Multiple Ovulation And Embryo Transfer Schemes Research Articles

Genomic selection strategies to optimize the use of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer schemes in dairy cattle breeding programs

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of varying features of an open multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) nucleus used in a genomic dairy cattle breeding scheme on both genetic gain and inbreeding rates. The Viking Red breeding scheme served as a case study to design scenarios that were stochastically simulated. We analyzed the number of AI sires used in the breeding population, the number of flushed heifers, the number of flushings per heifer and the genotyping capacity allocated to young females. The results supported that setting up a MOET program in a genomic dairy cattle scheme increases genetic gain without increasing inbreeding rates when the MOET nucleus size and the number of AI sires in service are large enough. Secondly, it was shown that increasing the number of genotyped heifers could not compensate the loss in genetic gain caused by closing the MOET nucleus. On the contrary, when extending the flushing capacity of the MOET program, increasing the number of flushings per heifer had a greater impact on genetic gain, but also on inbreeding rates, than increasing the number of flushed females. So, when a constraint applies on the flushing capacity in an open MOET scheme and the achieved inbreeding rate permits it, it seems more relevant to increase the number of flushings per heifer than the number of flushed heifers. Results also indicated that the number of genotypings allocated to females had to be sufficient to get maximal returns from the MOET scheme. In this case study, little extra genetic gain could be obtained by extending the MOET scheme size with the initial genotyping strategy (800 genotyped females). Indeed, the genotyping capacity should permit to genotype all heifers produced in the MOET scheme to discriminate the best heifers within families, and should be also sufficient to identify the best heifers outside the MOET nucleus.

Simulation study on the efficiencies of MOET nucleus breeding schemes applying marker assisted selection in dairy cattle

Advantages of breeding schemes using genetic marker information and/or multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) technology over the traditional approach were extensively evaluated through simulation. Milk yield was the trait of interest and QTL was the genetic marker utilized. Eight dairy cattle breeding scenarios were considered, i.e., traditional progeny testing breeding scheme (denoted as STANPT), GASPT scheme including a pre-selection of young bulls entering progeny testing based on their own QTL information, MOETPT scheme using MOET technology to generate young bulls and a selection of young bulls limited within the full-sib family, GAMOPT scheme adopting both QTL pre-selection and MOET technology, COMBPT scheme using a mixed linear model which considered QTL genotype instead of the BLUP model in GAMOPT, and three non-progeny testing schemes, i.e. the MOET, GAMO and COMB schemes, corresponding to MOETPT, GAMOPT and COMBPT with progeny testing being part of the system. Animals were selected based on their breeding value which was estimated under an animal model framework. Sequential selection over 17 years was performed in the simulations and 30 replicates were designed for each scenario. The influences of using QTL information and MOET technology on favorable QTL allele frequency, true breeding values, polygenetic breeding values and the accumulated genetic superiority were extensively evaluated, for five different populations including active sires, lactating cows, bull dams, bull sires, and young bulls. The results showed that the combined schemes significantly outperformed other approaches wherein accumulated true breeding value progressed. The difference between schemes exclusively using QTL information or MOET technology was not significant. The STANPT scheme was the least efficient among the 8 schemes. The schemes using MOET technology had a higher polygenetic response than others in the 17th year. The increases of frequency of the favorable QTL allele varied more greatly across the 3 male groups than in the lactating cows group. The accumulated genetic superiorities of the GASPT scheme, MOETPT scheme, GAMOPT scheme, COMBPT scheme, MOET scheme, GAMO scheme and COMB scheme over the STANPT scheme were 8.42%, 3.59%, 14.58%, 18.54%, 4.12%, 14.12%, 16.50% in active sires and 2.70%, 5.00%, 11.05%, 12.78%, 7.51%, 17.12%, 25.38% in lactating cows.

