Multiple Paths Research Articles

Review and Practical Guide for Getting Started With Single-Cell Proteomics.

Single-cell proteomics (SCP) has advanced significantly in recent years, with new tools specifically designed for the preparation and analysis of single cells now commercially available to researchers. The field is sufficiently mature to be broadly accessible to any lab capable of isolating single cells and performing bulk-scale proteomic analyses. In this review, we highlight recent work in the SCP field that has significantly lowered the barrier to entry, thus providing a practical guide for those who are newly entering the SCP field. We outline the fundamental principles and report multiple paths to accomplish the key steps of a successful SCP experiment including sample preparation, separation, and mass spectrometry data acquisition and analysis. We recommend that researchers start with a label-free SCP workflow, as achieving high-quality and quantitatively accurate results is more straightforward than label-based multiplexed strategies. By leveraging these accessible means, researchers can confidently perform SCP experiments and make meaningful discoveries at the single-cell level.

How Digital Innovation Ecosystems Facilitate Low-Carbon Transformation of the Economy Based on a Dynamic Qualitative Comparative Analysis

The digital innovation ecosystem is an important driving force for building a modern economic development system. It is of great significance to explore the multiple configuration paths of digital innovation ecosystems affecting the development of the low-carbon transformation of the economy to facilitate the green and sustainable development of the economy. We have found through our research that the types of configuration that lead to the development of a high-level low-carbon economy are ‘subjects-resource-environment linkage’ and ‘subjects-environment driven’. The former is the key configuration path that leads to the development of a high-level low-carbon economy. In both models, a high-level digital environment is the core condition that facilitates the development of a high-level low-carbon economic transformation. Moreover, in the spatial dimension, there is a significant difference in the types of configuration that achieve low-carbon economic transformation in the eastern, central, and western regions of China. The findings of this study reveal how the three major subsystems of the digital innovation ecosystem synergistically affect the low-carbon transformation of the economy. It not only helps to improve the relevant theories, but also brings certain references for improving the ‘synergy’ between low-carbon development and economic growth.

Business Strategy and Sales Performance on Plant-Based Restaurant: An Exploration of Mediating Variable

This research aims to explore variables that mediate the influence of business strategy on sales performance in Plant-Based Restaurants (PBR) and the results of exploration are tested empirically using a quantitative approach. The theory of business strategy underlies the conceptual framework between strategy, organizational agility and performance of plant-based restaurants. This research uses mixed research method. The qualitative study (Phase 1) using thematic analysis were followed by a quantitative study (Phase 2) using multiple linear analysis and path analysis. The results of Phase 1 are a conceptual framework and some hypotheses. The results of Phase 2 are conclusions that confirm the results of Phase 1. The overall results conclude that innovation strategy, marketing strategy and organizational agility significantly have a positive effect on sales performance, while low-cost strategies do not significantly have a positive effect on sales performance. In addition, organizational agility significantly mediates the influence of innovation and marketing strategies on sales performance. However, organizational agility only partially mediates the influence of low-cost strategy on sales performance. This research contributes to filling the gap in studies about plant-based foods and beverages connected to economics and business. This study explores the mediating variables between plant-based restaurants' strategy and sales performance.

Intelligent Design Method and System of Tin Spraying Steel Mesh for Complex Combiner

ABSTRACT In the process of spraying tin into the combiner cavity, employing the Tin Spraying Steel Mesh (TSSM) is crucial. This operation is akin to covering a complex, maze-like area with multiple islands and branches. Manual operation is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and challenging to ensure high-quality results. Therefore, this paper presents an intelligent design method and system for the TSSM, based on graphic processing. Initially, isolated islands are used as nodes to establish the topology structure of complex paths. Then, an improved Delaunay triangulation method is utilized to extract intermediate paths for regions with branching paths, resulting in the division into multiple single path regions. Following this, the island regions undergo equal arc length segmentation, while the single path regions are subjected to random bidirectional segmentation to obtain the final TSSM. Finally, a TSSM intelligent segmentation system is developed by seamlessly integrating this method into the AutoCAD software platform using ObjectARX technology. The TSSM obtained by this method meets the quality requirements, demonstrating consistent segmentation direction and uniform gaps. Furthermore, the system can adjust segmentation parameters to cater to different combiner specifications, thereby significantly improving design efficiency and establishing itself as an indispensable auxiliary tool in the automated design of combiners.

