Multiple Fibroids Research Articles

Risk Factors of Complications After Uterine Artery Embolisation for Symptomatic Fibroids: A Case-Control Study.

We aim to clarify potential risk factors of complications after uterine artery embolisation (UAE). Complications after uterine artery embolisation (UAE) for symptomatic fibroids are rare, but failure of treatment occurs for approximately 13%-24% of patients at 10 years. We conducted a case-control study including all complications post UAE over 15 years in our specialised unit. All Grade 2 complications (or worse) for the Society of Interventional Radiology Standards of Practice Committee complications post UAE were considered. One thousand one hundred seventy-two UAE were performed. Complications were divided into two groups: early (< 1 month) or late (≥ 1 month) to differentiate complications from failure of procedure. Multinomial analysis was conducted to assess links between complications and potential risk factors. Sixty-nine (0.06%) complications were found: 24.6% hospitalisation for pain (n = 17/69), 30.4% for infection (n = 21/69) and 2.9% expulsion of fibroid (n = 2/69). Overall, 31 patients underwent a second procedure (45%). Intra-uterine device and multiple fibroids were strongly related to early complications (ORearly = 4.44, IC 95%: 1.5-13.3 and ORearly = 3.7, IC 95%: 1.2-11.3, respectively). The only factor that appeared to be associated with risk of early and late complications was the major fibroid's diameter (for an increased size of 25 mm, ORearly = 1.7, IC 95%: 1.1-2.6; ORlate = 1.5, IC 95%: 1.04-2.2). Our study enlightens about the potential risk factors of UAE's complications and differentiate their impact between early and late complications.

A case of a patient at reproductive age with BRCA2 and CHEK2 mutations and multiple uterine fibroids.

A case of a patient at reproductive age with BRCA2 and CHEK2 mutations and multiple uterine fibroids.

Multiple morcelloma of the peritoneal cavity: a case report

Introduction. Uterine fibroids are benign monoclonal hormone-sensitive tumors arising from smooth muscle cells of the cervix or body uterus. Myomectomyhas become a treatment «golden standard» upon transition to the strategy of organ-preserving surgery. The introduction of morcellation into wide clinical practice allowed to expand the indications for laparoscopic myomectomy, which is usually much better tolerated by patients due to lower invasiveness, short period of rehabilitation and low blood loss. However, the use of morcellators along with the obvious advantages has also specific complications particularly emergence of iatrogenic parasitic fibroids of the abdominal cavity upon improper surgery technique.Aim: analysis of a clinical case of multiple morcelloma.Case presentation. Female patient I., 57 years old, underwent laparoscopic myomectomy in 2003. In 2023 during a routine examination at the Central Clinical Hospital «RZD-Medicine» multiple asymptomatic iatrogenic fibroids of the abdominal cavity were revealed. The patient underwent planned surgical intervention to remove all abnormal masses.Results. During the revision upon surgical intervention, a node of 1.5×1.5 cm was found on the parietal peritoneum along the left anterior wall, as well as a node of 1.5×1.5 cm on the parietal peritoneum along the right anterior wall. There was also observed a 2×3 cm node at the edge of the omentum. In the left and right side of peritoneum of the sacro-uterine ligament, there were found nodes of up to 1 cm in size. In the area of the small intestinal mesentery, a dense node of 4.5 cm was observed 70 cm away from the ileocecal valve. Due to small size, all the fibroids were extirpated and removed from the abdominal cavity without morcellation, complete hemostasis was performed. No complications were noted during postoperative period.Conclusion. Iatrogenic fibroids are quite rare but nevertheless a potential complication of laparoscopic myomectomy. Gynecologists should pay special attention to follow proper technique upon surgical intervention. Morcellation and subsequent extraction of fibroids should be performed strictly with use of airtight container to avoid ingress of myomatous tissue into the abdominal cavity followed by emergence of iatrogenic fibroids.

