Multiple-input Converter Research Articles

Design and Implementation of Silicon-Doped Ferrogate Stacking JL-VTFET in MIC Sepic Convertor

This paper introduces a Ferro technique in the junctionless vertical tunnel field effect transistor in which the ferroelectric property in the [Formula: see text] is developed with the help of Silicon doping in it. The incorporation of the ferroelectric oxide stacking with [Formula: see text] results in low sub-threshold slope and high trans-conductance which is highly suitable for sensing of small voltage and converting it into strong drain current. The introduction of the high k-dielectric material with [Formula: see text] also leads to small lattice mismatch so that the losses can be reduced. The device shows ON current in the order of (2.62 × 10[Formula: see text]A/[Formula: see text]m) and the ratio of the ON to OFF drain current is noted as (of 2.031 × 10[Formula: see text]). Moreover, the device exhibits sub-threshold slope 35mV/dec and the ratio of trans-conductance to drain current (gm/[Formula: see text]) in the range of 150–350 V[Formula: see text]. Then the design structure is used to develop the circuit of multiple input converters (MIC) because the device shows high conversion rate (trans-conductance). For the converter, State-space analysis is used for the modeling of converter which was further followed with the design of converters’ energy storing apparatus with its voltage gain formulation. Interaction analysis is used to create a decentralized controller. The controllers’ robustness is tested using parametric uncertainty. A 175-watt experimental archetype with 36 volt and 24-volt sources is developed in the lab. The digital controller was implemented using the processor. The efficacy of controllers for regulating sources and loads has been verified. The controller’s strength is ensured by the satisfactory correlation between simulation and investigational results. For the result outcome one can validate Silicon Doped Ferro Gate Stacking JL-VTFET results for low power applications.

Power Quality Analysis of Six Phase Indirect Matrix Converter Based on Multi Phase Generator

Nowadays, multiphase machine drives are considered in many applications, especially for medium and highpower applications. This paper focuses on the topology of the six to three phase (hexaphase) indirect matrix converter (IMC). The matrix converter (MC) is designed based on twelve bidirectional switches for the rectifier stage and six single switches for the inverter stage. It is interfaced to a high-performance, fault-tolerant multiphase permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) on one side and to the grid on the other side. In the literature, the most common MCs are of the three-phase type and papers on multiple input converters (N>3) are not common. This paper deals with all possible configurations of SVM that can be deduced in a hexaphase MC to determine the modulation indexes and then to assess the VTR (Voltage Transfer Ratio). Simulations are performed on a pure inductive load and THD analysis are performed on the input currents of the MC to show the impact of the studied configurations on the system.

Systematic Synthesis of Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output DC–DC Converters for Nonisolated Applications

Multiple-input converters (MICs) and multiple-output converters (MOCs) are attractive solutions for interfacing various voltage levels. In order to reveal the intrinsic relationships among the diverse topologies and provide as many viable topologies as possible for practical applications, this article aims to analyze the topology construction principles and propose a systematic approach to derive MICs and MOCs. To begin with, the general principle of the topology derivation is analyzed according to circuit network theory. Inspired by the idea of design controllable inductor power-flow loops (IPFLs), five construction types are proposed to create multiple power-flow network (MPN) in MICs and MOCs. Then, four basic switching cells for the topology synthesis are proposed and a flow diagram for the optimal design procedure is provided to guide the topology derivation. As one example, a family of viable and optimized MICs and MOCs with various characteristics is derived from typical Buck converter. Based on the analysis of the derived converters in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), the number of magnetic components is not increased at all so that they are promising candidates for applications requiring compact size and high integration. Besides, topology comparison and selection among a family of MICs is also conducted in view of practical specifications. Finally, one derived dual-input converter is analyzed in detail and experimentally verified to demonstrate the theoretical results.

