Multipolar Character Research Articles

ВОПРОСЫ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ВУЗОВСКОГО КУРСА МЕТОДИКИ ОБУЧЕНИЯ ИГРЕ НА ФОРТЕПИАНО

The article deals with the topical issues of improving the university course "Methods of Teaching Piano Playing" at the present stage. The author of the article, who has been leading this course at the Moscow Conservatory for over 35 years and is the author of the acting course Programme, recommended by the Educational and Methodological Association of Higher Educational Institutions of the Russian Federation for Music Education [12], justifies the special role of the course in the current conditions and offers new original approaches to mastering a diverse set of necessary methodological knowledge realizing optimal activity of students not only in working with pupils, but also in their independent work. The author suggests, on the one hand, to enrich the traditional topics of the course with more capacious content through a wider coverage of diverse, including opposite methodological approaches, to boldly show a varied multiplicity in solving different methodological problems and, thereby, to give the course a more multidimensional, multipolar character. On the other hand, in response to today's requests, the expansion of the problem field of the course and the introduction of new topics, such as "Mimicry and Gestures of a Pianist", "Formation of a Performing Concept", "Methods of Creating a Soloist Cadenza" and others are motivated.

Hybridized quadrupolar excitations in the spin-anisotropic frustrated magnet FeI2

Magnetic order is usually associated with well-defined magnon excitations. Exotic magnetic fluctuations with fractional, topological or multipolar character, have been proposed for radically different forms of magnetic matter such as spin-liquids. As a result, considerable efforts have searched for, and uncovered, low-spin materials with suppressed dipolar order at low temperatures. Here, we report neutron-scattering experiments and quantitative theoretical modeling of an exceptional spin-1 system -- the uniaxial triangular magnet FeI2 -- where a bright and dispersive band of mixed dipolar-quadrupolar fluctuations emerges just above a dipolar ordered ground-state. This excitation arises from anisotropic exchange interactions that hybridize overlapping modes carrying fundamentally different quantum numbers. Remarkably, a generalization of spin-wave theory to local SU(3) degrees of freedom accounts for all details of the low-energy dynamical response of FeI2 without going beyond quadratic order. Our work highlights that quantum excitations without classical counterparts can be realized even in presence of fully developed magnetic order.

Izbori u Bosni i Hercegovini za Konstituantu Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca i pretvaranje društvenih rascjepa u političke podjele

Based on the available literature, social division is defined as a measure that separates community members into groups. When it comes to Bosnia and Herzegovina and its population who spoke the same language and shared the same territory, the confessional (millet) division from the time of Turkish rule, as a fundamental social fact on the basis of which the Serbian and Croatian national identity of the Bosnian Catholic and the Orthodox population remained in Bosnia and Herzegovina even after the departure of the Austro-Hungarian administration in 1918. Historical confessional and ethnic divisions that developed in the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian periods became the key and only basis for political and party gatherings and are important for today's Bosnia and Herzegovina segmented society. The paper attempts to examine the applicability of the analytical framework (theory) of Lipset and Rokan (formulated in the 1960s) on social divisions in the case of the elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Constituent Assembly of the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in 1920? Elements for the answer can be offered by the analysis of the relationship between the ethno-confessional affiliation of citizens, on the one hand, party affiliation, on the other and their acceptance of certain political attitudes and values on the third side. If there is a significant interrelation, it could be concluded that at least indirectly the lines of social divisions condition the party-political division. The political system, of course, is not just a simple reflex of social divisions. One should first try to find the answer to the initial questions: what are the key lines of social divisions? How do they overlap and intersect? How and under what conditions does the transformation of social divisions into a party system take place? The previously stated social divisions passed through the filter of political entrepreneurs and returned as a political offer in which the specific interests and motives of (ethnic) political entrepreneurs were included and incorporated. After the end of the First World War, ethnic, confessional and cultural divisions were (and still are) very present in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The key lines of division in the ethnic, confessional and cultural spheres, their development and predominantly multipolar (four-polar) character through changes in the forms and breadth of interest and political organization have influenced political options (divisions) and further complicating and strengthening B&H political splits. The concept of cleavage is a mediating concept between the concept of social stratification and its impact on political grouping and political institutions and the political concept that emphasizes the reciprocal influence of political institutions and decisions on changes in social structure. Thanks to political mobilization in ethno-confessional, cultural and class divisions, then the "history of collective memory" and inherited ethno-confessional conflicts, mass political party movements were formed very quickly in Bosnia and Herzegovina as an integral part of the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs ( Yugoslav Muslim organization, Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav Democratic Party, Croatian Farmers' Party, Croatian People's Party, Farmers' Union, People's Radical Party ...). The lines of social divisions overlap with ethnic divisions (Yugoslav Muslim Organization, Croatian Farmers' Party, Croatian People's Party, Farmers' Union, People's Radical Party ...) but also intersect them so that several ethnic groups can coexist within the same party-political framework (Communist Party of Yugoslavia). The significant, even crucial influence of party affiliation and identification on the adoption of certain attitudes speaks of the strong feedback of the parties and even of some kind of created party identity. The paper discusses the first elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina organized during the Kingdom of SCS and the formation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's political spectrum on the basic lines of social divisions.

