared to the conventional routing algorithm, Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2). From the performance evaluations, the ML-RA shows 100 percent accuracy in predicting the fastest route in the network. During network congestion, the proposed ML outperforms the RIPv2 in terms of delay and throughput on average by 57.61 percent and 46.57 percent, respectively.

Research of transportation network management models

The research results of a mathematical model of the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) tunneling mechanism, which is a mass service network with sequential queues, are provided. The mathematical model of the tunneling mechanism in the MPLS network is considered. The effects of fragmentation and adhesion in packets of packages transmitted in the MPLS network tunnels are analyzed. It is proved that a package belonging to packet number k at the output of an arbitrary node n, n ≥ 2, has a service time less than or equal to the service time of the first package of this packet as well as any packet at the output of the node n = 2 and all subsequent nodes is stored, i.e. all packages in it remain rigidly bound to each other. The necessary and sufficient adhesion condition in node n of packets with numbers k and k + 1, which came out separately from node n – 1, has been determined. This is the abandonment of the first package of packet k + 1 of node n – 1 before packet k finishes being serviced by node n during an interval not exceeding the service time of the first package of the previous packet t(1). The length of packet k in the second node (n = 2), for which it is not possible to find the exact formula, but it is proved that it is in the range from 1 to 1 + 2 1–, is analyzed. The approximation formula for the average length of packet k in an arbitrary node n, expressed in the number of the packages Kn, has been obtained. The function of distribution of the total time of a package in a tunnel with N nodes is calculated. Further research should focus on a methodology to take into account the reduction of service time and restoration.

Service-aware LSP selection with fuzzy based packet scheduling scheme for non-real time traffics

An essential solution is available in Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS), which solve the problems faced by present-day networks: speed, scalability, quality-of-service (QoS) management, and traffic engineering. This paper is an extension of work on Fuzzy based Packet Scheduling Algorithm (FPSA) combined with Packets Processing Algorithm (PPA) in an Internet Protocol/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) networks. This will make provision for an intelligent service to the Label Switched Path (LSP) in MPLS networks. Several research work have been proposed on the MPLS Traffic Engineering. However, it is still imperative to further research on the effect of bandwidth increment on the core network using different mechanisms such as the analytical model of MPLS, expert-based packet scheduling algorithm for MPLS QoS support. Since MPLS is not able to provide intelligent routing, it is necessary to propose an intelligent expert system of FPSA combined with PPA. And analytical model of packet forwarding in the MPLS network would be given to provide suitable solution to traffic congestion and reliable services. Furthermore, the network model created using Network Simulator (NS 2), which carries non-real time application such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) with bandwidth variations. The results obtained from trace files are interpreted by AWK script and used for the further analysis.

Performance monitoring and evaluation of FTTx networks for 5G backhauling

One of the main challenges in today’s access networks for 5G base stations (BSs) is the final links (or the last mile) of the network. The links that constitute the main backbone of the network are mostly based on Internet Protocol (IP)/Multi-protocol Label Switching networks with connection over fiber cables. However on the access network side, Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) may also benefit from existing copper lines in addition to fiber and microwave lines. Therefore, developing a 5G deployment strategy to connect BSs that are installed indoor and outdoor locations with these different connection types to the backhaul network, will be important to ensure cost-effective installations. Utilizing Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) networks that are already installed for broadband connectivity will provide MNOs significant initial investment benefits. In this paper, we have analyzed 5G readiness of the backhaul links of a real infrastructure provider using the proposed evaluation methodology. Our large-scale experimental analysis identifies the problematic sites (where possible solutions and suggestions are also proposed) and determines the suitability of the copper circuits for services that can be provided over the next generation networks. At the end of the paper, we also discuss about the challenges and advantages of utilizing different 5G services when FTTx is used as a backhaul and propose an ordering of the measurable FTTx specific quality parameters according to next generation service deployment scenarios.

SDWAN (Software Defined-WAN) Technology Evaluation and Implementation

Many organizations are struggling to provide high bandwidth and reliable internet connectivity at their branch offices and business locations and getting the most out of their operational expense. The need for internet connectivity at any branch offices and business locations is no longer a luxury but is a necessity. Let us try to understand how to replace the traditional MPLS network with the new SDWAN (Software - Defined- Wide Area Network) technology. We will try to understand why it is essential to implement the latest technology instead of investing in the existing MPLS (Multi- Protocol label switching) by taking an example of a retail organization. We also have a look at how to evaluate the product by using some metrics and how different teams are involved during different phases of the project.

