Multiple Jeopardy Research Articles

Multiple jeopardy, national wealth and perceived discrimination: Subjective health of intersecting minority groups across 28 countries

Objective: Belonging to social minority groups is detrimental for health outcomes, yet it is still unclear how multiple social minority statuses combine in their effect on health and whether perceived discrimination explains this link. Moreover, the moderating role of the societal context on the multiple social minority status-health link has never been tested. The current study employs a comprehensive conceptual framework to better understand the patterns of association between health outcomes and multiple social minority statuses. Methods and measures: Using data from the European Social Survey (N = 53,161 from 28 countries) and multi-level structural equation modelling, the study examines whether older age, female gender and ethnic minority status have additive, exacerbation or inurement effects on subjective health, whether perceived discrimination mediates these relations, and whether national wealth moderates the associations. Results: Old age and female gender, but not ethnicity, were related to adverse health outcomes, especially in poorer countries. Belonging to two, but not three, social minority groups exacerbated health outcomes. Perceived discrimination explained some of the (multiple) social minority status-health links, whereas an ethnicity-related health risk was fully mediated by perceived discrimination. Conclusion: Supporting the idea of intersectionality, different combinations of social minority statuses differ in health outcomes as well as the underlying mechanisms.

Double jeopardy: The objectification of women as mothers

AbstractWestern societies exact a tall order on women who choose to have children. Western norms include an unspoken critique of working women: Are you someone who prioritizes paid work over child caregiving, or do you prioritize child caregiving over work? This double objectification of women who are mothers is their double jeopardy. Although there are multiple jeopardies for those who are not of the dominant caste, for women, the greatest second jeopardy is that of a mother. I outline the jeopardy of being a woman in Western societies, focusing on the history of demonization, including a brief discourse on how psychiatry has perpetuated this demonization. I give historical reference to exceptional women of courage and strength, women who have not yet reached the public imagination. I outline the history of the idealization and vilification of mothers and its reach into the practices of parenting. I propose some solutions to resolve the problem of double jeopardy.

The coping strategies of individuals in multiple jeopardy settings: the case of unemployed older women

ABSTRACT This research investigates the harmful consequences of discrimination on self-esteem and examines the coping options of individuals belonging to several stigmatized groups (i.e., unemployed older women) within the multiple jeopardy perspective. Our sample comprised 420 individuals selected by age, gender and professional status. We tested whether the positive and negative links between discrimination and psychological distress induced by discrimination, would vary according to the number of disadvantaged categories individuals belong to. An analysis of the mediating role of some coping options was also conducted. Overall, the results support most of our hypotheses and suggest that the assumed impact of perceived discrimination on psychological outcome increase with the cumulation of discriminations. We also found that, among the various coping options used by individuals in our sample, commitment, but not age-group identification, mediated the links between the cumulated discrimination and self-esteem. The discussion addresses issues related to workplace discrimination in light of the multiple jeopardy perspective.

Nurses at risk of multiple jeopardy over allegations of unprofessional behaviour.

Richard Griffith, Senior Lecturer in Health Law at Swansea University, considers the concept of multiple jeopardy faced by nurses who are accused of unprofessional behaviour.

When Health Intersects with Gender and Sexual Diversity: Medical Students’ Attitudes towards LGBTQ Patients

ABSTRACT A central tenet of the health professions is that of equitable access to health care. However, disparities in equitable healthcare provision continues to be a challenge in many societies due to prejudices against the LGBTQ community. This study was aimed at exploring the attitudes of medical students toward LGBTQ patients in Malaysia. A qualitative approach was adopted to seek depth of understanding of clinical year medical students’ perceptions and attitudes toward LGBTQ patients. Data were collected in 2018 through individual interviews and focus group discussions with a total of 29 participants, using a semi-structured question guideline. Purposive sampling comprised representation from the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia. Thematic analysis using NVivo highlighted three main themes i.e., neutrality, in compliance with the Professional Code of Conduct; implicit biases and tolerance of an Odd Identity; explicit biases with prejudices and stereotyping. The lack of knowledge and understanding of the nature and issues of sexuality is problematic as found in this study. They are primarily biases and prejudices projected onto marginalized LGBTQ patients who must contend with multiple jeopardies in conservative societies such as in Malaysia. With some state policies framed around Islam the concern is with the belief among Malay/Islamic students for LGBTQ individuals to go through conversion ‘therapies’ to become cisgender and heterosexual.

