Multiple Modules Research Articles

Evolution of Nuvoton Microcontroller-based Education Board

Background:: The novel coronavirus pandemic has not only affected people's health. The pandemic has also affected their social life and work. For all the reasons mentioned, international trade has suffered and is still in the process of recovery. Objective:: Especially in the semiconductor industry, many manufacturers postponed their deliveries to future periods and this triggered the chip crisis. Many hightech industries, including the automotive industry, were deeply affected by the consequences of the crisis, with factories halting or slowing down production. Despite the shortage of chip stocks, Nuvoton has a large amount of Microcontroller Units (MCUs), but due to the shortage of resources, education and libraries, software developers have not been able to integrate their products in a limited time. Methods:: In this paper, the Nuvoton Education Board has presented 20 common examples for embedded software developers and beginners. Results:: The PCB is designed considering all modules connected to separate General Purpose Input Output (GPIO) pins to make multiple module examples without changing the peripherals and pin configuration of the MCU. Clock configuration has been simplified and unnecessary details have been meticulously removed to make the examples easily understandable. Nuvoton NuMaker M263KI V1.3 was added on the designed PCB. Conclusion: The PCB contains almost all the necessary electronics to learn embedded software and use Nuvoton MCUs in industrial projects. The board is supported with user interfaces and printed documentation. The codes are explained with command lines to teach users even small details. A patent application has been filed for the proposed education board.

An Innovative Method for Improving the Performance of UAV‐SM‐NOMA for 6G Networks Over Generalized Fading Channels

ABSTRACTThe emergence of 6G wireless communications has brought numerous challenges and opportunities for meeting the growing demands of enhanced system capacity, higher data rates, lower latency, improved security, and stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements. One promising solution to tackle these challenges involves utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in conjunction with nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and spatial modulation (SM). However, optimizing the performance of UAV‐based SM‐NOMA systems for both perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI) over generalized fading channels (α–μ, k–μ and η–μ) while simultaneously considering multiple objectives is a complex task. To address these challenges, this paper proposes integrating the monarch butterfly optimization algorithm (MBOA) into UAV‐SM‐NOMA systems for 6G networks. Inspired by the foraging behavior of monarch butterflies, the MBOA aims to enhance UAV‐based SM‐NOMA systems' performance by optimizing resource allocation, increasing system sum rate, reducing outage probability (OP) and bit error rate (BER), improving spectrum efficiency (SE), and ensuring desirable signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) levels. Key findings include that the MBOA effectively improves performance metrics across generalized fading channels compared to existing UAV‐assisted NOMA and orthogonal multiple access (OMA) models. Simulation results confirm that the proposed UAV‐assisted SM‐NOMA model with MBOA significantly outperforms conventional approaches, demonstrating superior capacity, reliability, and efficiency in 6G network scenarios.

Research on the Progress of Modulation Technology and Data Transmission Technology in Underwater Wireless Optical Communication

Recently, as an efficient data transmission method, underwater wireless optical communication has become one of the key research topics in the fields of military communication and underwater surveillance. Modulation technology and technology in the transmission process play a key role in the UWOC system, which directly affects the performance, accuracy and safety of the system. The advanced modulation techniques from Intensity Modulation (IM), Pulse Modulation, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) to the combination of multiple modulation techniques, as well as the development process of modulation technology in optical encryption, are summarized in this paper. In terms of data transmission technology, the technological progress process from simplex to full-duplex communication is summarized. Finally, a reference solution is proposed to solve the challenges in realizing the underwater communication goals of long-distance, high-speed, low-bit error rate, and large-capacity underwater communication at the same time, and future development is prospected.

Modules with reduced endomorphism rings

In this paper, we study endo-reduced modules as modules whose endomorphism rings have no nonzero nilpotent elements. We characterize their properties for different classes of modules, including [Formula: see text]-non-singular modules, multiplication modules and finitely generated modules over commutative Dedekind domains. In the subcategory of finitely generated modules, it is shown that the class of rings [Formula: see text] for which every faithful multiplication [Formula: see text]-module is endo-reduced is precisely that of reduced rings; while the class of rings [Formula: see text] for which every multiplication [Formula: see text]-module is endo-reduced is precisely that of von Neumann regular rings. Characterizations of when an endo-reduced module will be a reduced module are given. We prove that a finitely generated module over a principal ideal domain (PID) is endo-reduced exactly if it is either a semisimple module with pair-wise non-isomorphic submodules or a torsion-free module which is isomorphic to the underlying ring.