Simulation Monte-Carlo pour évaluer l’impact des schémas MOET adultes chez les bovins Somba

L’impact de la technique de superovulation et du transfert d’embryons (MOET) sur la performance de la race Somba a été évalué à l’aide de simulations du type Monte-Carlo. Des schémas MOET adultes en noyaux fermés ont été simulés et soumis à 20 générations consécutives de sélection en supposant une capacité fixe de testage de 512 femelles connues pour leurs performances laitières, un taux de succès de 70 p. 100 pour le transfert, un taux de survie de 70 p. 100 chez les embryons et des tailles variables de familles (nD = 4, 8, 16). Les valeurs additives génétiques des candidats ont été estimées par la méthode BLUP utilisant le modèle animal réduit (RAM). Pour différents scénarios déterminés par le nombre de donneurs (D = 64, 128, 256) et le nombre de géniteurs (S = 4, 8, 16) à sélectionner, la réponse à la sélection a varié de 0,088 à 0,127 unités standard phénotypiques par an. Ces valeurs correspondaient à un progrès génétique annuel de 2,2 à 3,2 p. 100 par rapport à la moyenne de la population par an (le coefficient de variation de la performance laitière de la race Somba étant de 25 p. 100). Pour toutes les alternatives du point de vue de la structure de la population, le taux de consanguinité obtenu par simulation a varié de 1,32 à 2,93 p. 100 par an, contre une valeur estimée allant de 0,83 à 3,32 p. 100. Comparé au taux annuel de consanguinité de 0,1 à 0,2 p. 100 généralement admis pour le schéma conventionnel de testage sur descendance, les taux de consanguinité prédictibles pour les schémas MOET adultes ont été remarquablement élevés. Pour pallier ce handicap, des stratégies de réduction à court et à moyen terme du taux de consanguinité ont été examinées.

Genetic Impacts of Using Female-Sorted Semen in Commercial and Nucleus Herds

This study was designed to investigate the genetic effects of using sorted semen in a dairy cattle population. Progress was monitored in elite and commercial animals over 20 yr of selection. To study the genetic impact of using sorted semen in commercial herds, a scenario was evaluated in which female-sorted semen was available to commercial herds. Second, to study the genetic impact of using sorted semen in nucleus herds, scenarios were simulated in which female-sorted semen was used only in a centralized nucleus herd, in which multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) took place. Because of the additional advantage of marker-assisted selection when sorted semen was used in nucleus herds, a second scenario was simulated in which both sorted semen and marker-assisted selection were implemented. In the scenario in which female-sorted semen was used in commercial herds, a large genetic advantage was observed early in commercial cows. The average superiority in first-lactation cows exceeded 30% in yr 11, relative to a base scheme with regular semen, but continued to decrease until it reached 9% in yr 20. The increased selection intensity in commercial cows contributed to the genetic merit of future cows (cow-to-cow contribution), but the contribution of the nucleus grew over time and gradually marginalized the cow-to-cow contribution. The genetic advantage of gender control in MOET schemes was minimal except when marker-assisted selection was also available. Two factors that affected the contribution of marker-assisted selection were studied: 1) within- vs. across-family selection of donors, and 2) the number of loci in the quantitative trait locus component. Schemes that selected donors regardless of their family structure were superior, and the quantitative trait locus component with more loci increased the effectiveness of sorted semen. Finally, we studied a reduced MOET scheme in which the number of harvested females was reduced from 42 to 25/yr. The reduced scheme in combination with female-sorted semen was not found to be genetically inferior to the large scheme in combination with regular semen.

Bull Selection in MOET Nucleus Breeding Schemes with Limited Testing Capacity

Centralized multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) nucleus breeding schemes with limited testing capacity were compared with a conventional artificial insemination (AI) scheme using a simulation. The donor cows were selected after their first lactation. In the hybrid MOET schemes, bulls were progeny tested in the AI population. In comparison, two other schemes used nucleus-born adult bulls only. The best hybrid scheme gave 77% or 40% better genetic response in milk protein yield than that estimated in the national AI scheme when the assumed genetic progress in the AI scheme was low or high, respectively. The best scheme had acceptable coefficients of variation of genetic response, although the rate of inbreeding was 2.5 times higher than in the national AI scheme. The schemes using adult bulls had lower responses and higher rates of inbreeding than the hybrid schemes. The outstanding performance of the hybrid schemes was due to more successful cow selection path than in a conventional AI scheme. A high accuracy of selection of bulls was also important.