Active Plasmonics and Active Chiral Plasmonics through Orientation-Dependent Multipolar Interactions

While most active plasmonic efforts focus on responsive metamaterials to modulate optical response, we present a simple alternative based on applied orientation control that can likely be implemented for many passive plasmonic materials. Passive plasmonic motifs are simpler to prepare but cannot be altered post-fabrication. We show that such systems can be easily manipulated through substrate orientation control to generate both active plasmonic and active chiral plasmonic responses. Using gold nanocrescents as our model platform, we demonstrate tuning of optical extinction from -21% to +36% at oblique incidence relative to normal incidence. Variation of substrate orientation in relation to incident polarization is also demonstrated to controllably switch chiroptical handedness (e.g., Δg = ±0.55). These active plasmonic responses arise from the multipolar character of resonant modes. In particular, we correlate magnetoelectric and dipole-quadrupole polarizabilities with different light-matter orientation-dependence in both near- and far-field localized surface plasmon activity. Additionally, the attribution of far-field optical response to higher-order multipoles highlights the sensitivity offered by these orientation-dependent characterization techniques to probe the influence of localized electromagnetic field gradients on a plasmonic response. The sensitivity afforded by orientation-dependent optical characterization is further observed by the manifestation in both plasmon and chiral plasmon responses of unpredicted structural nanocrescent variance (i.e., left- and right-tip asymmetry) not physically resolved through topographical imaging.

N. C. Ejituwu and the Historiography of Niger Delta Inter-Group Relations

The Niger Delta has an interesting history of inter-group relations with attendant interchange of ideas and influences that reflected its heterogeneous and multi-polar character. However, the apparent predominant historiography of these inter-group relations tend to demonstrate an inherent prejudice against Andoni (Obolo) contrary to historical facts that portray her military exploits and significant influences on the evolution and peopling of the region and beyond. Primarily, this work aims at analyzing the role of Nkparom Claude Ejituwu in the historical reconstruction narratives of the complex inter-group relations woven around inter-marriages, inter-related migrations, commercial rivalries or competitions for economic resources, wars and fluid alliances, and traditional diplomacies with intricate outcomes. The study utilized primary and secondary sources to demonstrate the terrific historical, cultural, economic and political exchanges between Andoni and her neighbours as well as the strength of Ejituwu's scholarship in the deconstruction of orthodox stereotypes in the historiography of Niger Delta inter-group interactions. It concludes that Andoni had developed significant relations with and radically impacted her neighbours before European colonialism altered it to produce critical implications for Andoni in the post-colonial era.

