Multiple RFID Readers Research Articles

Sing-Ant: RFID Indoor Positioning System Using Single Antenna with Multiple Beams Based on LANDMARC Algorithm

RFID localization methods have been widely used in indoor positioning systems (IPS). Most localization techniques involve the use of multiple antennas and the placement of antennas and readers in order to ensure accurate positioning results. However, most localization techniques are complex and require high overhead costs in terms of needing multiple antennas and RFID readers. In this paper, we proposed a method to use a single antenna to perform all the reads and rely rather on the antenna beams to acquire multiple positioning data. A single array of antennas is configured to have multiple angles of operation and rely on different power levels as compared to regular antennas. By manipulating the beam pattern, direction and power, multiple sub-antennas can be conceived and the method utilizes antenna beams and relies mainly on one antenna to realize two-dimensional localization.

Modelling and Evaluating Electromagnetic Field Exposure in the Multiple-Source Scenario of Using IoT HF RFID Readers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and induced electric field (Ein) values in the model of a body of a person present near multiple HF RFID readers of a passive proximity integrated circuit card (PICC) working in an IoT application in a public transport vehicle, in order to test the hypothesis that even the simultaneous use of modelled readers does not cause electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure exceeding relevant limits provided for the evaluation of exposure of the general public. SAR and Ein values were evaluated under various exposure scenarios, designed to mimic EMF exposure under realistic conditions of HF RFID readers used on a public bus and covering various reader locations and the presence of a person using a PICC and a bystander. The results obtained from numerical modelling showed that the absorption of EMF emitted continuously by HF RFID readers (located 10 cm away from a body) in the human body may have a significant influence on humans when the PICC reading ranges are longer than 15–23 cm (depending on the class of PICC) for a single reader and when multiple sources of exposure are used in a public transport vehicle—even at reading ranges 15% shorter (13–20 cm).

An Authentication Protocol to Track an Object with Multiple RFID Tags Using Cloud Computing Environment

In supply chain management applications, detection of a large object is made efficient by attaching multiple RFID tags in that object. Each part contains an RFID tag attached by the corresponding vendor. In order to check the availability of the object, it is compulsory to ensure all the parts are existing as well. The RFID tags can be interrogated by any reader deployed in the department. This approach enhances the object detection probability for each object but increases security and privacy risks. The communication between RFID readers and the tags in the same department is to be authenticated by preserving the privacy of both reader and the tag. Several researchers have developed variants of grouping protocol for authentication and for searching the tags. In this article, Shen et al.’s scheme for authenticating multiple tags in a group is analyzed and found that secret parameters are leaked in that scheme and it is not applicable for dynamic inclusion of tags. Also, an efficient authentication protocol for the multi-tag scenario to overcome the above mentioned issues is designed and analyzed in this paper. We propose an authentication protocol for communication between an object attached with multiple tags and RFID reader deployed in the department. We store the details about the object and its associated tags, and the readers in the cloud. Cloud storage provides scalability and anywhere anytime access. The communication between the reader and the cloud server is also authenticated. The proposed protocol is formally analyzed using GNY logic to prove the mutual authentication. Informal analysis proves the efficiency of the proposed protocol against known attacks. We also analyze our protocol using automatic cryptographic protocol verifier tool ProVerif version 1.96.

Multi-Objective Decision Aid Application for RFID Network Planning

The Radio Frequency Identification system (RFID) is a generic term for technologies of a type of automatic identification system that use radio-frequency waves to automatically identify people or objects. Multiple RFID readers are required to detect and monitor the tags in the network area due to their limited interrogation range. Therefore, the cost of the RFID System, its efficiency in the communication process, and the number of tags covered directly depend on the number of deployed readers. In this work, we present a new many/multi-objective model with the aim to achieve the optimal solutions of the NP-hard problem of RFID Network Planning (RNP). The model involves many objectives and constraints as determining the minimum number of readers, finding their optimal 3D deployment and localization, guarantying a full coverage of all the tags distributed in the area, and minimizing the energy and the interferences caused by an overlap in the readers signals and the tags responds at the same time. Moreover, we provide a new decision aid application with the aim to access, manage, solve, and optimize the RNP problem involving the needs of researchers and decision makers.

Trajectory based database management for intelligent surveillance system with heterogeneous sensors

In this paper, we present a database management scheme for an intelligent surveillance system utilizing multiple visual sensors and RFID readers. The objects are tracked and identified by multiple visual sensors and RFID readers. We define three different types of data structure to consistently store data for effective data storage. They contain global object number and identification as the common information of the same object. The global object number is uniquely assigned for each track object. The previously stored data without the common information is back-annotated when it is available in the system. Moreover, when the global object number changes because of imperfect detection and tracking, the system maintains consistency information between global object numbers for the same object by comparing their local target information or positions. The fragmented information for an object is also stitched through map information. The simulation results demonstrate that the database information for objects is successfully recovered with consistency.

An Enhanced Grouping Proof for Multiple RFID Readers and Tag Groups

RFID authentication on large numbers of tags or tag groups has attracted many researchers’ attention as an extension of initial one-or-two-tags scenarios. Due to demands of RFID application in supply chain, various proofs are proposed in the purpose of solving existing problems of grouping tags identification. However, it is proved that verifiers in these proofs are not aware of abnormal relating devices instantly, which may cause both security and technical risks and lie heavy upon identification of the problematic tags and readers. In this paper, we propose an enhanced grouping proof for multiple RFID readers and tag groups, according to which the verifier is able to cope with multiple readers and tag groups simultaneously and know the detailed status of the problematic tags. In addition, privacy protection is provided by offering mutual authentication between the readers and tags. Moreover, it is hard for the malicious tags to pass the verification in the proposed proof.