All are equal, but some are more equal than others: social determinants of leisure time physical activity through the lens of intersectionality

BackgroundTo date, no research has investigated social determinants of leisure time physical activity through the lens of intersectionality in a low- and middle-income country. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the intersectionality in leisure time physical activity in a nationwide sample of Brazilian adults.MethodsData from the Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2013 were analysed (N = 58,429). Prevalence of sufficient leisure time physical activity (150+ minutes per week in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) was estimated according to gender, racial identity, education and income, and according to multiple combinations of these sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., multiple jeopardy index).ResultsThe prevalence of sufficient leisure time physical activity was 22.9% (95%CI: 22.3 to 23.6). Overall, the prevalence of sufficient leisure time physical activity was highest among men, individuals with white skin colour, and among those in the highest group of education and income. Among men, white, with a university degree and in the highest quartile of income (3% of the population), the prevalence of sufficient leisure time physical activity was 48%. Among non-white women with low education and low income (8.1% of the population), the prevalence of sufficient leisure time physical activity was 9.8%.ConclusionInformed by the theory of intersectionality, findings of this study have shown that intersections of gender, racial identity and socioeconomic position of the Brazilian society strongly influence leisure time physical activity at the individual level. Targeted interventions to increase leisure time physical activity should address the complexities of social status intersections.

The Study of Multiple Jeopardy Mapping in Nervous Condition by Tsitsi Dangarembga

This research paper aims to make a personality analysis in the characters of Nyasha, Tambu, Maiguru, and Lucia from Tsitsi Dangaremba's novel Nervous Condition under the lens of Multiple Jeopardy. This research scrutinizes female suppression under feminist traditions. In Nervous Condition, Tsitsi Dangaremba explains that how women are facing multiple oppressions due to their class, race, and sex. Tambu the protagonist of the novel shows through her life that how their identities are intertwined between being White and Black and to show that there is need to unveil certain mysteries in the universe, which hold connections and ties among different phenomenon it would be discussed with reference of Nervous Condition by Tsitsi Dangarembga.