Multipolar, polarization-shaped high-order harmonic generation by intense vector beams

High harmonic generation (HHG) is a manifestation of the strongly nonlinear response of matter to intense laser fields and has, as the basis for coherent XUV sources a variety of applications. Recently, HHG from atoms in a phase and polarization structured laser was demonstrated and interpreted based on the transverse electric field component of the driving pulse. Here we point out that as dictated by Maxwell equations, such fields have a longitudinal component which in general has a fundamental influence on the charge dynamics. For instance, its interplay with the transversal field component enables endowing the emitted radiation locally with circular polarization and a defined polarity. It is shown that the time-dependent Stokes parameters defining the polarization state of HHG can be tuned by varying the waist of the driving field which in turn, changes the ratio between the longitudinal and transverse electric-field components of the driving laser. In addition, employing a multipole expansion of the produced harmonics exposes the specific multipolar character and the relation to the spatial structure of the driving field polarization states. The scheme proposed here allows a full polarization control of the emitted harmonics by only one driving laser. A tighter focusing of the driving pulse renders possible the emission of harmonics with both even and odd spatial symmetry. The underlying mechanism is due to the fundamental interplay between the transverse and longitudinal components of the laser's electromagnetic vector potential. The ratio between those components is controllable by just focusing the laser spot, pointing to an accessible tool for polarization and polarity control of the high harmonics.

Deviation from the dipole-ice model in the spinel spin-ice candidate MgEr2Se4

In spin ice research, small variations in structure or interactions drive a multitude of different behaviors, yet the collection of known materials relies heavily on the `227' pyrochlore structure. Here, we present thermodynamic, structural and inelastic neutron scattering data on a new spin-ice material, MgEr$_2$Se$_4$, which contributes to the relatively under-explored family of rare-earth spinel chalcogenides. X-ray and neutron diffraction confirm a normal spinel structure, and places Er$^{3+}$ moments on an ideal pyrochlore sublattice. Measurement of crystal electric field excitations with inelastic neutron scattering confirms that the moments have perfect Ising character, and further identifies the ground state Kramers doublet as having dipolar-octupolar form with a significant multipolar character. Heat capacity and magnetic neutron diffuse scattering have ice-like features, but are inconsistent with Monte Carlo simulations of the nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor dipolar spin-ice (DSI) models. A significant remnant entropy is observed as $T\rightarrow0$~K, but again falls short of the full Pauling expectation for DSI, unless significant disorder is added. We show that these observations are fully in-line with what is recently reported for CdEr$_2$Se$_4$, and point to the importance of quantum fluctuations in these materials.

Near White Light Emission and Concentration Quenching of Calcium Titanate Doped with Dysprosium (III) Phosphors.

This paper reports the preparation of CaTiO3 doped with various concentrations of Dysprosium (II) using solid state reaction technique. X-ray diffraction patterns of the sample were taken. Observed XRD pattern was matched using software match2!. The pattern was matched significantly with the crystallographic open database card (COD - 96-101-1212) which is a standard card for CaTiO3. This matching exhibited that, the prepared sample is cubic in structure with space group P m - 3m (221). Photoluminescence (PL) studies of the samples were also done. PL intensity was found increasing with increasing dopant concentration and maximum intensity was noted at 2.0mol% concentration of Dy3+, thereafter concentration quenching occurred. Emission Peaks were centered at 483nm (4F9/2➔6H15/2) and 576nm (4F9/2➔6H13/2) respectively. For studying the concentration quenching, thecritical distance for energy transfer and electric multipolar character were estimated. The value of multipolar character expressed that, the transition in emission spectra is a dipole - dipole (d-d) transition. Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) coordinates was found as (0.36, 0.39), which is near to whitelight. Colour Correlated Temperature (CCT) was 4489K which was indicative of cool appearance of the light emitted.

Surface-lattice resonances in two-dimensional arrays of spheres: Multipolar interactions and a mode analysis

We present a multipolar model of surface - lattice resonances (SLRs) in 2d arrays of spheres including the electric dipole, magnetic dipole, and electric quadrupole moments of the spheres. We identify SLRs of dipolar and multipolar character, show the importance of non-resonant multipoles in their description, and discuss the sensitivity of SLRs to illumination conditions. We link SLRs to an excitation of modes supported by the array, and we propose a simplified model of the mode dispersion relations that explains the sensitivity of SLRs and the band gap in mode dispersion found at low frequencies. Finally we discuss the resonant features associated with a direct coupling to a mode which can occur in addition to the diffractive coupling signalled by SLRs.

