Multiple Imaging Planes Research Articles

PREOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE TOMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF CONDYLE FIXATION AND MANDIBULAR FRACTURE: AN INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction: Computed tomography (CT) is crucial for the evaluation of mandibular fractures, especially in complex areas such as the condylar region. Its ability to provide detailed images in multiple planes has improved surgical planning and post-operative monitoring, offering precise information on the location and characteristics of fractures. Objective: This integrative review aims to analyze how tomographic aspects impact surgical planning and postoperative monitoring of condylar and mandibular fractures. The study discusses the advantages and limitations of tomographic techniques in order to understand how they influence the clinical outcome and rehabilitation of patients. Materials and Methods: An integrative literature review was carried out, without the need for submission to the Ethics Committee, in accordance with the guidelines of Normative Instruction No. 510/2016. The search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, and expanded with Google Scholar. Results and Discussion: The analysis revealed that cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides high-resolution three-dimensional images, which are essential for the accurate assessment of fractures, especially in complex anatomical areas such as the mandibular condyle. Conclusion: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an indispensable tool for the management of condyle and mandible fractures. Its use in preoperative and post-fixation monitoring facilitates detailed visualization of anatomical structures, improving the precision of surgical interventions and contributing to superior functional and aesthetic results.

Fast, automated, real-time 3D passive balloon catheter tracking during MRI-guided cardiac catheterization using orthogonal projection imaging and real-time image-based catheter detection.

MRI-guidance of cardiac catheterization is currently performed using one or multiple 2D imaging planes, which may be suboptimal for catheter navigation, especially in patients with complex anatomies. The purpose of the work was to develop a robust real-time 3D catheter tracking method and 3D visualization strategy for improved MRI-guidance of cardiac catheterization procedures. A fast 3D tracking technique was developed using continuous acquisition of two orthogonal 2D-projection images. Each projection corresponds to a gradient echo stack of slices with only the central k-space lines being collected for each slice. To enhance catheter contrast, a saturation pulse is added ahead of the projection pair. An offline image processing algorithm was developed to identify the 2D coordinates of the balloon in each projection image and to estimate its corresponding 3D coordinates. Post-processing includes background signal suppression using an atlas of background 2D-projection images. 3D visualization of the catheter and anatomy is proposed using three live sagittal, coronal, and axial (MPR) views and 3D rendering. The technique was tested in a subset of a catheterization step in three patients undergoing MRI-guided cardiac catheterization using a passive balloon catheter. The extraction of the catheter balloon 3D coordinates was successful in all patients and for the majority of time-points (accuracy >96%). This tracking method enabled a novel 3D visualization strategy for passive balloon catheter, providing enhanced anatomical context during catheter navigation. The proposed tracking strategy shows promise for robust tracking of passive balloon catheter and may enable enhanced visualization during MRI-guided cardiac catheterization.

Three-dimensional computer holography based on two hybrid constraint iterative angular spectrum algorithms

A method for three-dimensional holographic image calculation based on angular spectrum layering is presented, which significantly reduces the noise resulting from image overlap during hologram reconstruction. In order to enhance the reconstruction quality, we proposed a two-hybrid constraint algorithm, which employs two parallel processing frameworks to allocate multiple plane images effectively. Additionally, by applying two different hybrid constraint factors, spatial resource allocation is utilized efficiently to mitigate the impact of axial inter-layer crosstalk noise. The numerical simulations and optical experiment results demonstrated that our method has successfully improved the reconstruction quality of holograms and proved its effectiveness and feasibility.

Comparative Analysis of the Diagnostic Value of S-Detect Technology in Different Planes Versus the BI-RADS Classification for Breast Lesions