The Representational Necropolitics of Black Women in Zombie Dystopia Video Games

Feminist Studies 47, no. 1. © 2021 by Feminist Studies, Inc. 147 Eric Andrew James The Representational Necropolitics of Black Women in Zombie Dystopia Video Games Though Stuart Hall defends popular representation as an important terrain of political struggle, he also argues that images of difference are dominated by “racialized regimes of representation” manifest in stereotypes and invisibilities.1 These ensure that marginal identities are reduced, essentialized, and rendered other. One of the most powerful tools for this form of silencing in the popular representation repertoire is the notion of an established genre. In US popular culture, creators and critics alike often position people who experience multiple layers of oppression as constitutively outside the expectations of existing genres. Their absence is attributable not simply to creator racism but also to that genre’s relationships to intersecting categories of difference and domination, such as race and gender. Beginning with the preponderance of representational violence in popular media, this article draws from existing work by feminists of color in order to model a critique of US representational precarity. To illustrate the political tensions in popular US culture, I stage my intervention into a medium whose industry has had particularly fraught struggles with representation: video gaming. There, I focus specifically on 1. Stuart Hall, “The Spectacle of the Other,” in Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader, ed. Margaret Wetherell, Stephanie Taylor, and Simeon J. Yates. (London: Sage, 2001), 325–44. 148 Eric Andrew James recent attempts to represent Black women, whom the gaming industry has held up as emblematic of difference and diversity. 2 These attempts are marred by predictable disasters and pitfalls. In particular, I discuss how the representational politics of Black women in popular zombie dystopia games repeats a similar violence as the previous silencing of Black women in these spaces. The gaming industry’s struggles with representation in the wake of Gamergate are demonstrative of broader tensions in Black women’s representation in popular media. Thus, while I am focused on video games, I also intend this analysis to reflect on feminist studies of the relationship between genre and representation. I advance existing scholarship on video game representations of Blackness by theorizing violence enacted at the intersections of race, gender, and sexuality in game genres. Specifically, I position this intervention as a point of departure from TreaAndrea M. Russworm’s chapter in Gaming Representation: “Dystopian Blackness and the Limits of Racial Empathy in The Walking Dead and The Last of Us.”3 This chapter provides a compelling critique of the relationship between the dystopian game genre and Black representation, highlighting the lack of self-reflexivity in mass-market representations of Blackness. Expanding this project by taking another look at her objects of study—The Last of Us (2013– 2014) and Telltale’s The Walking Dead (2012)—I argue that taking Black women’s multiple jeopardy as foundational to the zombie dystopia genre offers a deeper look at the grammars of representational violence. My use of multiple jeopardy refers to Deborah K. King’s theorization of how multiple layers of oppression exponentially multiply individual disadvantages. As King describes, “The modifier ‘multiple’ refers not only to several, simultaneous oppressions but to the multiplicative 2. AnnaMaria Jackson-Phelps, “Representation Matters: Positive Portrayals of Black Women in Video Games,” Medium, February 28, 2017, https:// medium.com/legendary-women/representation-matters-positive-portrayals -of-black-women-in-video-games-c96cf9f66fdf; Jef Rouner, “Would You Believe There Have Been Only 14 Playable Black Women in Gaming?” Houston Press, June 5, 2015, https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/would-you-believethere -have-been-only-14-playable-black-women-in-gaming-7484017. 3. TreaAndrea M. Russworm, “Dystopian Blackness and the Limits of Racial Empathy in The Walking Dead and The Last of Us,” Gaming Representation: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in Video Games, ed. Jennifer Malkowski and TreaAndrea M. Russworm (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017), 109–28. Eric Andrew James 149 relationships among them as well.”4 These layers of oppression are often contradictory and may leave no avenues for action; the expectations placed on one for their race become impossible to fulfill because of the contradictory expectations placed on them for their gender or sexuality. This multiple jeopardy thus introduces...

Multiple marginalisation and unintended pregnancy among racial/ethnic and sexual minority college women.

Both sexual minority and racial/ethnic minority women are at increased risk of unintended pregnancy compared to their heterosexual and non-Hispanic white peers, respectively. A recent study suggests the presence of negative interaction between sexual orientation and race/ethnicity, although it was not explicitly assessed. To characterise the burden of unintended pregnancy across groups defined by intersecting sexual orientation and race/ethnicity and to explore for potential intersectional interaction between social identities. We analysed cross-sectional survey data from the National College Health Assessment collected between Fall 2015 and Spring 2018. The relative risk (RR) of unintended pregnancy among college-attending women aged 18-25 was estimated using multivariable log-binomial regression (n=177592). We estimated multiplicative- and additive-scale (relative risk due to interaction, RERI) interaction between race/ethnicity and sexual orientation on the risk of unintended pregnancy; 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using 500 bootstrap replicates. Unintended pregnancy was rare across all intersecting identity groups (≤1.5%). Compared to heterosexual non-Hispanic white women, all groups of sexual minorities and/or racial/ethnic minorities had a higher risk of unintended pregnancy. This was consistent within strata of sexual orientation and race/ethnicity. We did not find strong evidence of additive-scale interaction between sexual orientation and race/ethnicity (RERI -0.19, 95% CI -0.67, 0.28), but we did find negative multiplicative-scale interaction (interaction RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59, 0.96). These findings illustrate that interactions, which are typically used to quantify intersectional effects, are scale-dependent. This has implications regarding how risk estimates for multiply marginalised groups are interpreted. More broadly, our findings suggest the need to move beyond multiple jeopardy approaches to quantitative intersectional research and consider the upstream factors that may uniquely shape the health status of groups at the nexus of particular social identities.

