Multiple-image Encryption Scheme Research Articles

Cryptoanalysis of multiple-image encryption scheme based on amplitude- and phase-truncation in the Fourier domain

Cryptoanalysis of multiple-image encryption scheme based on amplitude- and phase-truncation in the Fourier domain

A novel multiple-image encryption with multi-petals structured light

The study proposed a novel multiple-image encryption scheme using spatial multiplexing under the illumination of a multi-petals structured light. The security is enhanced through the multi-petals structured light with coherent superposition of several vortex beams with different topological charges. Through the system, an image array is formed behind the sub-petals of the complex structured light. Using Fresnel diffraction, each image is encrypted into the ciphertext by the Fibonacci Lucas transform. The multi-petals structured light with different orbital angular momentum can integrate more system parameters as the additional keys resulting in rich key space with improved security level of the cryptosystem. The feasibility and security of the proposed methods are validated through both numerical simulation and experiments. The research has strong and practical applications for three-dimensional information encryption system.

Chaotic multiple-image encryption scheme: a simple and highly efficient solution for diverse applications

Chaotic multiple-image encryption scheme: a simple and highly efficient solution for diverse applications

A crosstalk-free multiple-image encryption scheme based on computational ghost imaging with binarized detection

Crosstalk noise is a main problem limiting the performance of multiple-image encryption (MIE) scheme. In this work, we proposed a crosstalk-free MIE scheme based on computational ghost imaging (CGI) with binarized detection. In the encryption process, the plaintext images are encrypted into intensity sequences by the CGI system and quantified into two levels to obtain binary ciphertext sequences, which does not cause severe degradation in decrypted image quality compared to traditional CGI. Then, for the binary ciphertext sequences, we can combine them into a decimal grayscale ciphertext. To enhance security, a pixel bit layer scrambling (PBLS) algorithm is designed to scramble the grayscale ciphertext to obtain the final ciphertext. In the decryption process, anyone of the plaintext images can be decrypted without being affected by other plaintext images after performing inverse PBLS algorithm on the ciphertext and extracting the binary ciphertext sequence. The effectiveness, robustness, encryption capacity and security of the proposed scheme are demonstrated by numerical simulations and theoretical analysis.

Multiple-image encryption scheme based on a new 2D hyperchaotic map with blurred pixels

It is known that chaotic, especially hyperchaotic system can be suitable for the application in image encryption owing to itself characteristics. While currently, certain improved chaotic or hyperchaotic systems are confronted with the security issue of encryption due to their less complex dynamical behaviors. To address the problem well, we introduce a novel two-dimensional (2D) crossed hyperchaotic map which is based on the logistic map and the infinite collapse map. The analysis of phase diagram and Lyapunov exponential spectrum demonstrate that the given system can exhibit extensive hyperchaotic behavior and good traversal properties. Moreover, the growing use of digital images has prompted demand for multi-image encryption scheme. For this reason, based on the given 2D crossed hyperchaotic map, a multiple image encryption (MIE) scheme that employs a cross-plane with the operation of simultaneous permutation and diffusion to modify the values of its positions and pixels across multiple images is proposed. A pixel blur preprocessing technique is introduced such that the efficiency of key calculation and the speed and safety of information encryption are greatly improved. Eventually, some simulation examples and security analysis reveal that the put forward encryption scheme is able to keep out kinds of attacks such as the selective plaintext attacks and data loss.

Multiple-Image Encryption Scheme Based on an N-Dimensional Chaotic Modular Model and Overlapping Block Permutation–Diffusion Using Newly Defined Operation

Some existing chaotic maps have the drawbacks of a narrow range of chaotic parameters and discontinuities, which may be inherited by new chaotic systems generated from them as seed maps. We propose a chaotic model that can generate N-dimensional chaotic systems to overcome the problem. By fixing the original parameters of the seed map in the chaotic range, we then introduce new parameters and use modular operations to widen the range of the parameters and increase the complexity. Simulation results show that the generated chaotic system has good chaotic dynamics. Based on this chaotic model, we propose a multiple-image encryption algorithm that is not limited by image type, number, and size. The resistance to plaintext attacks is enhanced by a permutation–diffusion algorithm based on overlapping blocks. We design a newly defined lookup table operation based on Latin squares with enhanced nonlinearity and randomness. By adjusting the overlapping block parameters and the number of Latin squares, users can design different encryption levels to balance encryption efficiency and encryption effectiveness. The experimental results show that the proposed image encryption algorithm can effectively encrypt multiple images, and all the evaluation indexes reach the expected value.