Rationale and ObjectivesS-Detect, a deep learning-based Computer-Aided Detection system, is recognized as an important tool for diagnosing breast lesions using ultrasound imaging.However,it may exhibit inconsistent findings across multiple imaging planes. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of S-Detect in different planes and identify factors contributing to these inconsistencies. Materials and MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted on 711 patients with 756 breast lesions between January 2019 and January 2022. S-Detect was utilized to assess lesions in radial and anti-radial planes. BI-RADS classifications were employed for comparative analysis.The diagnostic performance was compared within each group, and p-values were computed for intergroup comparisons. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify factors contributing to diagnostic inconsistency in S-Detect across planes. ResultsAmong 756 breast lesions, 668 (88.4%) exhibited consistent S-Detect outcomes across planes while 88 (11.6%) were inconsistent. In the consistent group, the diagnostic accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) of S-Detect were significantly higher than those of BI-RADS (accuracy: 91.2% vs. 84.9%, p = 0.045; AUC: 0.916 vs. 0.859, p = 0.036). In the inconsistent group, the diagnostic accuracy and AUC of S-Detect in radial and anti-radial planes were lower than those of BI-RADS (accuracy: 47.7% for radial, 52.2% for anti-radial vs. 69.3% for BI-RADS, p = 0.014, p-anti = 0.039; AUC: 0.503 for radial, 0.497 for anti-radial vs. 0.739 for BI-RADS, p = 0.042, p-anti < 0.001). Diagnostic inconsistency in S-Detect across planes was significantly associated with lesion size, indistinct or angular margins, and enhancement posterior acoustic features(p< 0.05). ConclusionS-Detect has outperformed BI-RADS in diagnostic precision under conditions of inter-planar concordance. However, its diagnostic efficacy is compromised in scenarios of inter-planar discordance. Under these circumstances, the results of S-Detect should be carefully referenced.

Correlation of fetal lung area with MRI derived pulmonary volume

BackgroundNeonatal chest-Xray (CXR)s are commonly performed as a first line investigation for the evaluation of respiratory complications. Although lung area derived from CXRs correlates well with functional assessments of the neonatal lung, it is not currently utilised in clinical practice, partly due to the lack of reference ranges for CXR-derived lung area in healthy neonates. Advanced MR techniques now enable direct evaluation of both fetal pulmonary volume and area. This study therefore aims to generate reference ranges for pulmonary volume and area in uncomplicated pregnancies, evaluate the correlation between prenatal pulmonary volume and area, as well as to assess the agreement between antenatal MRI-derived and neonatal CXR-derived pulmonary area in a cohort of fetuses that delivered shortly after the antenatal MRI investigation. MethodsFetal MRI datasets were retrospectively analysed from uncomplicated term pregnancies and a preterm cohort that delivered within 72 h of the fetal MRI. All examinations included T2 weighted single-shot turbo spin echo images in multiple planes. In-house pipelines were applied to correct for fetal motion using deformable slice-to-volume reconstruction. An MRI-derived lung area was manually segmented from the average intensity projection (AIP) images generated. Postnatal lung area in the preterm cohort was measured from neonatal CXRs within 24 h of delivery. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to correlate MRI-derived lung volume and area. A two-way absolute agreement was performed between the MRI-derived AIP lung area and CXR-derived lung area. ResultsDatasets from 180 controls and 10 preterm fetuses were suitable for analysis. Mean gestational age at MRI was 28.6 ± 4.2 weeks for controls and 28.7 ± 2.7 weeks for preterm neonates. MRI-derived lung area correlated strongly with lung volumes (p < 0.001). MRI-derived lung area had good agreement with the neonatal CXR-derived lung area in the preterm cohort [both lungs = 0.982]. ConclusionMRI-derived pulmonary area correlates well with absolute pulmonary volume and there is good correlation between MRI-derived pulmonary area and postnatal CXR-derived lung area when delivery occurs within a few days of the MRI examination. This may indicate that fetal MRI derived lung area may prove to be useful reference ranges for pulmonary areas derived from CXRs obtained in the perinatal period.

Integration of Prenatal Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease.

Standard of care echocardiography can have limited diagnostic accuracy in certain cases of fetal congenital heart disease. Prenatal cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has potential to provide additional anatomic imaging information, including excellent soft tissue images in multiple planes, improving prenatal diagnostics and in utero hemodynamic assessment. We conducted a literature review of fetal CMR, including its development and implementation into clinical practice, and compiled and analyzed the results. Our findings included the fact that technological and innovative approaches are required to overcome some of the challenges in fetal CMR, in part due to the dynamic nature of the fetal heart. A number of reconstruction algorithms and cardiac gating strategies have been developed over time to improve fetal CMR image quality, allowing unique investigations into fetal hemodynamics, oxygenation, and growth. Studies demonstrate that incorporating CMR in the prenatal arena influences postnatal clinical management. With further refinement and experience, fetal CMR in congenital heart disease continues to evolve and demonstrate ongoing potential as a complementary imaging modality to fetal echocardiography in the care of these patients.