The Leak in the Academic Pipeline: on Black Women Sociologists

There exists a “leak” in the academic pipeline centered on Black women sociologists. This leak exists in large part due to gatekeepers, who have attempted to protect the hidden curricula used to preserve predominantly male, White, old, conservative spaces (Romero 2017). Victim blaming, stigmatizing, exclusion, and tracking begin during the professionalization process in graduate school for many women of color and continue into their academic career (Margolis and Romero 1998). Mentoring in academia has been cited as a major contributing factor to professional success and career advancement; yet, access and quality of mentoring remain an issue for women of color (Pitt 2016). After moving from graduate school, salary differentials are cited as another contributor, leading to job dissatisfaction, decreased retention, higher rates of battle fatigue, and workplace stress (Pitt 2016). The state of Black women sociologists in the twenty-first century oddly has not changed much over the past century (Wilson 2012). This piece identifies structures of oppression that act as barriers to the incorporation of Black women sociologists in academic spaces, causing the leak. We then mitigate these entities by offering strategies to develop spaces of equity to combat the multiple jeopardies faced by Black women sociologists (Collins 2000).

Unequal Proximity to Environmental Pollution: An Intersectional Analysis of People with Disabilities in Harris County, Texas

This article addresses the growing need to analyze the relationship between disability and environmental pollution, as well as contribute to emerging research that recommends an intersectional approach for studying the complexity of distributive environmental risks imposed on marginalized subpopulations in U.S. urban areas. It focuses on Harris County, which contains the city of Houston and the highest number of people with disabilities in the state of Texas. Three different pollution sources are analyzed: Superfund sites on the National Priorities List (NPL); hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities; and motor vehicle traffic. Proximity scores are calculated at the census tract level using a novel spatial enumeration methodology developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and statistical analysis is based on multivariable generalized estimating equations. Results indicate that people with disabilities are significantly more likely to reside in neighborhoods with higher NPL and TSD proximity than those without disabilities, after controlling for clustering and relevant sociodemographic factors. Intracategorical analysis reveals that individuals with disabilities are experiencing a “multiple jeopardy” defined by the convergence of disability with other social disadvantages such as racial/ethnic minority and elderly status and amplified by their proximity to pollution sources.

Black Women Graduate Students on Whiteness and Barrier Breaking in Leadership

The “multiple jeopardies” that often act as barriers for Black women in both leadership and society may be the same barriers that provide the uniquely diversified leadership perspectives needed to address a rapidly changing global society. However, the dominant image of leadership is still primarily White and male. Disrupting this image calls for the centering of little-known lived experiences and insights from those on the margins of the leadership narrative, such as the 15 Black women graduate student participants included in this phenomenological study. Findings from this study highlight the hidden and invisible obstacles facing Black women, as well as how these obstacles impact: (a) perceptions of their leadership qualities, (b) personal leadership philosophies, and (c) potential employers.

More Than “Multiple Jeopardy”: Navigating the Legal System as a British-Muslim-Woman-Litigant-in-Person

Abstract Against the backdrop of rising Islamophobia and a deficit in the literature of Muslim experiences of resistance to discrimination through the legal action, in this article, I employ an auto-ethnographic methodological approach to critically reflect on my journey from classroom to courtroom, as a British Muslim woman of colour and litigant-in-person. While threading in excerpts of legal documents from the case, I highlight that: (a) as Muslims we must resist in ways acceptable to gate-keepers of the law, who are largely white and middle-class and unaware of the embodied realities of the inequality that minorities in Britain experience; (b) the law fails to take account of the “context” in which discrimination(s) takes place, as a result of which legal logic(s) and methodologies in cases of religious discrimination are flawed; (c) a religio-social capital operates against Muslims, negating positive social capital(s) such as education, and which, in the social penalties Muslims experience, accumulates greater weight than other intersecting subjectivity markers such as race, class, ethnicity, and gender. I contrast King’s theory of “multiple jeopardy” with my embodied experience of discrimination and inequality, which I demonstrate using the model of the glass Rubik’s cube.