Practical aspects of multiple ovulation-embryo transfer in cattle

Abstract The systematic use of superovulation and embryo transfer in dairy cattle breeding in the multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) schemes is reviewed. The general characteristics of these schemes are outlined to illustrate some of the theoretical assumptions made. This is followed by a description of some of the embryo technological results of the various MOET schemes initiated in practice one decade ago. Through this, some of the many factors which are likely to interfere with the successful implementation of MOET theory are revealed. These factors include superovulation of the donor animal, selection and use of the recipient, problems during embryo transfer, events during pregnancy and, finally, characteristics of the calves born. The step from theory to practice of the MOET scheme is discussed and evaluated. The main conclusion is that the MOET schemes have clearly demonstrated that the basic assumptions can be fulfilled. However, some of the expectations have not yet been achieved. Explanations for this and suggestions for the future direction of MOET schemes in dairy cattle are discussed.

Genetic progress and inbreeding for alternative nucleus breeding schemes for beef cattle

AbstractAlternative closed breeding schemes for beef cattle are analysed using stochastic computer simulation. Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) schemes are compared with conventional schemes (schemes without MOET) with an equal expected number of progeny born per year. Schemes are compared for genetic gain and inbreeding obtained after 25 years of selection. The trait considered, evaluated in both sexes, has an initial heritability of 0·35. Different population sizes and numbers of sires selected are evaluated. Current realistic parameters for embryo production are assumed in MOET schemes.After 25 years of selection, and with no control on inbreeding, cumulative genetic gains are about 50% higher in MOET schemes compared with conventional schemes. The benefit from MOET is mostly due to increased selection intensities in females. The rate of inbreeding increases by up to nearly 300% when MOET is used. This maximum percentage increase in inbreeding following the use of MOET can be reduced to about 100% when selection and mating strategies for controlling inbreeding are used. The effect of the number of sires used on the inbreeding obtained is more important than the effect of the size of the herd. In MOET schemes, increasing the number of sires selected by a factor of three, leads to reductions in inbreeding rates of 40%. When schemes of the same size are compared at similar acceptable inbreeding levels, MOET schemes give around 30% higher genetic progress than conventional schemes.

Controlling inbreeding in dairy MOET nucleus schemes

AbstractA nucleus dairy population using multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) was stochastically modelled with overlapping generations. The aim was to investigate the feasibility of controlling inbreeding in MOET breeding schemes using more realistic parameters for embryo recovery and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) for genetic evaluation. Four different cases (involving the culling of donors, more donors and the use of organized progeny testing of nucleus bulls) were studied in combination with nested and factorial designs. Further studies involved modifications of the selection index, including subtracting parental breeding values, inflating the genetic variance in the BLUP evaluation and penalizing inbred animals; these options were examined both with and without organized progeny testing. The effects of applying these schemes on both genetic response and rate of inbreeding were investigated. The results stressed the importance of incorporating progeny testing into MOET schemes for value of reducing inbreeding whilst maintaining genetic progress. There was no significant difference between nested and factorial designs. In the absence of progeny testing the inflation of genetic variance was more effective than subtracting parental breeding values at controlling inbreeding; however incorporating progeny testing made the latter strategy more potent and the superiority of inflating the genetic variance was in this case much smaller and non-significant.

Potential benefits of bovine embryo-manipulation technologies to genetic improvement programs

Embryo transfer has become the most powerful tool animal breeders have acquired since artificial insemination. Several countries, including Canada, have incorporated multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) into progeny testing programs to bolster genetic improvement in dairy or beef cattle. The Canadian “TEAM” project produced 55 complete full-sib families with projected generation intervals for sib-tested bulls 19% shorter than current progeny tests for dairy bulls. Computer simulations of such schemes predict rates of genetic improvement 8 to 9.5% higher than from current progeny test programs. With selection of juvenile as well as adult males and females as breeding stock, a 12% advantage is predicted. However, when IVF is also utilized to harvest embryos from 1 to 5 mo old calves, a 22% increase in rates of genetic improvement is predicted. The merits of centralized versus dispersed schemes and open versus closed schemes are compared. Satellite nucleus schemes are proposed as more optimal structures of MOET schemes. Risks associated with the use of sib-tested bulls are also discussed.