5G network performance using novel MIMO mixed FSO/MMW communication systems under pointing errors effect: test analysis using image transmission

Abstract Millimeter waves (MMW) enable high data rates over short distances; free-space optical (FSO) provides high-capacity optical wireless transmissions; and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) maximizes antenna utilization. These are the three leading technologies that work harmoniously to deliver 5G’s superior performance. This collaborative effort results in 5G’s ability to offer high connection capacities, low latency, and rapid speeds, creating new opportunities for industrial and internet of things applications. In this paper, the proposed system combines FSO links and MMW radio frequency (RF) links to enhance the performance of mixed FSO/RF systems. FSO experiences turbulence and pointing errors (PE), while MMW undergoes fading. Using both FSO and MMW provides diversity against channel fading. Furthermore, both the FSO and MMW links utilize MIMO technology to combat fading through spatial diversity. The FSO link is modeled with a Gamma-Gamma Turbulence model and PE. The MMW link is modeled with Rayleigh fading. By combining these two types of links with MIMO, the system can achieve improved performance compared to using either FSO or MMW alone. The dual nature of the system provides robustness against different types of channels fading effects. Overall, the goal is to enhance performance by capitalizing on the complementary channel characteristics of optical and RF links and exploiting MIMO’s spatial diversity benefits. In the present work, closed-form formulas accounting for the influence of PE are generated for the bit error rate (BER). This article also explores the MIMO mixed FSO/MMW system with multiple modulation techniques under various turbulence situations. The suggested system is ultimately verified by transmitting images with suitable fixed BER.

Classification of multiplication modules over multiplication rings with finitely many minimal primes

Abstract A classification of multiplication modules over multiplication rings with finitely many minimal primes is obtained. A characterization of multiplication rings with finitely many minimal primes is given via faithful, Noetherian, distributive modules. It is proven that for a multiplication ring with finitely many minimal primes every faithful, Noetherian, distributive module is a faithful multiplication module, and vice versa.

Research on Typical Fault Diagnosis of Gear based on GHM Multiwavelet Transform and MCKD Algorithm

Background: Gear is the key part of the transmission part of mechanical equipment, which has a high failure rate under complex working conditions or long-term operation, directly affecting the reliability of mechanical equipment. To realize online monitoring of gears and predict gear faults, whether the diagnosis of typical gear faults is accurate and timely is a key link, so it is necessary to study the diagnosis of typical gear faults. Objective: This paper aims to propose a method that can effectively diagnose typical faults of gears and is easy to program, which is beneficial to realize online monitoring of rotating machinery equipment faults. Method: A typical gear fault diagnosis method based on GHM multiwavelet transform and maximum correlation kurtosis deconvolution algorithm (MCKD) is proposed in this paper. The measured vibration signal is decomposed into components with multiple scale spaces and frequency bands through the GHM multiwavelet transform. Then, the MCKD algorithm is run to suppress the noise of GHM multiwavelet transform coefficients, and the periodic components containing fault information are retained and reconstructed. The typical faults such as gear pitting and broken teeth are tested. Results: GHM multiwavelet transform combined with MCKD algorithm can accurately locate the frequency band containing fault information from the vibration signal with multiple modulations, double sideband, and multi-frequency interference and effectively extract the fault frequency and its frequency multiplication. The root means a square error of the extracted fault frequency is 0.08. This method has a good noise suppression effect and high accuracy in extracting fault frequency. Conclusion: The method proposed in this paper is helpful in realizing automatic programming of gear fault diagnosis and is of great significance in realizing real-time monitoring and online diagnosis of rotating machinery equipment faults. More related patents will appear in the future.

Intelligent Supramolecular Modification for Implants: Endogenous Regulation of Bone Defect Repair in Osteoporosis.