Kasahara and Iwaasa in Conversation

Kasahara and Iwaasa in Conversation Teiya Kasahara (bio), Rachel Kiyo Iwaasa (bio), and Rebecca Wiegand Coale The "Race-ing Queer Music Scholarship 2016" symposium featured a concert by soprano Teiya Kasahara and pianist Rachel Kiyo Iwaasa. The program included "Solana's Song" from Canada's first lesbian opera, When the Sun Comes Out, with music by Leslie Uyeda and words by Rachel Rose; "And so I killed a man tonight" from The Laurels, by Jeffrey Ryan; and Cursor 7, by Hiroki Tsurumoto. Videos of their performance can be viewed at http://ams-lgbtq.org/raceing-queer-music-scholarship/. For this special issue of the journal, Women & Music asked Teiya and Rachel to share some thoughts on race, queerness, and their experiences of navigating the performance world. Below is a lightly edited transcript of the reflections they shared. Rachel: My name is Rachel Kiyo Iwaasa. I am a contemporary music pianist. My pronoun is she. I am half-white. And I am queer. If you see me, you probably read me as a woman before I say a word. And if my features don't give away my Japanese ancestry, my name does. But queers are often an invisible minority. And as a bi femme, I often feel doubly invisible. For you to know I'm queer, you probably have to see me with my very butch partner—or somebody has to tell you. Now that someone will probably be me, because I'm professionally queer. Which admittedly sounds like gay for pay but just means that I work as director of development for the Queer Arts Festival, an artist-run transdisciplinary summer festival in Vancouver. Since 2006 I've been a passionate promoter of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, two-spirit, and intersex artists, that alphabet soup we pronounce "queer." But as a performer, I find it's not as straightforward a task. To quote Trinh Minh-ha: "How do you inscribe difference without bursting into a series of euphoric [End Page 141] narcissistic accounts of yourself and your own kind? Without indulging in a marketable romanticism or a naïve whining about your condition?… Between the twin chasms of navel gazing and navel erasing, the ground is narrow and slippery, and none of us can pride ourselves on being sure-footed there."1 Teiya: I want to see a wide range of types of people onstage who reflect all of our communities, especially those who are marginalized and underrepresented in society. It is vital we celebrate and bring to the forefront those who have been continually marginalized and underrepresented. There needs to be more awareness: education and ethical practices cultivated across all levels of the industry, not just administrations. Saying "Well, there aren't any good ones" or "I don't know any" isn't a valid excuse anymore. We are here. We exist. You're just not trying hard enough to find us. And there are many. Many of them have just found a way to blend into the rest of the classist, white, heteronormative, and able-bodied circles in order to have a career, or they have left the field and changed professions in order to survive. Rachel: The arts are honeycombed with homosexuals. As SD Holman, artistic director of the Queer Arts Festival (QAF), says, "If you love art, you love queer art." From Sappho to Leonardo, Frida Kahlo to Van Cliburn, queers are ubiquitous in all the genres; people used to say, "She's artistic" or "Is he musical?" as code words for "queer." Take Wikipedia's list of LGBT composers. For all it lacks in rigor, what Wikipedia does best is to offer a snapshot of public perception. The 137 composers it lists include some of history's most illustrious names—in some periods and places, queer artists arguably are the mainstream. Yet media coverage, biographies, or obituaries all too often elide queer lives, even if the individuals lived out and proud. Composers whose identities place them at multiple jeopardy are less likely to be out in their practice. Less than 14 percent of Wikipedia's LGBT composers list are women, even fewer are people of color, and only one self-identifies as trans...

Negro Women May Be Dangerous: Black Women’s Insurgent Activism in the Movement for Black Lives

This article examines “insurgency” as a tradition within Black women’s activism in the United States. Connecting contemporary insurgent acts of Black women activists to their Black feminist foremothers, I explore a distinct genealogy of Black women’s radical activism. Anchored in intersectional praxes, committed to combating interlocking oppression, and warring against multiple jeopardy, Black women insurgents of the 21st century build on the work of Black women defiantly and unapologetically fighting against white heteropatriarchal capitalist supremacy. Using recent highly visible acts of Black women freedom fighters, I seek to reclaim “insurgency” as a mode of Black feminist resistance with historical precedence and contemporary relevance. Black women’s insurgent activism plays an integral role in the Movement for Black Lives. The depths of Black women’s commitment to insurgency is a propelling force in Black freedom dreams.