Attosecond transient interferometry

AbstractAttosecond transient absorption resolves the instantaneous response of a quantum system as it interacts with a laser field, by mapping its sub-cycle dynamics onto the absorption spectrum of attosecond pulses. However, the quantum dynamics are imprinted in the amplitude, phase and polarization state of the attosecond pulses. Here we introduce attosecond transient interferometry and measure the transient phase, as we follow its evolution within the optical cycle. We demonstrate how such phase information enables us to decouple the multiple quantum paths induced in a light-driven system, isolating their coherent contribution and retrieving their temporal evolution. Applying attosecond transient interferometry reveals the Stark shift dynamics in helium and retrieves long-term electronic coherences in neon. Finally, we present a vectorial generalization of our scheme, theoretically demonstrating the ability to isolate the underlying anomalous current in light-driven topological materials. Our scheme provides a direct insight into the interplay of light-induced dynamics and topology. Attosecond transient interferometry holds the potential to considerably extend the scope of attosecond metrology, revealing the underlying coherences in light-driven complex systems.

Measuring Black Hole Light Echoes with Very Long Baseline Interferometry

Light passing near a black hole can follow multiple paths from an emission source to an observer due to strong gravitational lensing. Photons following different paths take different amounts of time to reach the observer, which produces an echo signature in the image. The characteristic echo delay is determined primarily by the mass of the black hole, but it is also influenced by the black hole spin and inclination to the observer. In the Kerr geometry, echo images are demagnified, rotated, and sheared copies of the direct image and lie within a restricted region of the image. Echo images have exponentially suppressed flux, and temporal correlations within the flow make it challenging to directly detect light echoes from the total light curve. In this Letter, we propose a novel method to search for light echoes by correlating the total light curve with the interferometric signal at high spatial frequencies, which is a proxy for indirect emission. We explore the viability of our method using numerical general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a near-face-on accretion system scaled to M87-like parameters. We demonstrate that our method can be used to directly infer the echo delay period in simulated data. An echo detection would be clear evidence that we have captured photons that have circled the black hole, and a high-fidelity echo measurement would provide an independent measure of fundamental black hole parameters. Our results suggest that detecting echoes may be achievable through interferometric observations with a modest space-based very long baseline interferometry mission.

Development model of a high-performance multiple input multiple output microstrip antenna based on a planar series array with 8×2 elements for 5G communication systems

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) makes a major contribution to 5G communication systems by increasing network capacity and spectrum efficiency. In 5G, MIMO enables the use of multiple antennas at base stations and user devices, allowing simultaneous sending and receiving of data over multiple paths. This significantly increases data throughput and connection reliability, especially in environments with high user density. In addition, MIMO technology supports the implementation of beamforming, which focuses signals on a specific direction, reduces interference, and improves signal coverage and quality, making it one of the keys to achieving faster and more responsive 5G performance. Therefore, antennas with wide bandwidth, high gain and MIMO performance are crucial for supporting 5G communication systems. This paper proposes a high-performance MIMO microstrip antenna based on a series planar array with 8×2 elements operating at a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz for 5G communication systems. A spiral stub and a feed inset are proposed to control the reflection coefficient and bandwidth of the antenna while the series planar array is proposed to increase the gain. To support the MIMO communication system, the proposed antenna is separated into two different ports with a certain distance. From the measurement results, the proposed antenna has high performance indicated by a wide bandwidth of 680 MHz (3–3.68 GHz) and a high gain of 17.8 dB at a resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz. In addition, the proposed antenna has high mutual coupling and diversity indicated by ECC and DG of 0.001 and 9.99 dB, respectively. This work provides a solution to design a high-performance microstrip antenna and can be implemented as a receiving antenna for 5G communication systems