Effect of Ksheerbasti and Uttara Basti on Endometrial Fibrosis Induced Infertility (Kshetra Dushti Janya Vandhyatva) - A Case Report

Infertility is a disease of male or female, defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Fibrous scaring of the uterine cavity not only decreases fertility (via impairing embryo implantation) but is also associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and other obstetric conditions. Here is a case study of a 30-years-old female patient residing in Jaipur who consulted in OPD of the National Institute of Ayurveda (NIA) Jaipur on 30-9-23 with the chief complaint of being unable to conceive since 5 years. Her diagnostic Laproscopy &amp; Hysteroscopic findings were suggestive of multiple subserosal fibroid &amp; fibrosed endometrium. Patient was treated with Ayurvedic regime for 5 cycle considered as a Kshetra Dusthi Janya Vandhyatva. The patient missed her period on 8-03-24 and did her urine pregnancy test on 19-3-24, which was found to be positive. From this case study, it is concluded that Ayurvedic intervention are effective in treating infertility due to Endometrial Fibrosis (Kshetra Dushti Janya Vandhyatva).

Microvascular flow imaging of fibroids: A prospective pilot study.

Imaging fibroid vascularity may predict fibroid growth and aid to determine most appropriate therapy. Microvascular (MV) flow imaging is relatively new and is able to detect slow flow in small vessels. Data on feasibility, reproducibility, and reliability of MV-flow imaging in fibroids is lacking. The purpose of our study was to determine the reproducibility of MV-flow imaging and to explore this technique for clinical practice for assessing blood flow in fibroids. Thirty patients with one or multiple fibroids (diameter 1.5-12.0 cm) were prospectively included. Transvaginal ultrasound scanning was performed in B-mode, 2D MV-Flow™, 2D and 3D power Doppler mode (HERA W10, Samsung) by two experienced gynecologists at a tertiary care clinic from February to December 2021. The primary outcome was intra- and interobserver agreement of the vascular index (VI) and color score (CS). The following parameters: '2D MV-flow VI', '3DPD VI', '2D MV-flow CS' and '2DPD CS' were measured offline in the center, pseudocapsule, and entire fibroid. Secondary offline outcomes for exploring 2D MV-flow for clinical practice, included (1) ability to discern vascular structures, (2) assessing the degree of vascularity via CS and calculating a VI, and (3) determining penetration depth of the ultrasound signal in both power Doppler and MV-flow imaging. All scans of the 30 included patients were of sufficient quality to analyze. Inter- and intra-observer correlations of all studied parameters were good to excellent, both for 2D MV-flow and 2D power Doppler (intercorrelation coefficient 0.992-0.996). Using 2D MV-flow different vascular structures were visible in detail, in contrary to using 2D and 3D power Doppler. In significantly more fibroids central flow could be visualized using 2D MV-flow (63%) than with 2D power Doppler (13%,p = 0.001). Finally, penetration of the ultrasound signal was deeper using 2D MV-flow (3.92 cm) than with 2D power Doppler (2.95 cm, p = 0.001). Using 2D MV-flow imaging for determining vascularity is highly reproducible. It has potential added value for clinical practice as it depicts detailed vascular structures and the degree of vascularity, especially in the center of the fibroid.

Pilot study on the impact of HIFU treatment on miRNA profiles in vaginal secretions of uterine fibroids and adenomyosis patients

Background High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation treatment for uterine fibroids and adenomyosis has been long developed. The aim of this study is to investigate miRNA profile changes in vaginal secretions after HIFU treatment and their clinical relevance. Methods We prospectively collected vaginal secretions samples from 8 patients (1 with adenomyosis and 7 with fibroids) before and after HIFU treatment. RNA was isolated and miRNA profiles were analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) sequencing. Results Our study showed miRNA profile change in vaginal secretion samples after HIFU treatment for uterine fibroids/adenomyosis, with 33 miRNAs upregulated and 6 downregulated overall. In fibroid cases, 31 miRNAs were upregulated and 7 downregulated, while in adenomyosis case, 41 miRNAs were upregulated and 71 downregulated. Four miRNAs (hsa-miR-7977, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-223-3p) showed significant differences after HIFU treatment in fibroid cases, except in case 5 with the lowest treatment sonications (425 sonications) and energy input (170000 J). hsa-miR-7977 consistently showed downregulation after HIFU treatment. hsa-miR-155-5p were downregulated in case 4 with lowest treatment efficiency (2439.64 J/cm3), while they were upregulated in other cases. hsa-miR-191-5p and hsa-miR-223-3p were downregulated in cases 4 and 7, with case 7 influenced by high sonication and energy due to multiple fibroids. Conclusions HIFU treatment altered miRNA profiles in fibroids/adenomyosis patients. Notably, hsa-miR-7977, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-191-5p, and hsa-miR-223-3p showed significant changes in fibroid cases, except in low-energy treatments. hsa-miR-7977 consistently decreased post-treatment, while hsa-miR-155-5p decreased in the least efficient cases. Further research is needed for validation.