Global Power and the Geopolitical Dynamics of Capitalism

The dynamics of the economic and political transformations of the second half of the twentieth century, especially since the 1970s, deepened interdependence among countries, raised the productive restructuring movement, and intensified both international trade and finance. This new dynamics attracted the attention of many scholars of International Political Economy (IPE) and started a new academic debate. Generally, those authors characterized the international conjuncture either by the existence of an American hegemony or by the multipolar character of the present order. Nevertheless, almost none of them questioned the notions behind the so-called victory of liberalism and the apparent decreasing role of the national states. In this sense, this paper reviews those main IPE theories concerned about the 1970s' crisis and presents the theory of Global Power, drafted by José Luis Fiori. Thus, it aims at demonstrating the potential of this theory to renew the current IPE discussions from a critical perspective.

Towards an optical far-field measurement of higher-order multipole contributions to the scattering response of nanoparticles

We experimentally show an all-optical multipolar decomposition of the lowest-order eigenmodes of a single gold nanoprism using azimuthally and radially polarized cylindrical vector beams. By scanning the particle through these tailored field distributions, the multipolar character of the eigenmodes gets encoded into 2D-scanning intensity maps even for higher-order contributions to the eigenmode that are too weak to be discerned in the direct far-field scattering response. This method enables a detailed optical mode analysis of individual nanoparticles.

Influence of Infrastructural Complex on the Wealth and Lines of Development of Regional Economic Space

This article aims to establish the role of industrial, transport, social and institutional infrastructure as a “growing point” of the regional economic area. To accomplish the purpose the article presents a theoretical model to manage infrastructure complex development; defines an algorithm to form “growing points” within the framework of territorially located spatial entity. Correlation between information infrastructures development and financial sector organizations is positive while the tie between railway and roads provision and the GRP volume is negative. The admission of national and regional economic space multipolar character predetermines the necessity to search for growth areas, the activation of which provides for their turning into the supporting territories and faster development zones, which in its turn predetermines spatial parameters and finds its reflection in the dynamics of aggregated factors of territorial subdivisions development.

The Connectedness and Disconnectedness between East Asian World and European World System from the 16th through the 18th Century

The Connectedness and disconnectedness between East Asian world and European world system in the early modern time is clear: The two worlds were economically more connected than ever, but not so closely that we can speak of integration, needless to mention political integration. In fact, scholarships including Wallerstein’s The Modern World-System have empirically confirmed this multipolar character of the world system.<BR> More challenging question is, however, how to entangle the connectedness of East Asian and European world with their disconnectedness. This paper explores a possibility to write an entangled history using the relationship of East Asia to the emerging European world system. The emerging process of the modern world system was a hybridization and cross-fertilization of these two worlds, not a one-tailed expansion of European world system. Based upon this conjunctural analysis, we could get to a clearer image of the location of East Asia as a single world region.

Bredigite-structure Ca14Mg2[SiO4]8:Eu2+,Mn2+: A tunable green–red-emitting phosphor with efficient energy transfer for solid-state lighting

A single-phase green–red-emitting phosphor, Ca13.7Eu0.3Mg2−xMnx[SiO4]8 (CMS:Eu2+,Mn2+), was prepared by a solid-state reaction, and its energy transfer from Eu2+ to Mn2+ was investigated as a function of Mn2+ concentration. To explore the substitution of an Mn2+ site for each Mg site, a determination of the number of Mg substitutional sites was carried out using the Rietveld refinement method and bond valence sums. The dipole–dipole interaction was a dominant energy transfer mechanism of the electric multipolar character of CMS:Eu2+,Mn2+. The critical distance was calculated as 7.5Å when using critical concentrations of Eu2+ and Mn2+. When CMS:Eu2+,Mn2+ was incorporated with an encapsulant in ultraviolet (λmax=400nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), white light with a color rendering index of 67 under a forward bias current of 20mA was obtained. The results of this work indicate that CMS:Eu2+,Mn2+ could be applicable to a single-phase phosphor for white LEDs under a near-ultraviolet source.