Outcome expectations, self-efficacy, eating environment, and eating behaviors by the stages of change in adequate sodium intake among university students: a cross-sectional study

Objectives: This study investigated whether outcome expectations, self-efficacy, eating environment, and eating behaviors differed according to the stages of change in adequate sodium intake among university students. Methods: The participants were students recruited from nine universities in Seoul, Korea. An online survey was conducted, and data from 351 participants were analyzed. Participants were classified into pre-action and action stages based on adequate sodium intake. Data were analyzed using t-test, χ2-test, analysis of covariance, and correlation analysis. Results: Participants in the action stage (22.8%) felt fewer disadvantages of eating sodium adequately compared to those in the pre-action stage (77.2%, P < 0.001) and perceived more self-efficacy for healthy eating behaviors (P < 0.001) and controlling sodium intake (P < 0.01). The participants in the action stage also showed more desirable eating behaviors than those in the pre-action stage, including general eating behaviors, behaviors related to sodium intake, and sodium checks (P < 0.001). The physical environment in the action stage was more supportive of adequate sodium intake (P < 0.05). Eating behaviors, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations were significantly correlated with the stages of change; however, some differences were noticed in the correlation of the subscales of variables with the stages of change when examined by sex. Conclusion: We observed differences in factors according to the stages of change in adequate sodium intake. For the pre-action stage, nutrition education can be planned to modify negative expectations of eating adequate sodium, foster self-efficacy, and practice general eating behaviors and behaviors to gradually reduce sodium intake. It is also necessary to alter the physical environment to reduce sodium intake. In the action stage, support and reinforcement are needed to continually practice and maintain desirable eating behaviors. Nutrition education for women may be planned using multiple paths, whereas a simple strategy may be useful for men.

Green Human Resource Management Model and Subject Well Being Towards Sustainability Performance

The purpose of green human resource management, subject well being and sustainability performance. The method used in this study is quantitative with a descriptive and verification approach. Primary data collection techniques were obtained through questionnaires, observations and interviews. Secondary data were obtained through libraries and reviewed documents. The population of this study were 100. Multiple linear regression analysis or path analysis was used. It turned out that green human resource management and subject well being on sustainability performanceas a whole showed a positive and good response. It can be concluded that there is a fairly strong influence between green human resource management and subject well being on sustainability performance and others are influenced by other factors.

Links Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Peer Relationships and Mental Health Outcomes in Western Australian Youth

Peer relationships are critical in the development of positive mental health during childhood and adolescence. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms can adversely affect the development of positive peer relationships, and thus, have significant long-term implications for mental health. This study explored the long-term relationships between ADHD symptoms, peer relationships and mental health in Western Australian adolescents. Participants were drawn from a sample of 1489 young people: n = 623 males with a mean age of 13.79 years (SD = 1.61) and n = 866 females, with a mean age of 14.29 years (SD = 1.51). Data were collected at three timepoints across three successive years, with different numbers of participants contributing data at each timepoint. Participants completed measures of ADHD symptoms and existing peer problems in the first year; five measures of peer relationships in the second year; and four measures of mental health in the third year. Multiple regression and path analyses were used to determine whether ADHD symptoms predicted scores on the peer relationship and mental health measures and whether peer relationships mediated links observed between ADHD symptoms and mental health. ADHD symptoms significantly predicted both long-term problematic peer relationships and long-term adverse mental health outcomes. Three peer relationship variables were significant mediators of relationships between ADHD symptoms and mental health: sense of belonging, friendships and perceived isolation. ADHD symptoms significantly predict poor peer relationships and adverse mental health outcomes in Western Australian youth, regardless of whether a formal diagnosis has been assigned. Early interventions for young people with ADHD symptoms are needed for such individuals to enjoy positive mental health in their adult years.