Multifocal optical projection microscopy enables label-free 3D measurement of cardiomyocyte cluster contractility.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte (CM) models have become an attractive tool for in vitro cardiac disease modeling and drug studies. These models are moving towards more complex three-dimensional microphysiological organ-on-chip systems. Label-free imaging-based techniques capable of quantifying contractility in 3D are needed, as traditional two-dimensional methods are ill-suited for 3D applications. Here, we developed multifocal (MF) optical projection microscopy (OPM) by integrating an electrically tunable lens to our in-house built optical projection tomography setup for extended depth of field brightfield imaging in CM clusters. We quantified cluster biomechanics by implementing our previously developed optical flow-based CM video analysis for MF-OPM. To demonstrate, we acquired and analyzed multiangle and multifocal projection videos of beating hiPSC-CM clusters in 3D hydrogel. We further quantified cluster contractility response to temperature and adrenaline and observed changes to beating rate and relaxation. Challenges emerge from light penetration and overlaying textures in larger clusters. However, our findings indicate that MF-OPM is suitable for contractility studies of 3D clusters. Thus, for the first time, MF-OPM is used in CM studies and hiPSC-CM 3D cluster contraction is quantified in multiple orientations and imaging planes.

Windows, Wings and Wonder: Advanced Cardiac Imaging Via Transesophageal Two-Dimensional and Transthoracic Three-Dimensional Echocardiography for the Accurate Diagnosis of Double-Orifice Mitral Valve in the Background of Primum Atrial Septal Defect: A Case Report

The assessment of mitral valve anatomy can be difficult or even misleading on standard cardiac imaging procedures. Such is the scenario in a 40-year-old woman with an incidental finding of atrial septal defect (ASD) and consideration of a trileaflet versus double-orifice mitral valve (DOMV) on transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography. Further interrogation using transesophageal two-dimensional and transthoracic three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (to allow more accurate assessment and simultaneous viewing of multiple imaging planes) revealed the typical “seagull wing” configuration of the mitral valve on long-axis view and two distinct but nearly equal-sized orifices on short-axis view, one oriented anteriorly and the other posteriorly. The patient’s DOMV was classified as an incomplete bridge type as confirmed on 3D imaging, with each orifice having its own set of papillary muscles and chordal attachments. The mitral regurgitation was graded as severe, resulting from leaflet prolapse of the anterior orifice. No left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was demonstrated in this case, and the overall left ventricular systolic function was preserved. The ASD was of the primum type, with the configuration and exact location verified through 3D imaging. The accurate detection of congenital anomalies via noninvasive techniques and complementary advanced modalities is vital for preoperative planning, as well as anticipation of potential complications related to the structural anomalies. To our knowledge, this is the first local report of DOMV with primum ASD in an adult. KEYWORDS: double-orifice mitral valve, primum atrial septal defect, transesophageal and three dimensional echocardiography

Fiber-based 3D nano-printed holography with individually phase-engineered remote points

The generation of tailored light fields with spatially controlled intensity and phase distribution is essential in many areas of science and application, while creating such patterns remotely has recently defined a key challenge. Here, we present a fiber-compatible concept for the remote generation of complex multi-foci three-dimensional intensity patterns with adjusted relative phases between individual foci. By extending the well-known Huygens principle, we demonstrate, in simulations and experiments, that our interference-based approach enables controlling of both intensity and phase of individual focal points in an array of spots distributed in all three spatial directions. Holograms were implemented using 3D nano-printing on planar substrates and optical fibers, showing excellent agreement between design and implemented structures. In addition to planar substrates, holograms were also generated on modified single-mode fibers, creating intensity distributions consisting of about 200 individual foci distributed over multiple image planes. The presented scheme yields an innovative pathway for phase-controlled 3D digital holography over remote distances, yielding an enormous potential application in fields such as quantum technology, life sciences, bioanalytics and telecommunications. Overall, all fields requiring precise excitation of higher-order optical resonances, including nanophotonics, fiber optics and waveguide technology, will benefit from the concept.