Addressing osteoporosis-related bone defects, a supramolecular strategy is innovated for modifying carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone (CF/PEEK) composites. By covalently attaching intelligent macromolecules via in situ RAFT polymerization, leveraging the unique pathological microenvironment in patients with iron-overloaded osteoporosis, intelligent supramolecular modified implant surface possesses multiple endogenous modulation capabilities. After implantation, surface brush-like macromolecules initially resist macrophage adhesion, thereby reducing the level of immune inflammation. Over time, the molecular chains undergo conformational changes due to Fe (III) mediated supramolecular self-assembly, transforming into mechanistic signals. These signals are then specifically transmitted to pre-osteoblast cell through the binding capacity of the KRSR short peptide at the molecular terminus, induced their osteogenic differentiation via the YAP/β-catenin signaling axis. Furthermore, osteoblasts secrete alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which significantly hydrolyzes phosphate ester bonds in surface macromolecular side groups, resulting in the release of alendronate (ALN). This process further improves the local osteoporotic microenvironment. This intelligent surface modification tailors bone repair to individual conditions, automatically realize multiple endogenous regulation once implanted, and truly realize spontaneous activation of a series of responses conducive to bone repair in vivo. It is evidenced by improved bone regeneration in iron-overloaded osteoporotic rabbits and supported by in vitro validations.

Underwater acoustic FBMC communication with multiple mode index modulation

In underwater acoustic communication (UWA), there is a significant presence of multipath and Doppler spread. The integration of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with index modulation (IM), utilizing subcarrier index modulation to enhance system performance underwater, has garnered considerable interest from researchers. Multiple mode modulation can enhance utilization by transmitting symbols of different modes on different subcarriers. Inspired by the concepts of index modulation and multiple mode modulation, this paper proposes a method that combines multiple mode indexing with the filter bank multicarrier system (MM-FBMC-IM), enabling the transmission of different modulation orders on each subcarrier to increase system flexibility. Simulations demonstrate that under the same spectral efficiency, multiple mode indexing FBMC offers superior bit error rate (BER) performance compared to conventional FBMC and index modulation FBMC.

Spatial coding metastructure for single-sensor impact region recognition

Abstract The rapid development of aircraft has created a strong demand for structural health monitoring, but current methods that rely on multiple sensor fusion suffer from complex hardware systems. Computational sensing with metastructures provides a promising approach to reduce sensing cost, but the lack of calibrated information makes it challenging to identify impact regions. In this study, we propose a concept of spatial coding metastructure for impact region recognition with a single sensor. Owing to the multi-order local resonance effect, the metastructures are capable of producing multiple vibration modulations over a wide frequency band. We demonstrate that the frequency-dependent vibration modulation effects of the metastructures on different test regions are distinguishable, a characteristic referred to as spatial coding. This characteristic enables impact regions to be accurately recognized with only a single sensor by using machine learning methods. Our work not only presents promising application prospects for condition monitoring of aircraft and other mechanical systems, but also inspires the development of safer and more efficient systems in various industries.

Combinatorial Wnt signaling landscape during brachiopod anteroposterior patterning

BackgroundWnt signaling pathways play crucial roles in animal development. They establish embryonic axes, specify cell fates, and regulate tissue morphogenesis from the early embryo to organogenesis. It is becoming increasingly recognized that these distinct developmental outcomes depend upon dynamic interactions between multiple ligands, receptors, antagonists, and other pathway modulators, consolidating the view that a combinatorial “code” controls the output of Wnt signaling. However, due to the lack of comprehensive analyses of Wnt components in several animal groups, it remains unclear if specific combinations always give rise to specific outcomes, and if these combinatorial patterns are conserved throughout evolution.ResultsIn this work, we investigate the combinatorial expression of Wnt signaling components during the axial patterning of the brachiopod Terebratalia transversa. We find that T. transversa has a conserved repertoire of ligands, receptors, and antagonists. These genes are expressed throughout embryogenesis but undergo significant upregulation during axial elongation. At this stage, Frizzled domains occupy broad regions across the body while Wnt domains are narrower and distributed in partially overlapping patches; antagonists are mostly restricted to the anterior end. Based on their combinatorial expression, we identify a series of unique transcriptional subregions along the anteroposterior axis that coincide with the different morphological subdivisions of the brachiopod larval body. When comparing these data across the animal phylogeny, we find that the expression of Frizzled genes is relatively conserved, whereas the expression of Wnt genes is more variable.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the differential activation of Wnt signaling pathways may play a role in regionalizing the anteroposterior axis of brachiopod larvae. More generally, our analyses suggest that changes in the receptor context of Wnt ligands may act as a mechanism for the evolution and diversification of the metazoan body axis.