Multiple Paths to a Larger Mouth: Morphological Divergence in Two Island Populations of Australian Tiger Snakes (Notechis scutatus)

AbstractWe studied ontogenetic variation in skull morphology in tiger snakes sampled from mainland South Australia (Coffin Bay), mainland Western Australia (Herdsman Lake), Franklin Island, and Hopkins Island. The snakes from the two islands were selected because of their unusually large absolute body and head size, likely attained as a result of dietary constraints and strong selective pressure during thousands of years of isolation on islands. We performed geometric morphometric analysis of the skulls from these snakes to identify and precisely quantify morphological differences. Island snakes are born larger (trunk length) than mainland snakes, and consequently also tend to have larger absolute head size at birth. The heads of island snakes also show a faster relative growth rate (positive allometry) compared to those of mainland snakes, likely to cope with the large prey items found on these islands. However, the snakes from the two islands differ from each other in terms of morphological change associated with ontogeny, especially with regard to a palatal bone (ectopterygoid), which, compared to mainland snakes, is relatively longer in the snakes from Hopkins Island but shorter in the snakes from Franklin Island. Some morphological traits potentially associated with promoting a larger gape were also observed in one of the mainland populations (Herdsman Lake), consistent with standing variability for selection. Our results reveal that discernible changes in morphology and allometry in skull bones have evolved in island populations of tiger snakes in less than 10 000 years, and suggest that the large heads of island tiger snakes might develop via slightly different paths through morphospace on different islands.

Exploring the Influence of Digital Economy Growth on Carbon Emission Intensity Through the Lens of Energy Consumption

Exploring the impact of new economic forms such as the digital economy (DE) on carbon emissions is crucial for China’s “dual carbon” goals. This paper assesses the impact of the DE on carbon emission intensity (CI) from a 2011–2021 perspective on energy consumption in 30 provinces (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Tibet are excluded) by using a double fixed-effects model for evaluating the DE. Based on the results from 2011 to 2021, (1) China’s DE and CI differ spatially and temporally. In contrast to CI, DE shows a pattern of low in the northwest and high in the southeast. The changes are similar to Hu Huanyong’s line, with considerable changes in the southeast, especially the coastal region. (2) Chinese DE’s carbon control effects (−0.027) vary by region. A significant negative effect is seen in both the eastern and western regions, with the western region having the greatest negative effect (−0.030), and a positive but insignificant impact in the central region. (3) Total energy consumption (TEC), structure (EC) and efficiency (EI) are all pathways of its influence. Path changes in China are mainly dominated by dual paths (Accounting for over 47%), with fewer single and multiple paths. Among them, the main dual path types are TEC and EC in the east and central regions, TEC and EC, and EC and EI in the western regions; meanwhile, the paths are unchanged in most of the provinces in China, and the changed provinces are mainly in the west. Based on these findings, DE development policies based on regional energy consumption differentiation are crucial to reducing carbon emissions.

Multiple Paths to Green Building Popularization Under the TOE Framework—A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy Sets Based on 26 Chinese Cities

Green buildings are a crucial element in achieving sustainable development. The use of green buildings can save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Promoting the widespread adoption of green buildings has become a significant concern in many countries or regions. Although previous studies have identified a range of key factors influencing the promotion of green buildings, further analysis of the combination of these critical factors needs to be conducted. Therefore, based on the technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework, this study utilizes the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method to analyze survey data from 26 cities in China, resulting in four high-level configuration paths for the widespread adoption of green buildings. The results indicate that (1) achieving high levels of widespread adoption of green buildings does not depend on any single factor; instead, it relies on the collaborative interaction of multiple elements across technological, organizational, and environmental dimensions; (2) the potential substitution relationships between conditional variables among different configurations within the TOE framework indicate that science and technology expenditure and gross domestic product play more significant roles in the path combinations for the promotion of green buildings; (3) through the study of the substitutive relationships of four configuration paths, it was found that when a city faces challenges in the widespread adoption of green buildings, such as an insufficient number of green building technology patents or underdeveloped green finance incentive systems, it can still achieve efficient green building adoption by formulating corresponding policies and enhancing cultural value guidance for groups like developers, contractors, and consumers. Conversely, the same is true. This paper explores the combination of critical factors in green building adoption, providing insights into addressing the differing foundational conditions of cities in the process.