“ROLE OF MRI IN EVALUATION OF SHOULDER JOINT PATHOLOGIES”

Introduction: Shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint and is one of the most freely movable joints in the body. Shoulder joint pathologies frequently present with shoulder joint pain and MRI shoulder is routinely used in evaluating shoulder joint pathologies due to excellent soft tissue contrast and multiple imaging planes. It is also a non-invasive study. MRI of t Methods: he shoulder joint was performed on a Siemens 3.0 Tesla Magnetom Skyra MRI machine on 65 patients from DECEMBER 2021 to APRIL 2022 in tertiary care SVP Hospital, NHLMMC, Ahmedabad. No age and gender bias was followed. In our study, rotator cuff pathologies were the mos Results: t commonly encountered abnormality. Out of which, supraspinatus was the most commonly involved tendon. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of t Conclusion: he shoulder joint is the best imaging modality to evaluate for shoulder pain. Various pathologies can be identied which help in guiding further management for the patient.

The role of ultrasound and MRI in diagnosing of obstetrics cardiac disorders: A systematic review

Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used more commonly in diagnosing obstetrics disorders as non-invasive and non-ionizing methods. Ultrasonography is a safe and available modality that provides real-time images in multiple planes. MRI can perform as a subsequent evaluation for cases in which ultrasonography is doubtful. This systematic study aimed to identify the current knowledge regarding the use of ultrasonography and MRI in diagnosing obstetrics cardiac disorders, their medical applications, safety issues, limitations, and future applications.

PO-655-08 LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE CLOSURE USING 4D INTRACARDIAC ULTRASOUND IMAGING FROM THE CORONARY SINUS, A NOVEL APPROACH

LAAC is performed using TEE imaging in > 90% of patients in the US. There is growing experience and interest in the use of ICE imaging in place of TEE to obviate the need for general anesthesia but typically requires transeptal (TS) placement of the ICE catheter in the LA for direct LAA imaging. Novel 4D ICE catheters have the ability to image in multiple planes from a single location; however, LAA imaging from the right atrium is limited by acoustic windows. Coronary sinus (CS) imaging of the LA has been performed during ablation, and consistently provides high-quality LAA imaging, but in only a single plane with conventional ICE catheters.

ROLE OF MRI IN EVALUATION OF MUSKULOSKELETAL TUMOURS

INTRODUCTION: Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful technique in the detection, evaluation and staging of the musculoskeletal tumours. Its excellent soft tissue contrast and its capability to image in multiple planes provides signicant superiority over the other imaging techniques. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The main aim of study was to assess the role of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis, management and follow up of musculoskeletal tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 50 patients suspected of musculoskeletal tumors referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis, at MMIMSR, Mullana. All the studies were conducted on PHILIPS MULTIVA 1.5T and PHILIPS ACHIEVA 1.5T MRI machine which included T1 W turbo spin echo, T2W turbo spin echo and STIR/PDFS sequences. RESULTS: The result of the study showed that tenderness was the most common presenting complain seen in 46/50 cases (92.0%) followed by pain in another 45/50 cases (90.0%). In the current study 22 cases (44%) were found to be involved by benign lesions and 28 cases (56%) were found to be involved by malignant lesions. Among the benign osseous tumors, osteoid osteoma constituted 5/13 (38.4%) of cases, followed by osteochondroma 2/13 (15.3%) of cases. Majority of the malignant osseous tumors were ill dened lytic lesions with a wide zone of transition, with cortical breech and aggressive periosteal reaction. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that MR imaging has become a premier imaging modality to detect musculoskeletal tumors because of its excellent soft tissue contrast, its sensitivity to bone marrow &amp; soft tissue oedema.