Generation and modulation of soliton molecules in an all-polarization-maintaining fiber laser mode-locked by NPE

In this paper, we report the experimental observation of multiple soliton molecule forms and modulation results in an all-polarization-maintaining (PM) linear fiber laser mode-locked by nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE). The relationship between the waveplate angle and the reflectivity profile of the structure is analyzed numerically. Experimentally, it was found that the soliton number inside the bound states decreases from 4 solitons to 1 soliton by reducing the pump power. The soliton separation and the spectral shape could be evolved by slightly rotating the angle of the half-wave plate or λ/8-wave plate respectively. In addition to the above soliton molecules with regular triangular autocorrelation envelopes, (2+1)-type and (1+2+1)-type compound bound states are also obtained, and the fine temporal structure inside these soliton complexes are obtained by numerical simulation. The investigated results enrich the nonlinear dynamics of femtosecond mode-locked fiber lasers and lay the foundation for the application of all-PM fiber lasers mode-locked by NPE.

Transmission Diversity by Alamouti-Coding, Propagation Control by IRS in CDMA-FBMC-OQAM System

This manuscript suggests a modulation scheme for exploiting transmission diversity by integrating Alamouti coding and controlling the transmission by intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) in code division multiple access filter bank multicarrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (CDMA-FBMC-OQAM) system, a promising technique for future-generation wireless communication. To neutralize the impact of channel phases, the IRS elements are in charge of intelligently adjusting the incident signal phases. By maximizing the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the received signal, the bit-error-rate (BER) performance is improved. By changing the number of IRS elements, taking into account various channel scenarios and modulation schemes, we compare the BER performance of the proposed system with that of the conventional Alamouti coded CDMA-FBMC-OQAM system in simulation results. The findings demonstrate that the IRS-assisted Alamouti coded CDMA-FBMC-OQAM transmission is a feasible choice for future-generation wireless communication systems.

Nonreciprocal polarized transmission via bound states in the continuum.

We realize the observation of near-unity nonreciprocal polarized transmission via the bound states in the continuum (BICs) in a double-layer grating structure. By introducing out-of-plane perturbations and topological defects that break the mirror symmetry between the upper and lower layers, the far-field polarization states in momentum space are inverted vertically and horizontally, showing mirrored polarization characteristics for incident channels from different upper and lower ports. During the process of introducing mirror perturbations in the upper and lower layers, a π/2 phase inversion occurs in the Г-M direction, making chirality possible. Utilizing this bidirectionally tunable nonreciprocal spatiotemporal phase transition enables multiple modulations of polarization states and opens up more possibilities for asymmetric light manipulation in chiral optical effects.

Multiple interaction solutions, parameter analysis, chaotic phenomena and modulation instability for a (3+1)-dimensional Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation in ideal liquid with gas bubbles

Multiple interaction solutions, parameter analysis, chaotic phenomena and modulation instability for a (3+1)-dimensional Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation in ideal liquid with gas bubbles

Rational modulation of covalent organic frameworks heterogeneous catalyst: Structural cationization effect on accelerating photocatalytic oxidation process

Photocatalytic technology has been playing a key role in energy conversion and environmental remediation. It is critical and challenging that understanding and modulating the local structure effect on accelerating each rate-dependent step during the photocatalytic process. Herein, we utilize the highly ordered and structurally tunable COFs as a favorable platform for integrating multiple modulations of photochemical properties, including light capture, exciton dissociation, charge separation, and mass transfer by structural cationization strategy. Moreover, it is found that the cationized COF has a strong enrichment ability on the sulfide substrates, exhibiting an extremely fast selective oxidation rate of sulfides even in air. The calculation results indicate that the structural cationization successfully aggregates reaction substrates and increases the molecular collision probability, generating a reaction environment to promote the photocatalytic performances. This study will be expected to facilitate the new insights for the exploration of highly active COFs heterogeneous photocatalysts.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based neurofeedback training targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex induces changes in cortico-striatal functional connectivity