Academic Achievement and Engagement During the Transition to Middle Childhood: Comparisons by Learning Disability Status

Engagement and academic achievement are generally correlated among elementary school students without learning disabilities (LDs). However, it is unclear if this pattern holds for students with LDs, who have lower achievement and engagement than their peers. This study examined whether links between achievement and student-reported behavioral engagement operate differentially for students with and without LDs in a nationally representative U.S. sample ( N ≈ 15,660). Multiple group path analyses demonstrated that associations between third- and fourth-grade achievement were stronger for students with LDs, compared with students without LDs. For children without LDs, engagement mediated all pathways from third-grade to fourth-grade achievement. For students with LDs, engagement only mediated the pathway from third-grade math to fourth-grade reading. Overall, our study emphasizes the crucial role of early achievement for later school success, particularly for students with LDs. We discuss the importance of early intervention to support LD students’ academic achievement and engagement.

Dynamic assessment and pathway optimization of agricultural modernization in China under the sustainability framework: An empirical study based on dynamic QCA analysis

Accelerating agricultural modernization is vital for achieving sustainable agricultural development and ensuring food security. This paper uses the comprehensive evaluation model to measure the level of agricultural modernization in 30 provinces of China from 2012 to 2022. It inspects analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics and regional differences through the Moran Index and Dagum Gini coefficient. Lastly, based on the configuration perspective, the dynamic qualitative comparative analysis method (QCA) is used to clarify the multiple improvement paths of China's agricultural modernization. The results indicate the following. First, China's agricultural modernization level is not high but has the potential for rapid growth. Regarding spatial distribution, the eastern region has the highest agricultural modernization level, followed by the central region, while the western region has the lowest level, showing a “high-high-low-low” clustering characteristic. Second, the overall disparity in China's agricultural modernization level is fluctuating and declining, with regional differences being the primary source of the overall disparity. The largest difference is between the eastern and western regions. Within regions, the western region has the largest internal disparity, but this disparity is gradually decreasing, whereas the gap in agricultural modernization level within the eastern region is continuously expanding. Third, the paths to improve China's agricultural modernization consist of multiple antecedent conditions. From the configuration perspective, there are four paths to enhance China's agricultural modernization level. These include the dual-strategy approach of “technology and policy,” the comprehensive tri-strategy model of “technology, market, and policy,” the synergistic enhancement model combining “technology and market,” and the multi-faceted core-driven approach.

Tri-training algorithm based nuclear power systems semi-supervised fault diagnosis under multiple restricted data conditions

An improved tri-training semi-supervised classification method was proposed as a solution to the restricted data conditions of supervised classification models relying on labeled data, semi-supervised models not considering imbalanced proportion of faults data and the presence of faults data with similar feature or varying severity in existing data-driven nuclear power system fault diagnosis studies. Based on the structure of three identical sub-classifiers in the original tri-training algorithm, data update paths have been added, the updated data selection has been strengthened, and the initial information and permissions of sub-models have been differentiated. The novel method only requires the dataset to meet the Smoothness Assumption, and through multiple strict data update paths, it improves the utilization of unlabeled training data while reducing Pseudo-labeling process errors. The difference in permissions and initial information between sub-classifiers is utilized to improve the training rigor for fault types with smaller sample sizes, in order to alleviate the problem of imbalanced data. Based on a marine nuclear power system secondary circuit model and a widely recognized nuclear power plant dataset, multiple nuclear power system common restricted fault diagnosis datasets faced in ships and power plants were obtained to verify the novel method's advantages and generalization. The conclusion is that under the same conditions, compared with the original tri-training method and other semi-supervised learning methods, the Accuracy, AUC, Precision Rate and Recall Rate of the novel method have improved by about 21 %, 10 %, 20 %, and 21 %, respectively, and can reduce about 25 % of misjudgments between similar feature faults.