Competitive coexistence: Soviet town planning and housing projects in Kabul in the 1960s

This paper reviews 1960s' Soviet technical assistance projects related to town planning and housing in Afghanistan: the drafting of the 1964 master plan for the development of Kabul and the planning and construction of the first Mikrorayon neighbourhoods envisioned in this plan. Drawing on previously unexplored archival materials from Soviet building institutions, it documents the circumstances and outcome of the Soviet town planners' employment in Kabul, and situates their involvement in the context of competitive coexistence between communist and capitalist development aid missions in Afghanistan. In conclusion, the paper underscores the multipolar character of knowledge transfer between unequal stakeholders. It proposes a reading of the contested history of the 1964 master plan for Kabul as an example for the emergence of a productive, conflictual space of negotiation between experts in the design of urban space from South, East and West, within which concordant visions of modern urban development acquired their shape and global reach. Ultimately, the general plan's vision of a tabula rasa reconstruction of central Kabul according to 1960s' international planners' wisdom had little effect. But its most significant outcome, the Mikrorayon neighbourhoods, provided an everyday experience of modern urban lifestyle for a minority until the development of Kabul was brutally interrupted by civil war and foreign military forces.

Simulations of Solvation and Solvation Dynamics in an Idealized Ionic Liquid Model

Equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of solvation and solvation dynamics of a variety of solutes have been performed in the coarse-grained ionic liquid model ILM2 (Roy, D.; Maroncelli, M. J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 12629). Some comparisons are made between ionic and dipolar solvation using parallel simulations in CH(3)CN. Despite the fact that the multipolar character of electrostatic interactions and their spatial extent differ in the two solvents, solvation energies are equal to within about 10% in ILM2 and CH(3)CN. This near equality also holds with reduced accuracy in the case of reorganization energies. Solvation energies of spherical solutes in ILM2 and its variants can be correlated as a function of solute and solvent size using a Born-type expression with an effective cavity size. Solvation time correlation functions in ILM2 exhibit a subpicosecond inertial component followed by a broadly distributed component related to solvent viscosity, comparable to what has been observed in experiment. Direct comparison of simulation to experiment using the solute coumarin 153 (C153) shows general agreement on the time scales and character of the fast and slow components, but the amplitude of the fast component is overestimated by the simulations. Solute motion can significantly increase the speed of solvation, even in the case of large solutes such as C153. Good agreement is found between linear response estimates and the nonequilibrium dynamics associated with electronic excitation of C153. In contrast, perturbations involving changes of a full electron charge in atomic solutes lead to local heating which greatly hastens solvation compared to linear response predictions. The mechanism of charge solvation in atomic solutes is examined in some detail. It is found that ion translation dominates the inertial dynamics. The rotational contribution only becomes comparable to the translation contribution in the tail of the response. Adjustments of ion positions over distances of ~30% of their diameters are all that is required to relax the solvation energy in these systems.

Bredigite-structure orthosilicate phosphor as a green component for white LED: the structural and optical properties

A green-emitting phosphor, Ca₁₄-xEuxMg₂[SiO₄]₈ (CMS:Eu²⁺), has been synthesized as a component of white light emitting diodes (WLEDs). The emission spectrum is broad, with a maximum at about 505 nm under 400 nm excitation due to the transition from the 4f⁶5d excited state to the 4f⁷-ground state of a Eu²⁺ ion. The dipole-dipole interaction was a dominant energy transfer mechanism of the electric multipolar character of CMS:Eu²⁺. The critical distance was calculated as 12.9 Å and 14.9 Å using a critical concentration of Eu²⁺ and Dexter's theory for energy transfer. When CMS:Eu²⁺ and red phosphor are incorporated with an encapsulant on an ultraviolet (λmax = 395 nm) light emitting diodes (LEDs), white light with a color rendering index of 91 under a forward bias current of 20 mA was obtained. The structural and optical characterization of the phosphor is described.