An effective multiple-image encryption algorithm based on 3D cube and hyperchaotic map

In accordance with the principle that the cube graph can be obtained by superimposing planes, a multiple-image encryption scheme based on hyperchaotic map and 3D cube is designed in this paper. Multiple images are segmented by columns, and a regular cube is obtained by stacking multiple fixed-size planes. Each stacked plane is considered as a stacked plane of the cube along the z-axis direction. Firstly, each tangent plane is rotated by different angles in the counterclockwise direction and then DNA encoded, followed by face swap, row swap, and column swap in turn. Then, the DNA-encoded image cube is subjected to DNA addition with the chaotic cube. Finally, two DNA sequences are randomly selected for DNA mutation. The mutated cube is decoded into a digital cube by DNA and the multiple-image encryption algorithm is completed. Theoretically, the cube used in the encryption process can be infinitely large, which means that the number and the size of 2D images that can be encrypted can be unrestricted. Experimental simulations and performance tests prove that the proposed image encryption scheme is effective and secure.

Encrypting Multiple Images With an Enhanced Chaotic Map

A multiple-image encryption scheme based on an enhanced chaotic map is proposed. This scheme combines multiple grayscale images into three planes. An amplified sine map is used to generate a dynamic permutation table and a chaotic sequence. The initial parameters of the amplified sine map are obtained from an elliptic curve coordinate, computing using elliptic curve point multiplication between the input image hash value and the seed value of an elliptic curve. The dynamic permutation table performs cyclic shift transformation on the input image, diffusing it horizontally and vertically. The diffused image is converted to a cipher image through an XOR operation with the chaotic sequence generated by the amplified sine map. Using an amplified sine map provides larger key space, more extensive chaotic range, more extensive control parameters, better sensitive initial values and enhanced security against cryptanalysis. The experiment results indicate that the proposed scheme is fast, secure, efficient and can resist certain cryptographic attacks. Compared to other recent schemes, the proposed scheme is shown to be secure and efficient.

Novel Multiple-Image Encryption Scheme Based on Coherent Beam Combining and Equal Modulus Decomposition

In our research, we propose a novel asymmetric multiple-image encryption method using a conjugate Dammann grating (CDG), which is based on the coherent beam combining (CBC) principle. The phase generated by the Dammann grating (DG) beam splitting system is processed and added to the image to be encrypted, and then, the ciphertexts and keys are generated by equal modulus decomposition (EMD). Decryption is to combine the beams through the CDG and collect the combined images in the far field. The proposed encryption scheme is flexible and thus extendable. CDG structure parameters, such as one period length of CDG, can be used as encryption key for the increase of the complexity. The Fresnel diffraction distance can also be used as an encryption key. The power of the combined beam is stronger than that of the single beam system, which is convenient for long-distance transmission and also easy to detect. Simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and efficient for asymmetric multiple-image encryption. Sensitivity analysis of CDG alignment has also been performed showing the robustness of the system. The influence of occlusion attack and noise attack on decryption are also discussed, which proves the stability of the system.

Research on multiple-image encryption scheme based on joint power spectral division multiplexing and ghost imaging

Since there are problems of easy cross-talk, large ciphertext transmission and low security in the process of multiple-image encryption, in order to solve these problems, a multiple-image encryption algorithm based on joint power spectral division multiplexing and ghost imaging (GI) is proposed. The joint transform correlator is combined with GI to realize ‘one encryption to one key’, which improves the security of the encryption system. Joint power spectrum (JPS) is compressed by the iterative restoration algorithm to reduce the transmissions of ciphertext. The joint power spectral division multiplexing is used, and the optimized phase mask is linearly superposed. The JPS of each channel has different positions on the spectrum plane, and then the non-crosstalk superposition is realized by window filtering. In this paper, the security, robustness, and encryption capacity of the encryption system are verified by numerical simulation.