MOET breeding schemes for wool sheep 2. Selection for adult fleece traits

AbstractBenefits of collection of annual versus a single fleece record are investigated for breeding programmes of Australian Merino sheep. Breeding scheme alternatives are based on natural mating (N) or multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET). The breeding objective is assumed to be an adult fleece trait which is expressed annually from a minimum of age 2 years, with a unity genetic correlation between annual records. Initial selection of parents can occur prior to the availability of their adult records, based on records collected at 6,12 or 18 months which have a maximum genetic correlation of 0·8 with the adult trait. Monte Carlo simulation is used to compare breeding programme alternatives, which allows overlapping generations and selection across age groups. MOET schemes select parents of minimum age 19 months in adult (A) schemes, 7 months in juvenile (J) schemes or 13 months when there are two breeding seasons per year. Natural mating results in an average of 1·09 lambs per ewe mated, whilst embryo transfer success rates follow realistic distributions (only 70% of donors giving live lambs) with an average of 3·45 lambs per donor flushed. Estimated breeding values, on which selection is based, are calculated by multiple trait selection index of an individual's own records or by multivariate best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP). In J schemes 7-month-old lambs may be selected on the basis of a pedigree index if no individual record has been collected at 6 months of age. Breeding scheme alternatives are compared on the basis of genetic response, rate of inbreeding and economic ‘income’ which is calculated as genetic response reduced for inbreeding depression, cumulated and discounted over a medium time horizon (14 years). The quantitative benefits of the collection of annual records are dependent on the choice of genetic and phenotypic parameters between traits, but these were chosen from the literature to be representative of annual fleece weight records in Merino sheep. Genetic response to selection and ‘income’ associated with the adult trait is increased by at least 15% in N, A and J schemes compared with when only a single record is collected at 18 months. The advantage of MOET over N schemes and the optimum number of sires to use is unchanged, but the average age of sires is increased. Both annual rate of inbreeding and average age of dams are unchanged. In N schemes, 80% of the benefits of collecting annual records on both sexes can be achieved by collecting records on males alone, whilst in MOET schemes measurement of dams contributes up to 50% of the benefit of the measurement of both sexes. Since MOET schemes have fewer dams to be recorded, the cost-effectiveness of collecting records on females is much higher than in natural mating schemes. Breeding programmes operating two mating seasons each year are found to be a viable alternative to J schemes: although genetic response is less, rate of inbreeding is also less, so that ‘income’ response is approximately equal.

Combining use of embryo sexing and cloning within mixed MOETs for selection on dairy cattle

Summary - Given the same overall number of transferred embryos, a comparison was carried out between adult mixed (ie with bull progeny-testing) MOET (multiple ovulation and embryo-transfer) schemes with embryo sexing only versus embryo sexing plus cloning of female embryos. In the former schemes, natural and ET (embryo transfer) animals were allowed to breed. In the latter schemes, each category of females (single born or cloned) was allowed to give birth either to new single animals (natural calvings) or to new clones (ET). The optimal structure (subpopulation sizes and corresponding selection pressures) in both schemes was derived algebraically by maximizing the predicted asymptotic annual genetic gains, assuming an infinite population but accounting for the Bulmer effect. Detailed presentation is given here for the case of embryo cloning (that of embryo sexing was dealt with in a previous paper). Schemes using the full reproductive capacity of a given genotype allowed by cloning were found to be superior (+5 to +10% ) when the number of live replicates per cloned heifer was moderate (3-5). They were even more superior for higher number of replicates (10-20). This trend was confirmed by Monte-Carlo inbreeding-free (for the sake of consistency with the model) simulations. Some Monte-Carlo simulations accounting for inbreeding effect were carried out until year 100 after starting the breeding schemes. With 5 replicates per clone, the ultimate annual rates of increase of inbreeding were found to be still reasonable (0.20 to 0.25%). Using 10 replicates per clone would substantially increase these coefficients (0.27 to 0.33%), while still generating higher observed genetic gains. Consequently, keeping only 5 replicates would seem to be a reasonable comprise between increases in F and in genetic gains.