Optical angular momentum: Multipole transitions and photonics

The premise that multipolar decay should produce photons uniquely imprinted with a measurably corresponding angular momentum is shown in general to be untrue. To assume a one-to-one correlation between the transition multipoles involved in source decay and detector excitation is to impose a generally unsupportable one-to-one correlation between the multipolar form of emission transition and a multipolar character for the detected field. It is specifically proven impossible to determine without ambiguity, by use of any conventional detector, and for any photon emitted through the nondipolar decay of an atomic excited state, a unique multipolar character for the transition associated with its generation. Consistent with the angular quantum uncertainty principle, removal of a detector from the immediate vicinity of the source produces a decreasing angular uncertainty in photon propagation direction, reflected in an increasing range of integer values for the measured angular momentum. In such a context it follows that when the decay of an electronic excited state occurs by an electric quadrupolar transition, for example, any assumption that the radiation so produced is conveyed in the form of “quadrupole photons” is experimentally unverifiable. The results of the general proof based on irreducible tensor analysis invite experimental verification, and they signify certain limitations on quantum optical data transmission.

Computer Simulation of the Linear and Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities ofp-Nitroaniline in Cyclohexane, 1,4-Dioxane, and Tetrahydrofuran in Quadrupolar Approximation. II. Local Field Effects and Optical Susceptibilitities

This is the second part of a study to elucidate the local field effects on the nonlinear optical properties of p-nitroaniline (pNA) in three solvents of different multipolar character, that is, cyclohexane (CH), 1,4-dioxane (DI), and tetrahydrofuran (THF), employing a discrete description of the solutions. By the use of liquid structure information from molecular dynamics simulations and molecular properties computed by high-level ab initio methods, the local field and local field gradients on p-nitroaniline and the solvent molecules are computed in quadrupolar approximation. To validate the simulations and the induction model, static and dynamic (non)linear properties of the pure solvents are also computed. With the exception of the static dielectric constant of pure THF, a good agreement between computed and experimental refractive indices, dielectric constants, and third harmonic generation signals is obtained for the solvents. For the solutions, it is found that multipole moments up to two orders higher than quadrupole have a negligible influence on the local fields on pNA, if a simple distribution model is employed for the electric properties of pNA. Quadrupole effects are found to be nonnegligible in all three solvents but are especially pronounced in the 1,4-dioxane solvent, in which the local fields are similar to those in THF, although the dielectric constant of DI is 2.2 and that of the simulated THF is 5.4. The electric-field-induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) signal and the hyper-Rayleigh scattering signal of pNA in the solutions computed with the local field are in good to fair agreement with available experimental results. This confirms the effect of the "dioxane anomaly" also on nonlinear optical properties. Predictions based on an ellipsoidal Onsager model as applied by experimentalists are in very good agreement with the discrete model predictions. This is in contrast to a recent discrete reaction field calculation of pNA in 1,4-dioxane, which found that the predicted first hyperpolarizability of pNA deviated strongly from the predictions obtained using Onsager-Lorentz local field factors.

SHG from bulk and surface of nanoparticle composites

Three wave mixing processes such as second harmonic generation (SHG) have proven to be a sensitive probe of buried interfaces. Recently SHG has been employed to monitor the surface of Si nanocrystals within a glass matrix. Due to the macroscopic homogeneity and centrosymmetry of the composite, its bulk SHG signal is of multipolar character, produced by the non-uniformity of the fundamental light beam, and can be enhanced several orders of magnitude by employing two interfering crossed beams. On the other hand, there are surface contributions to the SHG of the composite due to the relatively large inhomogeneities of the surface local field which act on the nanoparticles and to anisotropic particle shape fluctuations. These yield dipolar contributions which are therefore insensitive to the beam profile and are not enhanced in a two-beam geometry. We calculate the SHG from a thin nanocomposite material and compare the relative strength of its surface and bulk contributions. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)