2A2-Q02 多数のRFIDリーダとICタグテキスタイルを用いた移動ロボットのための自己位置同定(移動ロボットの自己位置推定と地図構築)

Accurate self-localization system is necessary for a mobile robot to work in a home environment. Studies of a indoor autonomous mobile robot often use vision sensors and laser range finders. It is difficult to estimate the exact global location if the environment has number of places that have similar shape boundaries or small number of landmarks to localize. Furthermore, it tends to take a long time to recover the self-localization estimation if it goes wrong at once. Self-localization system based on reading RFID-tags on floor is robust against changes of lighting condition, obstacles, furniture and doors conditions in the environment. This paper proposes a self-localization method based on multiple RFID readers and dense IC tag textile and shows its validity in a real environment.

A Lattice Discrete Model for Intensive RFID Reader Deployment

In an intensive RFID reader environment, multiple RFID reader are deployed together to cover a pointed area. In such intensive RFID reader application, it needs to determine how many readers are enough to cover the expect area and calculate the position of readers. However, the coverage of multiple readers is a NP problem. Therefore, it needs an approximate approach to optimize the coverage. In this paper, we proposed a lattice decentralized approach to model the coverage problem of intensive RFID reader deployment. In our novel model, both the deployment area and the reader reading region are discretized to a lattice and described by a matrix. Then, the coverage is easily calculated by matrix operation. In order to test our discrete method, we propose a heuristic algorithm to deploy readers based on the PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm. The simulations show that the proposed algorithm can cover an irregular or regular area with a high coverage rate and a low overlapping rate.

Flowgraph models for estimating total time of authentication process in RFID system

In this paper, we have proposed how to estimate total time required for an authentication process in RFID system which involves a single RFID reader, a server and two RFID tags coexistence by using flowgraph model. In our proposed work, flowgraph model is recommended to use with saddlepoint approximation to estimate total time required by a RFID reader to complete its authentication task. In real world applications of RFID system, server is required to handle multiple RFID readers at the same time in order to have better coverage area of receiving data. Thus, each RFID reader accessed time to server should be limited to certain of time else it will cause network congestion on server. By knowing actual total time required by a single RFID reader to complete its authentication task with specific number of existence RFID tags, administrator can configure on server when it should terminate verification process and start new authentication event with other RFID readers. This will help server to automatically establish a new communication event with other RFID readers when there is no response from existing RFID reader after certain of time. The data analysis model which we have used to represent each task of authentication process in RFID system is known as semi-Markov model. Based on the flowgraph models presented on our paper, information such as moment generating function for each authentication process in RFID system and probability of transition to next authentication task in RFID system are available.

R-LABS: An RFID-based indoor localisation system using antenna beam scanning

In this paper, we propose an indoor localisation system using radio frequency identification RFID technology. Locations of passive RFID tags are determined by scanning multiple RFID reader antennas' radiation beams. During each scan, the horizontal and elevation angles of the reader antenna are recorded when the transition of a tag entering or leaving the antenna beam's coverage area occurs, and this angle information is used in the developed algorithm to calculate the tag's location. The proposed system requires a minimum of two reader antennas, without the need for reference tags. In order to mitigate the multipath impact on the localisation accuracy and system coverage, an improved algorithm is also developed. Simulations are performed for a typical small indoor environment and validated by experiments using ultra-high frequency UHF RFID devices. The results demonstrate that for effective operations of the proposed system, directive antennas are necessary, and systems using antennas with narrower beam widths provide a higher localisation accuracy.

Large-scale active RFID system utilizing ZigBee networks

As the era of the ubiquitous computing is ushered in, consumers have been primed for a variety of automation applications. Active RFIDs can be used for a number of automation applications because it may also have other sensors to extend its applications. An active RFID instinctively focuses on a long communication range. Nevertheless, active RFIDs cannot be applied to a large-scale area due to their limited radio communication and obstacles. This paper introduces a large-scale active RFID system based on multi-hop deployment utilizing dual radio frequency to overcome radio shadow areas that do not reach signals from the RFID reader. The proposed system consists of multiple RFID readers deployed in an ad hoc pattern. It uses a multihop collection scheme utilizing ZigBee networks to extend the coverage of the RFID reader and collect RFID tags outside its communication range. This paper also includes an experiment evaluating performance of the proposed method, using an implemented RFID system that complies with the standard for 433 MHz active RFIDs based on ISO/IEC 18000-7.

Bit Level Synchronized MAC Protocol for Multireader RFID Networks

The operation of multiple RFID readers in close proximity results in interference between the readers. This issue is termed the reader collision problem and cannot always be solved by assigning them to different frequency channels due to technical and regulatory limitations. The typical solution is to separate the operation of such readers across time. This sequential operation, however, results in a long delay to identify all tags. We present a bit level synchronized (BLSync) MAC protocol for multireader RFID networks that allows multiple readers to operate simultaneously on the same frequency channel. The BLSync protocol solves the reader collision problem by allowing all readers to transmit the same query at the same time. We analyze the performance of using the BLSync protocol and demonstrate benefits of 40%-50% in terms of tag reading delay for most settings. The benefits of BLSync, first demonstrated through analysis, are then validated and quantified through simulations on realistic reader-tag layouts.