Compensation of Aerodynamic Sampling Effects of a Cloud Droplet Instrument

Precise sampling is a crucial part of the aerosol measurement processes that ideally requires perfectly isokinetic conditions in which particles in the sampling volume move exactly the same way as they would in an undisturbed flow. Such conditions might be difficult to achieve in practical measurement situations where the direction and speed of the air stream may change continuously. We propose a novel method avoiding sampling errors due to moderately disturbed particle flow in case of an imaging cloud droplet instrument. It is shown that despite the non-isokinetic and non-isoaxial conditions accurate droplet density can be obtained by rejecting part of the measurement volume in post processing. The adjustment of the sampling volume is easily applied using a holographic imaging method, which offers multiple well-defined image planes to accurately set the boundaries of the sampling volume. To verify the hypothesis, aerodynamic sampling effects of a holographic cloud droplet instrument are studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and particle tracing simulations and by comparing them with wind tunnel experiments. We found out that changes in the airflow affected the particle density mostly near the walls of the probe. It was observed that the error in droplet density could be kept under 10 % by limiting the cross-channel depth of the measurement volume to two-thirds of the full wall-to-wall distance. Further improvement was achieved by using simulation results to formulate a relation between sampled and ambient droplet concentration as a function of droplet diameter and air speed. Less than 1 % deviation in droplet density was achieved in this case compared to simulated values. Orientation of the instrument’s inlet relative to the direction of airflow was found out to have the strongest effect on the achievable accuracy. Results show that the droplets can be reliably sampled also in a non-isoaxial case if the measurement volume was further reduced. Reasonable accuracy was achieved with 10-degree deviation within limited air speed and droplet diameter range.

Dual-depth augmented reality display with reflective polarization-dependent lenses.

Vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC) is a common annoying issue in near-eye displays using stereoscopy technology to provide the perception of three-dimensional (3D) depth. By generating multiple image planes, the depth cues can be corrected to accommodate a comfortable 3D viewing experience. In this study, we propose a multi-plane optical see-through augmented reality (AR) display with customized reflective polarization-dependent lenses (PDLs). Leveraging the different optical powers of two PDLs, a proof-of-concept dual-plane AR device is realized. The proposed design paves the way to a compact, lightweight, and fatigue-free AR display.

Automated quantification of live articular chondrocyte fluorescent staining using a custom image analysis framework.

The goal of this study was to develop, validate, and implement an image analysis framework to automatically analyze chondrocytes in 3D image stacks of cartilage acquired using a fluorescent confocal microscope. Source specimens consist of viable osteochondral tissue co-stained with multiple live-cell dyes. Our framework utilizes a seeded watershed-based algorithm to automatically segment individual chondrocytes in each 2D slice of the confocal image stack. The resulting cell segmentations are colocalized in 3D to eliminate duplicate segmentation of the same cell resulting from the visibility of fluorescence signal in multiple imaging planes, and the 3D cell distribution is used to automatically define the cartilage tissue volume. The algorithm then provides chondrocyte density data, and the associated segmentation can be used as a mask to extract and quantify per cell intensity of a secondary, functional dye co-staining the chondrocytes. The accuracy of the automated chondrocyte segmentation was validated against manual segmentations (average IOU = 0.79). When applied to a cartilage surrogate, this analysis framework estimated chondrocyte density within 10% of the true density and demonstrated a good agreement between framework's counts and manual counts (R2 = 0.99). In a real application, the framework was able to detect the increased dye signal of monochlorobimane (MCB) in chondrocytes treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) after mechanical injury, quantifying intracellular biochemical changes in living cells. This new framework allows for fast and accurate quantification of intracellular activities of chondrocytes, and it can be adapted for broader application in many imaging and treatment modalities, including therapeutic OA research.

DEVILS: a tool for the visualization of large datasets with a high dynamic range.

The number of grey values that can be displayed on monitors and be processed by the human eye is smaller than the dynamic range of image-based sensors. This makes the visualization of such data a challenge, especially with specimens where small dim structures are equally important as large bright ones, or whenever variations in intensity, such as non-homogeneous staining efficiencies or light depth penetration, becomes an issue. While simple intensity display mappings are easily possible, these fail to provide a one-shot observation that can display objects of varying intensities. In order to facilitate the visualization-based analysis of large volumetric datasets, we developed an easy-to-use ImageJ plugin enabling the compressed display of features within several magnitudes of intensities. The Display Enhancement for Visual Inspection of Large Stacks plugin (DEVILS) homogenizes the intensities by using a combination of local and global pixel operations to allow for high and low intensities to be visible simultaneously to the human eye. The plugin is based on a single, intuitively understandable parameter, features a preview mode, and uses parallelization to process multiple image planes. As output, the plugin is capable of producing a BigDataViewer-compatible dataset for fast visualization. We demonstrate the utility of the plugin for large volumetric image data.