A SDN/OpenFlow Framework for Dynamic Resource Allocation based on Bandwidth Allocation Model

The communication network context in actual systems like 5G, cloud and IoT (Internet of Things), presents an ever-increasing number of users, applications and services that are highly distributed with distinct and heterogeneous communications requirements. Resource allocation in this context requires dynamic, efficient and customized solutions and Bandwidth Allocation Models (BAMs) are an alternative to support this new trend. This paper proposes the BAMSDN (Bandwidth Allocation Model through Software-Defined Networking) framework that dynamically allocates resources (bandwidth) for a MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) network using a SDN (Software-Defined Networking)/OpenFlow strategy with BAM. The framework adopts an innovative implementation approach for BAM systems by controlling the MPLS network using SDN with OpenFlow. Experimental results suggest that using SDN/OpenFlow with BAM for bandwidth allocation does have effective advantages for MPLS networks requiring flexible resource sharing among applications and facilitates the migration path to a SDN/OpenFlow network.

Multipath congestion control with network assistance

The use of multiple transport flows over distinct, if possible, paths, is a well-known technique for enhancing the performance and stability of data transfer. Multipath TCP (MPTCP), the most popular multipath transport protocol in-use, allows a single receiver to exploit multiple paths from a single sender. Nevertheless, MPTCP cannot fully exploit the potential gains of multipath connectivity, as it must fairly share resources with regular, single-path TCP, without knowing whether the available paths are distinct or share bottleneck links, due to IP’s design choices. We introduce a hybrid congestion control algorithm for multipath transport that enables higher bandwidth utilization compared to MPTCP, while remaining friendly to TCP-like flows. Our solution employs (i) Normalized Multiflow Congestion Control (NMCC), a novel end-to-end congestion control algorithm and (ii) an in-network module that exposes routing information to the end-users in order to support the greedy friendliness technique. The end-to-end NMCC is architecture-independent and can be seamlessly integrated with MPTCP. The in-network module has been implemented for the PSI Information-Centric Networking architecture, but it can also be integrated with Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Software Defined Networking (SDN). Using an actual protocol implementation deployed on our testbed, as well as on a comprehensive packet-level simulator, we obtain experimental results which demonstrate clear gains for our design in terms of throughput and friendliness to other flows.

Recent trends in MPLS networks: technologies, applications and challenges

Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) networks are packet-based networks that offer considerable advantages, including improved network utilisation, reduced network latency, and the ability to meet the quality of service and strict level agreement requirements of any incoming traffic. A vast number of applications are now migrating to packet-based conditions that cause increased pressure on network providers to change their systems. Innovations and improvements on MPLS are still on-going to ensure that such networks can cater to the ever-increasing bandwidth demand whenever required. This study provides a review of MPLS networks and their promising technologies, such as traffic engineering, protection and restoration, differentiated services, and MPLS-transport profile (MPLS-TP) and its applications. This work also reviews recent issues on MPLS networks and discusses the implementation of MPLS-TP networks in the power grid. A review of recent literature shows that researchers should be careful in proposing new protocols or designs for MPLS to ensure that it achieves the most efficient and optimal performance. Furthermore, it can be concluded that although MPLS is a promising technology for future networks, there are challenges to overcome with regards to security and network flexibility, especially as far as migration to MPLS-TP is concerned.

Model for Performance Improvement of Blocking Probability in GMPLS Networks

Abstract Generalized multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) is a set of rules which is used in various layers like the Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) layer, Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) layer, etc. to generalize the concepts of labels of Multiprotocol Label Switching networks. A block in call occurs when number of requests is more than the servers and waiting rooms. This call blocking is the very important parameter and can be calculated in terms of probability. There are a number of models to calculate the call blocking probability like Erlang B, Erlang C, etc. This paper suggests a novel, efficient and less – complex model which minimize the call blocking to very much extent for GMPLS networks. This model deals with the factors like number of wavelengths, number of links, traffic intensity, etc. which can help in reducing the call blocking probability and give better results. In this paper, the call-blocking probability is also compared with number of links by considering different wavelengths. A comparison of call-blocking probability of proposed model is also analysed. This paper deals with blocking probability optimization in GMPLS Networks using Fredericks approach. We have used peakedness factor from Fredericks approach in Engset’s formula for this optimization.”