Efficiency of MOET nucleus breeding schemes in selecting for traits with low heritability in dairy cattle

ABSTRACTTheoretical rates of genetic response are calculated for adult multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) nucleus breeding schemes and conventional breeding systems in dairy cattle. For a single trait breeding objective, the relative responses with MOET schemes decline as the heritability falls and the number of progeny in the progeny test scheme increases. Selection for an aggregate breeding objective of milk yield and another trait, for different values of heritability, correlation and relative economic importance, is also examined. Generally, the overall response of efficient MOET schemes exceeds the progress of an efficient conventional breeding scheme with 50 to 100 daughters per bull. Only if the relative economic weight for the lowly heritable trait exceeds 0·60 and the progeny test is on 200 offspring are conventional systems superior. Testing additional paternal half-sib groups from a MOET scheme gives a considerable extra response, especially when lowly heritable traits have a dominating economic importance.

Combining clonal response and genetic response in dairy cattle improvement

ABSTRACTRepeated cloning of bovine embryos by nuclear transfer, producing large clones of monozygous animals, may be possible in the future. Initially, clones could be tested and the best one selected and spread over the commercial population by embryo transfer. Further genetic improvement could be obtained by rebreeding a number of the best clones to produce a new set of clones. However, the testing and selection systems to pick the best clone (for short-term clonal response) and to pick clones with the best breeding values (for long-term genetic response) are different. The objective of this study was to derive a system which achieves both high clonal and high genetic responses. An adult MOET (multiple ovulation and embryo transfer) scheme with 40 breeding males and 40 breeding females per generation (cycle) was used to maintain adequate genetic variation for continued genetic response. For a fixed set of testing facilities and a given family structure initial clonal response is maximized by testing several members per clone. Long-term genetic response is usually greatest when testing one member per clone. Compromises to obtain both high clonal response and high genetic responses were from 95 to 100% efficient.

The relevance of MOET programmes to developing countries

Breeding programmes based on the use of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) have been proposed as alternatives to progeny testing for the genetic improvement of dairy cattle. By use of the MOET technology, selected females produce large families, and the bull offspring can then be evaluated using the production information on their full and half-sisters. Other advantages of a Nucleus MOET scheme, where the entire breeding programme is operated as a single herd, are the degree of operational control over the determinants of genetic progress, and the opportunity to measure all economically important characters under the same conditions. These features are discussed by reference to the Nucleus MOET scheme established in the United Kingdom by Premier Breeders. Nucleus MOET schemes are also of considerable relevance to developing countries, especially where progeny testing schemes are not feasible and where suitable semen cannot be imported. By centralising their breeding activities into one herd, there is the additional advantage that scarce human and financïal resources can be used most efficiently, and the genetic improvement generated is passed to all herds that the Nucleus provides with semen or bulls.

Genetic Change in a Nucleus Breeding Dairy Herd Using Embryo Transfer

Abstract The genetic change by selecting for milk production in a nucleus breeding dairy herd using multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) was studied by computer simulation of an adult MOET scheme. The size of the herd was chosen to be small, 256 progeny per generation (3.7 years), to study the effect of finite population size on the genetic response. Alternative systems, with different number of sires and with use of progeny test information, were considered. The genetic response in milk production simulated was from 1.0 to 1.26% per year for the different alternative systems. This was substantially less than the 1.78 to 2.24% per year predicted theoretically from adult MOET schemes. The accuracy of evalution was increased when the progeny test of sires was used in estimating breeding values but this had little effect on the response. The correlated genetic change in fertility from selection on milk production was also simulated. With the unfavourable genetic correlation used (r G=-0.2) fertility...