DEVILS: a tool for the visualization of large datasets with a high dynamic range

The number of grey values that can be displayed on monitors and be processed by the human eye is smaller than the dynamic range of image-based sensors. This makes the visualization of such data a challenge, especially with specimens where small dim structures are equally important as large bright ones, or whenever variations in intensity, such as non-homogeneous staining efficiencies or light depth penetration, becomes an issue. While simple intensity display mappings are easily possible, these fail to provide a one-shot observation that can display objects of varying intensities. In order to facilitate the visualization-based analysis of large volumetric datasets, we developed an easy-to-use ImageJ plugin enabling the compressed display of features within several magnitudes of intensities. The Display Enhancement for Visual Inspection of Large Stacks plugin (DEVILS) homogenizes the intensities by using a combination of local and global pixel operations to allow for high and low intensities to be visible simultaneously to the human eye. The plugin is based on a single, intuitively understandable parameter, features a preview mode, and uses parallelization to process multiple image planes. As output, the plugin is capable of producing a BigDataViewer-compatible dataset for fast visualization. We demonstrate the utility of the plugin for large volumetric image data.

3D Image Generation From Single Image Using Color Filtered Aperture and 2.1D Sketch-A Computational 3D Imaging System and Qualitative Analysis

A new method for generating 3D images using both disparity parameters due to the color filtered aperture (CFA) and depth alignment of the multi-plane images for an acquired 2D image using a novel computational imaging system is presented. A CFA is created using add-on red, green, and blue color filters in front of the objective lens for a conventional 2D camera system. The multiple plane images are computed using various image regions identified by 2.1D sketch and the corresponding inter-region depth information with the aid of color disparities caused in the acquired 2D image. Our emphasis is to handle possible occlusions in single 2D image regions due to various object features for the acquired scene using ordered multiple plane images and to generate a 3D image by exploiting the order existing in the computed multiple plane images and compositing the region with aligned inter-image region depth information. The simulation and analysis demonstrate the elegance of the 3D image generation. Ultimately, the proposed computational imaging system is not only cost-effective but also an alternative to the stereo-based imaging system, which is not suited for ophthalmic or endoscopic imaging applications.

Echocardiographic assessment of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves: a practical guideline from the British Society of Echocardiography

Transthoracic echocardiography is the first-line imaging modality in the assessment of right-sided valve disease. The principle objectives of the echocardiographic study are to determine the aetiology, mechanism and severity of valvular dysfunction, as well as consequences on right heart remodelling and estimations of pulmonary artery pressure. Echocardiographic data must be integrated with symptoms, to inform optimal timing and technique of interventions. The most common tricuspid valve abnormality is regurgitation secondary to annular dilatation in the context of atrial fibrillation or left-sided heart disease. Significant pulmonary valve disease is most commonly seen in congenital heart abnormalities. The aetiology and mechanism of tricuspid and pulmonary valve disease can usually be identified by 2D assessment of leaflet morphology and motion. Colour flow and spectral Doppler are required for assessment of severity, which must integrate data from multiple imaging planes and modalities. Transoesophageal echo is used when transthoracic data is incomplete, although the anterior position of the right heart means that transthoracic imaging is often superior. Three-dimensional echocardiography is a pivotal tool for accurate quantification of right ventricular volumes and regurgitant lesion severity, anatomical characterisation of valve morphology and remodelling pattern, and procedural guidance for catheter-based interventions. Exercise echocardiography may be used to elucidate symptom status and demonstrate functional reserve. Cardiac magnetic resonance and CT should be considered for complimentary data including right ventricular volume quantification, and precise cardiac and extracardiac anatomy. This British Society of Echocardiography guideline aims to give practical advice on the standardised acquisition and interpretation of echocardiographic data relating to the pulmonary and tricuspid valves.