Modified Gerchberg–Saxton (G-S) Algorithm and Its Application

The Gerchberg–Saxton (G-S) algorithm is a phase retrieval algorithm that is widely used in beam shaping and optical information processing. However, the G-S algorithm has difficulty obtaining the exact solution after iterating, and an approximate solution is often obtained. In this paper, we propose a series of modified G-S algorithms based on the Fresnel transform domain, including the single-phase retrieval (SPR) algorithm, the double-phase retrieval (DPR) algorithm, and the multiple-phase retrieval (MPR) algorithm. The analysis results show that the convergence of the SPR algorithm is better than that of the G-S algorithm, but the exact solution is not obtained. The DPR and MPR algorithms have good convergence and can obtain exact solutions; that is, the information is recovered losslessly. We discuss the security advantages and verification reliability of the proposed algorithms in image encryption. A multiple-image encryption scheme is proposed, in which n plaintexts can be recovered from n ciphertexts, which greatly improves the efficiency of the system. Finally, the proposed algorithms are compared with the current phase retrieval algorithms, and future applications are discussed. We hope that our research can provide new ideas for the application of the G-S algorithm.

Optical multiple-image compression-encryption via single-pixel Radon transform.

Compression is a common operation in multiple-image encryption (MIE) schemes. For most of the existing MIE schemes, the compression process would lead to the waste of the detect data. In this paper, a novel MIE scheme based on the single-pixel Radon transform (RT) is proposed. In the encryption process, the single-pixel RT of each image from 0° to 180° is performed. This process can be realized by an optical setup. All Radon spectra are combined and encrypted by the asymmetric cryptosystem based on phase-truncated Fourier transforms (PTFT). To increase the security, the Arnold map and logistic map are used to scramble and diffuse the result of PTFT. Unlike conventional MIE schemes, there is no extra compression operation and data waste in the proposed method. The key sensitivity, the multiplexing capacity, and the security under various attacks are analyzed through simulation results. The optical experiment is also performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed optical MIE scheme.

Optical encryption scheme for multiple-image based on spatially angular multiplexing and computer generated hologram

ABSTRACT We propose an optical encryption scheme for multiple images based on angle multiplexing and computer generated hologram(CGH) in this paper. In the encryption process, the original images are firstly modulated by two random phase keys in Fresnel transform with different diffraction distances. Secondly, the modulated images are coherent superposition with solid angle multiplexed reference beams to generate interference fringes and form a compound image. Finally, the compound image is encoded to a CGH by Roman coding method. In the decrypted process, the corresponding experimental system using SLM is built, in which multiple images can be encrypted synchronously with high efficiency. Except random phase key, the proposed encryption system has multiple kind of keys including diffraction distance and wavelength to improve the security. Due to the characteristics of high storage efficiency and simple calculation, this optical multiple-image encryption scheme has important application prospect in improving the efficiency of information transmission and multi-user authentication.

Multiple-image optical encryption based on phase retrieval algorithm and fractional Talbot effect.

A new multiple-image optical encryption scheme based on phase retrieval algorithm and fractional Talbot effect is proposed. In encryption process, by using Fresnel domain phase retrieval algorithm, each image is encoded into a pure phase distribution with different spatial constraints. The spatial constraints are chosen as complementary square aperture array. A Talbot illuminator is designed according to the fractional Talbot effect, which is treated as a decoder to obtain the designed square aperture array. Then all obtained phase distributions are combined into the final ciphertext image. In decryption process, the images can be decoded from the ciphertext by using the Talbot illuminator and keys. Benefit from the use of fractional Talbot effect, the demultiplexing setup of the cryptosystem is very simple and straightforward, with no need of lens. The simulation results prove that the multiplexing capability is considerably enhanced. At the same time, the security analysis proves that the system can resist various attacks.

Multiple-image encryption scheme based on ghost imaging of Hadamard matrix and spatial multiplexing

This paper proposes a multi-image encryption method based on ghost imaging of Hadamard basis patterns and spatial multiplexing. In the encryption process, firstly, the pixels of each original image are rearranged in ascending order, and then each image rearranged is transformed by Fourier transformation. Most of the spectral information of the images after Fourier transformation is concentrated in the central part, which is sampled by spectrum clipping. Multiple sampled images are combined into one image by spatial multiplexing technology after inverse operation of Fourier transformation is performed. Finally, the combined image is encrypted by ghost imaging using Hadamard basis patterns to obtain ciphertext. In the decryption process, the original plaintext images are reconstructed by compressive sensing algorithm using Hadamard basis patterns and the position index matrices of each original image. We prove the safety and robustness of the proposed method through numerical simulation analysis. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation analysis prove the safety and robustness of the proposed method.