Maximum power point tracking controller implementation in multiple input converter for effective solar energy harvesting using maximum power point resistance method

AbstractSolar energy is widely acknowledged as one of the most promising renewable energy sources for addressing future electrical energy demands. Photovoltaic modules (PVms) convert solar energy into electrical energy and are highly sensitive to nonlinear changes in environmental circumstances, which in turn affect the generation of electricity from the PVms. The module‐level maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of PVms using multiple input converters (MICs) is the effective and cost‐efficient method among all the methodologies and techniques. MICs, on the other hand, suffer from a cross power‐sharing difficulty due to their modular design, which implies that the individual cells that make up the device impact on each other's power‐sharing operation. The solution to which have been ignored in the literature. The objective of this paper is to employ the maximum power point resistance (MPPR) approach to determine an appropriate duty ratio range for the proposed MIC while taking into consideration the cross effect of different cells. Steady‐state, power loss, and efficiency analysis of the proposed MIC structure with less component count have been included. The proposed approach has been validated experimentally and further, a comparative analysis with recently reported various approaches has also been included to prove the suitability of the proposed approach.

SPICE-Based Circuit Analysis of Power Flow Coupling Effect in Double-Input Cuk--Buck DC–DC Converters

An equivalent simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) based circuit is derived from the proposed small-signal averaged model of double-input Cuk--Buck dc–dc converter so that the power flow coupling effect amongst input/output ports is easy to be analyzed in terms of circuit theory rather than pure mathematics. Based on the equivalent SPICE-based circuit, common mode and differential mode power flow decomposition is presented to unveil the power flow coupling between three ports, and furthermore benefits frequency response analysis. It is shown that common mode perturbation analysis reveals the power flow coupling amongst input and output ports, whereas differential mode perturbation analysis does the power flow coupling between input ports. Meanwhile, the explanation of circuit knowledge is provided for power flow coupling effect. Particularly, it is found that the occurrence of the pseudo resonant phenomenon is the result of counteract effect of the common mode and differential mode components in power mismatched condition. Besides, the application of frequency-selective decoupling is proposed to weaken the power flow coupling between ports. Finally, theoretical analysis is verified by experimental ones. These results are useful to understand coupling effects in multiple-input converters and provide a guidance to the controller optimization and engineering application.

A new partially isolated hybrid output of multiport multilevel converter for photovoltaic based power supplies

Multiport converters (MPCs), which can have multiple inputs and multiple output (MIMO) ports, have been suggested to integrate a variety of sources (including storage facilities) with diversified loads, thereby guaranteeing both an effective utilization of sources and the uninterruptible supply to loads. MPCs transfer the power between those sources and (active/passive) loads concurrently/independently. The attractive features of MPCs include minimal component count, higher power conversion efficiency, haste response, higher power density, and hence better sizing, combined control point, and bidirectional and soft switching abilities. MPCs are the perfect solution in applications where complex energy distribution prevails, such as renewable energy systems (RES), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) systems, DC power distribution systems, etc. This paper proposes a hybrid output multiport multilevel converter (HOMPMLC), which is a unique, partially isolated breed of MPC. The HOMPMLC is the multiple input and dual output (MIDO) converter, which can deliver twosome outputs (both AC and DC) from several DC sources. In the HOMPMLC, a new multilevel inverter (MLI) topology, Single stage multilevel DC-link multilevel inverter (SSMLDCMLI), is involved to synthesize a high quality AC output, which utilizes five switches for the seven level improved quality AC output, and the DC output port is accomplished with the help of a forward power converter. The working of the HOMPMLC is studied for a solar photovoltaic system in the MATLAB®Simulink R2016a simulation platform as well as in an experimental investigation involving 4 panels (Schüco MPE-340-AL-01; each 340 Watts).