Discovering implicit role of tourists’ perceived distance and emotions in decision-making: combing grounded theory and sentiment analysis

ABSTRACT Analysing the attitudes and emotions behind tourists’ perceptions of distance provides powerful assistance for destination marketers and scholars. However, there is yet to be a universally adopted scale of tourists’ perceived distance. It is hard to effectively extract tourists’ attitudes from the distance scale toward a destination. This paper identifies the critical dimensions of perceived distance voiced by 19 Chinese tourists with grounded analysis, an inductive, comparative, and interactive method that effectively captures nuanced information. Advanced techniques for linguistic analysis provide the opportunity to extract emotional meaning from tourists’ textual data through the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm. The results identify a set of appraisal dimensions as antecedents to perceived distance. With cognitive appraisal theory (CAT), different evaluations on these dimensions provide multiple paths to eliciting emotion change. The findings contrast with previous research in the distance decay model, which noted a single distance involving tourism demand. We also find differences based on demographic segments. Social network analysis helps further identify the relationship between dimensions. We conclude by discussing the study's implications for future studies and practice.

Measurement-Noise Filtering for Automatic Discovery of Flow Splitting Ratios in ISP Networks

Network telemetry and analytics is essential for providing highly dependable services in modern computer networks. In particular, network flow analytics for ISP networks allows operators to inspect and reason about traffic patterns in their networks in order to react to anomalies. High performance network analytics systems are designed with scalability in mind, and can consequently only observe partial information about the network traffic. Still, they need to provide a holistic view of the traffic, including the distribution of different traffic flows on each link. It is impractical to monitor such fine-grained telemetry, and in large, heterogeneous networks it is often too complex and error-prone, if not impossible, to access and maintain all technical specifications and router-specific configurations needed to determine e.g. the load balancing weights used when traffic is split onto multiple paths. The ratios by which flows are split on the possible paths must be derived indirectly from the measured flow demands and link utilizations. Motivated by a case study provided by a major European ISP, we suggest an efficient method to estimate the flow splitting ratios. Our approach, based on quadratic linear programming, is scalable and achieves robustness to the measurement noise found in a typical network analytics deployment by filtering out certain constraints in the linear program. Finally, we implement an automated tool for estimating the flow splitting ratios and document its applicability on real data from the ISP.

The Influence of Green Tourism Differentiation and Green Marketing on Tourist Visit Decisions through Visit Interest in Paharangan Village Agrotourism

Indonesia, as a country rich in natural resources and biodiversity, has a great opportunity to develop an environmentally friendly tourism sector. In the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest in tourism development, especially with regard to green tourism. This study aims to empirically test the effect of green tourism differentiation and green marketing on tourists’ decisions to visit certain destinations. The independent variables for this analysis are green tourism differentiation and green marketing. The dependent variable is visit decision. The intervening variable is visit interest. The sample for this research draws from tourists who are visiting or have already visited Paharangan Village Agrotourism. The engineering method, non-probability sampling, was used for the sampling. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires directly to respondents, totalling as many as 130 questionnaires, and multiple linear regression and path analyses were conducted. The results show that while green tourism differentiation and green marketing significantly positively affect visit decision and visit interest of tourists, visit interest does not affect visit decision, and visit interest is not proven as an intervening variable between green tourism differentiation and green marketing on visiting decisions. Keywords: green tourism differentiation, green marketing, visit interest, visit decision

Research on the Development Path of Rural E-Commerce in Supporting Rural Revitalization

With the rapid development of information technology, rural e-commerce is playing an increasingly important role in promoting rural economic growth, increasing farmers' incomes, and driving rural revitalization. This paper begins by defining rural e-commerce and analyzing its characteristics, current development status both domestically and internationally, and exploring the close connection between e-commerce and rural revitalization. By investigating multiple development paths through which rural e-commerce supports rural revitalization-including industrial structure optimization, market expansion for agricultural products, development of rural human resources, and improvement of information infrastructure—this paper reveals the critical role of rural e-commerce in achieving the goals of rural revitalization. Additionally, it presents relevant policy recommendations and solutions to the challenges faced by rural e-commerce development while forecasting future trends in rural e-commerce.