Multiple-Image Encryption Mechanism Based on Ghost Imaging and Public Key Cryptography

On the basis of ghost imaging, this paper proposes a multiple-image encryption scheme combining public key cryptography and Hadamard basis pattern. In the encryption system, a plurality of light paths are set, and the Hadamard basis patterns are used for illumination, so that each light path is concentrated in a bucket detector to obtain intensity values of all images. Then, all the detected intensity values are encrypted by using public key cryptography algorithm to obtain the final ciphertext. The use of basis patterns allows for high-quality reconstruction. In addition, randomness in the permutation operation and public key cryptography provide a strong security feature for the encryption system. The multiple-image encryption scheme solves the crosstalk problem among images. The basic principle of the encryption scheme is theoretically analyzed, and the feasibility and security of the proposed method are verified by numerical simulation.

Multiple-image encryption by space multiplexing based on vector quantization and interference

A new multiple-image encryption scheme utilizing vector quantization and interference has been proposed. Firstly, the quick response codes engendered from plain images are converted into index images via vector quantization encoding and then integrated into an interim distribution using space multiplexing. Next, the interference is invoked in the fractional Fourier transform domain for encrypting the interim distribution into a real-valued ciphertext as well as a secret key. Parameters, such as the order of the fractional Fourier transform, are able to enhance the key space of the cryptosystem to assure a high level of security. Even when the ciphertext is severely disturbed by occlusion and noise, the plain images can be read out without any information loss by scanning the decrypted codes with a mobile device. In addition, the affection of cross-talk existing in the multiple-image encryption schemes can be efficiently avoided. To our knowledge, it is the first time vector quantization is applied to integrate multiple images in the field of image encryption based on interference, which can improve the robustness against common attacks. The feasibility and effectiveness of this scheme have been demonstrated by numerical simulations.

Multiple-image encryption scheme via compressive sensing and orthogonal encoding based on double random phase encoding

ABSTRACTWe propose an optical multiple-image encryption scheme based on compressive sensing and double random phase encoding. The orthogonal encoding method is used for integrating and extracting multiple-image compressed sampling data. In the encryption process, each plain image is sampled by compressive sensing and the sampled data of all the images are integrated into a synthesized ciphertext by orthogonal encoding method. The synthesized ciphertext is re-encrypted through the double random phase encoding technique to form final ciphertext. In order to reduce the data of keys, chaotic matrix, of which only the initial value should be memorized, is employed in the compressive sampling process and double random phase encoding process. Numerical simulation and the analysis of attacks on encrypted image are implemented to demonstrate the security and validity of the proposed approach.

Multiple-image encryption by using robust chaotic map in wavelet transform domain

With the superiority of capacity space in storage and transmission, multiple-image encryption has become the new focus of information security technology. In this paper, we introduce a multiple-image encryption scheme by using robust chaotic map in wavelet domain, based on the architecture of unified permutation and separate diffusion. Firstly, the original images are decomposed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the low-frequency components are reassembled as the plain image (approximate image). Then, the plain image is entirely scrambled by using Arnold cat map. Thirdly, the scrambled image is further decomposed and the resulted block images are separately employed to combine with the amplitude parameter of robust chaotic map (RCM) to generate key stream in each diffusion process. Since the keys in every diffusion process depend on the plain image and each encrypted block image contains aliased information of multiple images, it is difficult for the intruder to decipher the intercepted encrypted information. Numerical simulations are made to further demonstrate the reliability of the encryption scheme.

Visually Meaningful Multi-image Encryption Scheme

Cipher images that are generated using encryption algorithms are noise-like image, which shows a clear indication for the presence of encrypted data. The noise-like image lures an adversary to carry out attacks. An approach for the generation of visually meaningful multiple-image encryption scheme is presented in this paper. Multiple cipher image data are embedded in the insignificant real data of a host image. Simulation results and security analyses express the high-quality performance of the proposed method. Comparison with Bao and Zhou (Inf Sci 324:197–207, 2015) and Kanso and Ghebleh (Opt Lasers Eng 90:196–208, 2017) visually meaningful image encryption schemes, the proposed scheme has got better ability to embed more images with least distortion to the visual perspective of the host image.