Due to its central role in cognitive control, the dorso–lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) has been the target of multiple brain modulation studies. In the context of the present pilot study, the dlPFC was the target of eight repeated neurofeedback (NF) sessions with functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to assess the brain responses during NF and with functional and resting state magnetic resonance imaging (task-based fMRI and rsMRI) scanning. Fifteen healthy participants were recruited. Cognitive task fMRI and rsMRI were performed during the 1st and the 8th NF sessions. During NF, our data revealed an increased activity in the dlPFC as well as in brain regions involved in cognitive control and self-regulation learning (pFWE < 0.05). Changes in functional connectivity between the 1st and the 8th session revealed increased connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and the dlPFC, and between the posterior cingulate cortex and the dorsal striatum (pFWE < 0.05). Decreased left dlPFC-left insula connectivity was also observed. Behavioural results revealed a significant effect of hunger and motivation on the participant control feeling and a lower control feeling when participants did not identify an effective mental strategy, providing new insights on the effects of behavioural factors that may affect the NF learning.

Adaptive Modem Based on LSTM-AutoEncoder with Vector Quantization

Recently, researchers have achieved the goal of using unified architecture to achieve multiple modulation modes under specific conditions. However, existing research still suffers from the problem of large resource and time overhead. This paper proposes an adaptive modem based on a vector quantization (VQ) long short-term memory autoencoder (LSTM-AE), designed to implement modulation and demodulation of signals from the second to thirty-second order in a lightweight way. By leveraging the memory capacity of the LSTM module and the compression capability of the autoencoder, the model is able to support multi-order modulation methods. This study used the Adam optimizer for training and testing on a simple dataset extended by adding AWGN noise only and made modifications based on the MSE loss function to balance the accuracy and training speed of each part of the model. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method not only achieves comparable modem performance to existing frameworks for second to thirty-second order signals, but also significantly reduces the number of parameters and training time. Experimental results indicate that the proposed methodology not only matches the performance of existing frameworks for signals ranging from the second to the thirty-second order, but also employs merely 79.6% of the average parameter count and a mere 7.4% of the average training duration. This represents a substantial reduction in resource expenditure.

Solution of state transfer matrix based on DNA strand displacement circuits

In recent years, DNA strand displacement (DSD) circuits have been developed in leaps and bounds. The high storage and parallelism of DNA give it an inherent advantage in the field of DNA computations. DSD is widely used in analog computations and neural network computations. However, there are few studies on solving state transfer matrix using DSD circuits. Aiming at the above problems, a scheme for solution of state transfer matrix based on DSD circuits is proposed. In this paper, the summation, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponential reaction modules are built by the DSD reactions. Based on the reaction modules, DNA chemical reaction networks of state transfer matrix are constructed. DSD circuits are built by cascading the DNA chemical reaction networks. The solution of the state transfer matrix is implemented through the DSD circuits. The Visual DSD is used to verify the practicality of DSD circuits. This scheme may provide a reference to analog computations based on DSD circuits.

On Automorphism-invariant multiplication modules over a noncommutative ring

One of the important classes of modules is the class of multiplication modules over a commutative ring. This topic has been considered by many authors and numerous results have been obtained in this area. After that, Tuganbaev also considered the multiplication module over a noncommutative ring. In this paper, we continue to consider the automorphism-invariance of multiplication modules over a noncommutative ring. We prove that if $R$ is a right duo ring and $M$ is a multiplication, finitely generated right $R$-module with a generating set $\{m_1, \dots , m_n\}$ such that $r(m_i) = 0$ and $[m_iR: M] \subseteq C(R)$ the center of $R$, then $M$ is projective. Moreover, if $R$ is a right duo, left quasi-duo, CMI ring and $M$ is a multiplication, non-singular, automorphism-invariant, finitely generated right $R$-module with a generating set $\{m_1, \dots , m_n\}$ such that $r(m_i) = 0$ and $[m_iR: M] \subseteq C(R)$ the center of $R$, then $M_R \cong R$ is injective.