Performance Evaluation of Multimedia Content over MPLS e-Learning Network

The growth in the use of multimedia in the educational sector is accelerating rapidly. Multimedia contents are very sensitive in terms of link capacity and other parameters affecting its quality. Due to the lack of existing of a network dedicated for testing and evaluating the e-learning network, there is a need to propose and build a testing environment. In this paper, we present a practical implementation of a testing environment that provide multimedia transmission to aid e-learning over a virtualized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) network. The designed network combines hardware and software resources where the source is a real-time video streaming using a professional video camera connected to a virtual network of routers to deliver the multimedia content wirelessly to the intended classroom. The network is successfully implemented and evaluated with acceptable quality according to cisco reference for Quality of Service (QoS) Network Design Guide.

Implementasi Jaringan VPN dengan Routing Protocol terhadap Jaringan Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

The convergence of the internet and telecommunications is growing, with applications in it increasingly dependent on the availability of large bandwidth, with its QoS settings requiring networks and elements in them that provide full support for data security and increased network performance. The need for data transmission technology that not only facilitates routing and discovery of the best paths but can also provide security in data communication. This study discusses the implementation of VPN networks with routing protocols on the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network. After implementation, MPLS network performance will be tested and compared to performance without MPLS using the model planned by the researcher. The specific purpose of this study is to show how routing protocols play an important role in strengthening data communication traffic management that supports MPLS capabilities of VPN networks and is applied to the AMIK Indonesia network architecture. This research will use the literature study method which is intended to obtain and study data contained in computers connected to networks in the AMIK Indonesia computer network laboratory. The conclusion obtained from this study is that MPLS VPN provides bandwidth efficiency in the backbone, MPLS VPN network applications have functioned functionally according to the initial plan of the study and the authors have also managed to configure different networks and obtain stable bandwidth.Keywords:Implementation; VPN; Multi Protocol Label Switching

Packet Switching Strategy and Node Architecture of Extended Spectral-Amplitude-Coding Labels in GMPLS Networks

We present packet switching applications based on extended spectral-amplitude-coding (SAC) labels in generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) networks. The proposed approach combines the advantages of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA). The extended SAC labels preserve the orthogonal property to avoid the effect of multiple access interference (MAI) shown at the decoder. We investigate the node architecture of label generation/recognition based on arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). Combining cyclic-shifted maximal length sequence (MLS) codes with the wavelength routed property of AWG simplifies the node structure. The simulation results show that the proposed labels achieve good performances against receiver noise due to the low average cross-correlation values. Under a given bit-error-rate (BER), the switching efficiency of the extended SAC labels outperforms the previous OCDMA schemes, as the network nodes are capable of processing a large number of labels simultaneously.

AN EFFICIENT FAULT TOLERANCE MODEL FOR SINGLE AND MULTIFAULT IN MPLS NETWORKS

The ever increasing demands for the performance improvement in Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network have motivated to develop a resistant MPLS network to the failures at link, node and software of the MPLS network devices. The occurrence fault at link degrades the network performance due to data packets loss. This paper proposes an efficient model for rerouting traffic in MPLS network when a single and multi-fault occur in working link based on the protection switching and rerouting algorithms. In this model three algorithms are developed for fast fault recovery in MPLS network based on ingress LSR, alert LSR and core LSR. The proposed model has been simulated using Network Simulator (NS2) version 2.34, simulation results show that the proposed model significantly improves the network performance such that eliminates packet disorder, reduces the packets loss, get better PDR, decreases end to end delay and enhance throughput. The proposed model has less space complexity compared to other methods that reached to 13.33% in single fault and 33.33% in multi-fault and has a fast recovery time compared to other methods.