Comparative analysis on selection and synthesis of multiple input converters: a review

Power electronics converters for DC–DC conversion are extensively used in various applications. Further, with an increase in demand for integrating multiple sources with distinct I–V characteristics, a change over from single input DC–DC converters to multiple input converters (MICs) has been observed in the recent past. MICs are widely used for effective integration of energy sources in various applications ranging from milliwatt to megawatt power levels and millivolt to several kilovolts of voltage levels. The combination of sources with respective energy buffering units allow for a new configuration and topology, which are quite confusing and challenging to pick one for a specific application. MICs are categorised based on their characteristics, and each category has its pros and cons depending on the application. Further, this study categorises and comprehensively reviews the MICs based on their characteristics. In this regard, this study aims to provide a clear picture of MICs and the general rules and framework for the selection of MIC topology for a specific application. Also, the key features and limitations of a few recently proposed MICs, followed by the selection of MICs for different applications are discussed.

Hybrid fuzzy PI controlled multi-input DC/DC converter for electric vehicle application

ABSTRACTPower electronic interface with its effective control scheme plays a major role in the utilization of energy sources for electric vehicle application. For this purpose, a hybrid fuzzy PI based control scheme for a multiple input converter (MIC) topology is proposed. The proposed hybrid fuzzy PI controller includes a conventional PI controller at steady state and fuzzy PI at transient state. Also, the proposed control design helps in tracking a predefined speed profile to have complete realization of electric vehicle. Detailed simulation study and performance comparisons with conventional controller are performed. The results show that the developed control scheme is robust providing bidirectional power management, fast tracking capability with less steady state error, better dynamic response by enhancing the flexibility and proper utilization of energy sources. Simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is carried out to verify the performance of the multi-input converter with the developed control scheme. An experimental set-up is constructed to validate the same.

Performance analysis of multiple input converter for standalone photovoltaic system

Multiple-input converters (MICs) are receiving significant popularity in hybridisation of energy sources especially for renewable energy integration and vehicular electrification. In the last decade, several MIC topologies have been proposed; however, application-oriented implementation and its in-depth analysis in terms of reliability, stability, sensitivity, efficiency and voltage-current stress along with fault tolerant operation has been ignored. Thus, intensive investigation in terms of different performance attributes is crucial for the selection of application-oriented MIC topology. Therefore, in this study, comprehensive investigation of an MIC for providing a clear picture of the landscape of various performances attributes has been carried out for photovoltaic application considering source dynamics in addition to source and load end intermittencies. The presented system offers a modular structure, flexible control and reliable operation with a simple and compact design. The proposed work examines the stability of the presented converter besides investigating reliability profile, and also focuses on determining the effect on load voltage with respect to input and output perturbations along with loss distribution analysis for determining the efficiency of the converter. The controller designed has been experimentally validated with the solar emulator and dSPACE 1103 real-time digital controller. Furthermore, the topology has been compared with recently published topologies qualitatively and quantitatively.

Time-Division Multiplexing Control of Multi-Input Converters for Low-Power Solar Energy Harvesters

Many autonomous sensor nodes use small photovoltaic (PV) panels oriented toward the direction that provides the highest energy yield in the worst case scenario. Since all those panels operate at similar irradiance and temperature conditions, they can be properly biased at the same bias point by using a single maximum power point tracker (MPPT). But in applications that involve several PV panels with dissimilar orientations, using an MPPT tailored to each panel would increase system cost. A better design option is to implement the MPPT with a single multiple-input converter shared through time-division multiplexing (TDM) control. However, existing TDM controls are usually based on pulsewidth modulation converters wherein the high switching frequency of transistors results in excessive power losses for low-power systems. Consequently, low-power MPPTs are instead usually based on pulse frequency modulation (PFM) converters. This paper proposes a novel TDM control method for MPPTs based on PFM converters.