Invisible people with invisible pain: A commentary on “Even my sister says I'm acting like a crazy to get a check”: Race, gender, and moral boundary-work in women's claims of disabling chronic pain

This commentary to Pryma's (2017) article on women with fibromyalgia argues that intersectional approaches to health research can reveal not only how racialized institutions shape illness experience and medical care, but also how these institutions make some individuals visible, while rendering others invisible. Perhaps by adopting an intersectional approach to understanding health, we can start to unpack the multiple jeopardies faced by people of color in pain.

Jeopardy, Consciousness, and Multiple Discrimination: Intersecting Inequalities in Contemporary Western Europe

Theories of intersectionality argue that individuals with multiple minority statuses often face mistreatment that stems from multiple, interlocking systems of inequality. King (1988) refers to this phenomenon as “multiple jeopardy,” and argues that those who experience multiple jeopardy often develop a “multiple consciousness”—an awareness of multiple systems of inequality working with and through one another. This study analyzes recent survey data to assess perceived multiple jeopardy and its relationship to multiple consciousness in the context of contemporary Western Europe. Findings provide support for intersectionality, as individuals who hold multiple minority statuses are more likely than others to perceive having personally experienced multiple forms of discrimination, and are more likely to view multiple discrimination (discrimination based on multiple social statuses) as a widespread social phenomenon. Controlling for other factors, personal experiences with multiple forms of discrimination (“multiple jeopardy”) are associated with greater multiple consciousness. Personal experiences with discrimination based on a single dimension of inequality (“single jeopardy”) also facilitate multiple consciousness, however, though not to the same degree. The conclusion highlights the importance of intersectionality for future research and policy concerning discrimination.

Caught in a Web of Multiple Jeopardy: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and HIV-Positive Asylum Seekers in Scotland

Many HIV-positive asylum seekers have experienced multiple traumas and human rights violations—circumstances that engender posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This qualitative study examines the impact of PTSD symptoms among HIV-positive asylum seekers in Scotland. Data were collected from 19 participants, using open-ended interviews, and narrative analysis was used to develop significant themes. All respondents had significant traumatic experiences, such as physical and sexual assault, witnessing the beating and death of a loved one, and being forced to participate in the sex trade. Many experienced multiple symptoms of PTSD, including re-experiencing of intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, avoidance, and arousal. These symptoms met the duration and impairment requirements for DSM-5 diagnosis of PTSD. Their symptoms impacted their ability to tell their stories convincingly when interviewed by immigration officials. Legal processes for asylum seeking require individuals to tell their stories but ignore the impact of trauma on their ability to do so, thus increasing the likelihood of their applications being rejected. The findings indicate the need for asylum seekers to have routine assessment and treatment for PTSD and the provision of appropriate therapeutic and advocacy services.

The Multiple Jeopardy of Oil Producing Communities and the Incessant Militancy in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

This paper examines the role of the Niger Delta ruling elites in the worsening of development of the region. Through a series of semi-structured interviews with stakeholders having knowledge about the region, and using the elite capture theory, this paper found out how the elites have contributed immensely to the exacerbation of social crisis through several corrupt channels. The cocktail of environmental degradation and elites actions have pushed the people to double jeopardy, because it has obliterated the sources of their livelihood. Hence, this is fueling more grievances and the endless crisis of militancy in the region despite the existence of Amnesty Program.

Frayed Careers of Migrant Female Professors in British Academia: An Intersectional Perspective

Women and migrants continue to make inroads into the academic labour market in the UK, where their numbers are increasing. However, the same pattern of access is not true for these two groups in terms of their representation in positions of power and influence in the higher education sector in the country. Intuitively, at the intersection of these two disadvantaged groups, migrant women academics in full professorial posts should suffer from frayed careers. Drawing on life‐story interviews with nine migrant women who hold full professorial posts in UK academia, we challenge the frayed careers concept, and the double disadvantage discourse, from an intersectional perspective. Our findings demonstrate the surprising rather than summative nature of intersections between gender and ethnicity and as such lend support to the argument that disadvantages across multiple categories of difference do not necessarily translate into multiple jeopardy at the level of careers. Instead, our study reveals that the status of migrant female academics as double outsiders has more explanatory power than their status as subjects of double disadvantage.