SimulCity: Planning Communications in Smart Cities

Communication networks have become a critical element in the development of smart cities. The information flows generated by thousands of sensors and systems must be managed to assure the adequate guarantees of quality, availability, and security. This paper introduces the SimulCity tool, which assists in the design of a smart city's communications convergent network. SimulCity allows a flexible simulation of different scenarios where multiple heterogeneous sources of human type communications (HTCs) and machine type communications (MTCs) compete for limited bandwidth resources. SimulCity evaluates the impact of new services on the performance of a municipal communications network and, consequently, assists the modification of network values to optimize bandwidth and reduce costs. Several network characteristics can be easily configured in SimulCity, such as the definition of traffic sources, the parametrization of different network mechanisms, access admission control, quality of service (QoS), and traffic in the multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) network. SimulCity was used to simulate different projects in the smart city of Valencia (Spain). Specifically, SimulCity was used to study the impact on the Valencia City Council's communications network of several new services: the solid waste collection supervision, the street lighting management, the control of regulated parking areas, and the upgrade of voice and video communications systems of the city government buildings. The results obtained have allowed the analysis of the impact that these new services have on the existing network and to perform an adequate dimensioning of the future municipal communications network.

A Practical Traffic Control Scheme With Load Balancing Based on PCE Architecture

The path computation element (PCE) is used for the path computation for traffic engineering systems such as multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) and Generalized MPLS networks. It offers a good architecture for the centralized traffic routing and control. The classic routing policy aims to select one “best” path for the traffic, which may cause network congestion in the best link. How to adjust traffic to alleviate or avoid congestion is an important issue for operating networks. In this paper, according to the topology and the traffic model of China Telecom’s network, we propose a practical traffic control scheme with load balancing based on the PCE architecture. The objective of the traffic control scheme is twofold. First, an adaptive end-to-end path selection algorithm is proposed to select high-quality main and backup paths with the consideration of cost and path utilization. Second, a global routing optimization algorithm is proposed to adjust the path for the traffic, which considers the congestion feedback, the adjustment cost, and the expectation of load balance. The results show that our proposed scheme is able to efficiently alleviate or avoid congestion problem and achieve good performance in terms of the balance of link utilization and minimum computation time.

An optimal design of multi-protocol label switching networks achieving reliability requirements

The multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) networks have been widely applied in the backbone network in recent years with offering better Quality-of -Service (QoS). The reliability of MPLS networks is of great importance. In this paper, we consider optimal design for MPLS networks, where working and backup paths are optimally selected to minimize networks’ constructing costs under reliability constraints. As both the networks’ constructing costs and the network reliability are related to the lengths of the selected paths, the optimal network design problem is decoupled into two sub-problems: the cost related and the reliability related problems, where the cost related problem has been solved by Sohn et al.. Considering the reliability related problem, we proposed a reliability related algorithm to optimally search for the working and backup paths by greatly reducing the searching space. Both the cost related and the reliability related problems can be solved using the same searching criteria, so the optimal set of the working and backup paths of the proposed problem can be derived by comparing the results obtained from the cost related and reliability related problems. Numerical examples are also provided to verify the reliability related algorithm and the whole multi-path transmission design approach.

Performance Comparison of Real-Time Video Conferencing In MPLS and IP Networking Environment

Modern techniques in networking have evolved a diverse range of opportunities to resolve the challenging task of traffic engineering. With a principle focus on video conferencing that has gained popularity worldwide, we contrive to optimize video traffic by using Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) rather than conventional Internet Protocol (IP) networks. MPLS can be a promising technology for real-time applications with low network delays and efficient utilization of network resources. To substantiate this, in this paper we model certain scenarios of both IP and MPLS networks using Optimized Networking Engineering Tool (OPNET) to simulate and provide comparative performance statistics of throughput and end-to-end packet delay. We illustrate that MPLS has the ability that makes it stand out to IP by analyzing the simulation results of both networking mechanisms.

Connection Provisioning for PCE-Based GMPLS Optical Networks

Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) networks is capable of allocating suitable route based on the size of the network and computational constraints. In this paper, we propose a connection provisioning strategy for updating the Traffic Engineering Database of Path Computation Element (PCE) in GMPLS optical networks. Control and management plane are used for resource optimization in PCE-based centralized network. We have also proposed connection provisioning for Label Switched Path (LSP) to optimize the resources and to maximize the connection establishment. For provisioning a connection with LSP requests, we have formulated the Integer Linear Programming and constraints to minimize the blocking of connections and network performance. The results obtained shows that the proposed strategy has better network resource utilization with minimum blocking of connections.