Combination of LiCs and EDLCs with Batteries: A New Paradigm of Hybrid Energy Storage for Application in EVs

The research presented in this paper proposes a hybrid energy storage system that combines both electrolytic double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) also known as supercapacitors (SCs) and lithium-ion capacitors (LiCs) also known as hybrid capacitors (HCs) with a battery through a multiple input converter. The proposal was verified in simulation and validated by implementing a laboratory prototype. A new hybridisation topology, which reduces the amount of resource requirement when compared to the conventional hybridisation topology, is introduced. An electric vehicle (EV) current profile from previous research was used to test the performance of the proposed topology. From the results obtained, the hybridisation topology proposed in this research had the lowest cost per unit power at 14.81 $/kW, the lowest cost per unit power to energy, and available power to energy ratio, both at 1:1.3, thus making it a more attractive hybridisation topology than the two conventional alternatives. The multiple input converter built had efficiency values in excess of 80%. The key take away from this paper is that using the proposed hybridisation topology, the battery is less often required to supply energy to the electric vehicle, and so, its cycle life is preserved. Furthermore, since the battery is not used for the repeated acceleration and deceleration in the entire driving cycle, the battery’s cycle life is further preserved. Furthermore, since the battery is not the only storage device in the energy storage system, it can be further downsized to best fit the required base load; therefore, leading to a more optimized energy storage system by reducing the weight and volume of space occupied by the energy storage system, while also achieving better efficiencies.

A Preventive Approach for Solving Battery Imbalance Issue by Using a Bidirectional Multiple-Input Ćuk Converter Working in DCVM

State of charge (SoC) imbalance among batteries in a battery energy storage system (BESS) degrades the system performance and may lead to safety issue. A bidirectional multiple-input Cuk converter for the BESS is proposed to prevent batteries from SoC imbalance issue. Compared to the traditional BESS, the battery balancing and voltage/current regulation subsystems are combined into one. As a result, the overall system complexity is significantly reduced. Moreover, the current flow of each battery is self-adjusted according to its terminal voltage. Therefore, the system does not require sophisticated control algorithm for battery balancing. Moreover, the proposed system has no energy dumping and energy transferring between batteries, which avoids unnecessary energy lose. Due to the nature of multiple-input converter structure, the proposed system can handle certain component failure. The proposed approach of designing the BESS has been investigated through simulation and validated experimentally.

Solar-Powered Multiple-Input Zeta Converter for 48V Applications

To reduce environment pollutants and a current level on high power systems, 48Vpower applications have been studied on uninterruptible power supply, green telecommunication power system, and micro hybrid electric vehicles with renewable energy sources or alternative energy sources. In the electric vehicle field, large numbers of automobile companies are obligated to supply more electrified vehicles. As these more electrified vehicles use high power, a 48V system has been researched to decrease a current level of the vehicle power system. This paper proposes a solar-powered multiple-input zeta dc-dc converter with high reliability and flexibility for 48V applications. The proposed multiple-input zeta converter system was verified by computer-based simulation results.

A New Single Source Topology Four Quadrant DC-DC SEPIC Converter

The DC-DC converter find a wide scope in industries, telecommunication sectors, power electronics area, etc. Nowadays bi-directional converters have a higher end over them since the energy from the load during regenerative braking is fed back to the source, thus obtaining energy efficient system. A single topology that can provide Buck-Boost operation with positive output having four quadrant operations is not available in literature. A common limitation of power coupling effect in some known multiple-input dc-dc converters has been addressed in many literatures. In this paper, a new single-input DC-DC four quadrant Sepic converter has been developed to provide four quadrant operation of a high frequency dc-dc converter having one supply source and proper control of the converter. The combined topology has been analyzed and studied by spice simulation and Tecplot.

Systematic Topology Selection Method for Multiple-Input DC-DC Converters

A power system designer may have difficulties in choosing a suitable multiple-input converter topology for a specific target application because each multiple-input converter topology presented in the literature has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this perspective, this paper presents a systematic topology selection method for multiple-input converters with three comparison criteria including cost-saving effect, modularity potential and flexibility. Based on these criteria, this paper proposes a strategic flow chart example for choosing a proper multiple-input converter topology. This flow chart will provide a powerful selection tool to a power system designer when he or she chooses a specific multiple-input converter for a given application.

A Methodology for Even Power Sharing among Input Sources in a Multiple-Input DC-DC Converter Topology

A Methodology for Even Power Sharing among Input Sources in a Multiple-Input DC-DC Converter Topology

Synthesis and Implementation of a Multi-Port DC/DC Converter for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

A non-isolated Multiple Input Converter (MIC) with an input port, two storage ports and a load port is proposed. The synthesis of the proposed four port converter with its switch realization is presented. A steady state analysis of each operating mode with a small-signal model is derived, and a stability analysis is done. A mode selection controller is proposed to automatically choose a specific operating mode based on the voltage levels of the different source and storage units. In addition, a voltage control loop is used to regulate the output voltage. A 200W prototype is built with a TMS320F28027 DSP controller to test the feasibility of the operating modes. Simulation and experimental results show the ability of the proposed converter to handle multiple inputs either individually or simultaneously.

Exact steady‐state analysis in multiple‐input converters applied with diverse time‐sharing switching schemes

Time-sharing switching (TSS) techniques are usually utilised in multiple-input converters (MICs) to manage power sharing among inputs as well as output-voltage regulation. The two most-commonly-used TSS schemes in practical MIC applications are trailing-edge modulation (TEM) and interleaved dual-edge modulation (IDEM), both of which containing abundant significant information on conduction sequence. Steady-state analysis and computation help understand MICs' behaviour, being of high significance in both principal and practical researches. This study exhibits a general and exact methodology for computing and synthesising analytical expressions in a steady state of any kind of MIC topology, based upon analysis of segmented waveforms of common inductor current and output capacitor voltage. The derivation results are of high accuracy and generality, applicable for scenarios with arbitrary number of inputs in either continuous conduction mode or discontinuous conduction mode, and applied by either TEM-based or IDEM-based TSS schemes. Analytical and derivation details are addressed to the issues of multiple-input buck converters, along with general procedures established for other MICs topologies, for example, multiple-input buck–boost converters and multiple-input single-ended primary-inductor converters. Case study on a dual-input buck converter prototype, considering power dissipations and voltage drops on its components, is put forward for theoretical verification.

A DC-DC converter topology for multiple-input photovoltaic configurations

The voltages generated from renewable sources, such as wind and solar energy, often vary because of environmental changes. When the input voltage drops to a value lower than that of the battery, it will fail to recharge. Cascaded buck-boost converters are conventionally used to step-up or step-down the input voltage, but these are relatively complex and costly. This paper describes a new battery charging system based on a non-inverting buck-boost converter. The proposed two-switch converter requires one less inductor and capacitor compared with the conventional SEPIC (single-ended primary inductor converter) to achieve the non-inverted output voltage. The model is validated through simulation results from one and multiple sources with constant and variable input voltages. Test results show stable operating performance under both steady-state and transient conditions. A maximum power point tracking algorithm is successfully applied to the proposed multiple input converter configuration. The system is suitable for both low-voltage portable charging devices and grid-connected photovoltaic/battery systems.

Asymmetrical Half-Bridge Double-Input DC/DC Converters Adopting Pulsating Voltage Source Cells for Low Power Applications

In the renewable hybrid power system, multiple-input converters (MICs) serve as the interface of several sources with a load, and provide the energy to the load simultaneously or individually, which can optimize the utilization of sources, simplify the system configuration, and reduce the overall cost. In the applications with isolated requirement, available MICs usually have complex configuration and numerous transformer windings. In this paper, a family of asymmetrical half-bridge double-input converters (DICs) adopting pulsating voltage source cells (PVSCs) for low power applications is proposed. Compared with available isolated DICs, the proposed converters have advantages of simple architecture, soft-switching realization, and high conversion efficiency. In this paper, the derivation and feasible control strategy for the proposed converters are illustrated. Specifically, the operation principle of DIC composed of two buck PVSCs is analyzed. Finally, theoretical analysis is validated by the experimental results from a 240 W prototype.