Exploring Immunohistochemical Profiling in High-Grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma - A Case Study

Abstract Introduction/Objective High grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HGESS) is a rare and aggressive tumor of endometrial stromal origin comprising about 0.2% of all uterine malignancies. It is often misdiagnosed preoperatively as uterine leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma or endometrial carcinoma due to lack of well defined clinical and radiological features. We present an unusual case of HGESS with fibroid uterus and abnormal vaginal bleeding. Methods/Case Report A 73-year-old female with a past medical history of uterine fibroids presented with abnormal vaginal bleeding for 6 months. Her MRI uterus revealed enlarged uterus measuring 6.8 X 9.9 X 9.3 cm, multiple fibroids, and endometrial thickness of 4 mm. Hysteroscopic dilation and curettage revealed endometrial polyp and submucosal fibroid. Histopathology of submucosal fibroid revealed loosely cohesive tumor cells with high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, scant cytoplasm, and large prominent nucleoli, arranged in solid sheets with myxoid stroma. No glandular formation was identified. Tumor cell necrosis, bizarre tumor cells, and markedly increased mitotic activity, including atypical mitotic figures were present. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed tumor cells diffusely positive for smooth muscle actin, CD10, p53, negative for AE1/AE3, CK7, cam5.2, EMA, ER, PR, desmin, and caldesmon. Ki-67 labels close to 50% of the tumor cells. Combined morphologic and IHC features favored the diagnosis of high-grade sarcoma, including leiomyosarcoma and HGESS. However, the possibility of carcinosarcoma (CS) could not be ruled out. Patient underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Final histopathological diagnosis revealed HGESS, pT1b. Lack of carcinomatous component and negative IHC staining for CK7, CAM 5.2, AE1/AE3 ruled out CS. IHC showed tumor cells diffusely positive for CD10, actin, desmin and CD 56, focally positive for caldesmon, cyclin D1 and CD 117 and negative for DOG 1, further supporting the diagnosis for HGESS over leiomyosarcoma. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion Definitive diagnosis of HGESS is achieved through histology and IHC. An appropriate panel of IHC markers is essential to differentiate between endometrial stromal tumors from leiomyosarcoma and CS. Accurate diagnose of this rare clinical entity is critical especially in its initial stages owing to its poor prognosis and aggressive nature.

Cervical stump leiomyomata after supracervical hysterectomy; a case report with review of literature

BackgroundDespite being a highly debated issue, subtotal or supracervical hysterectomy (SCH) is still considered a safe and effective treatment for women with benign gynecological lesions. Benign and malignant cervical diseases have been reported after SCH, with fibroids being the most frequently diagnosed lesions in the excised cervical stump. Recurrence of cervical disease after SCH usually presents with vaginal bleeding, pelvic mass, or abdominal pain; moreover, it may necessitate reoperation and resection of the cervical stump or trachelectomy. Trachelectomy is known to be a difficult surgical procedure that may be associated with significant intra- and post-operative morbidity.Case presentationWe presented here a case of a 41-year-old nulliparous woman with a pelvic mass related to the cervical stump presented 2 years after subtotal hysterectomy, performed due to interactable abnormal uterine bleeding, which was attributed to a multiple fibroid uterus. Six years ago, she complained of pelvic pain, excessive vaginal discharge, and spotting. A transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging with contrast were performed, which revealed a 10.2 × 7.6 × 6.5 cm heterogeneous pelvic mass with irregular borders and marked vascularity on color Doppler. Surgical exploration and resection of the mass with cervical stump excision were performed. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of cervical stump multiple benign leiomyomata with no atypical features.ConclusionRecurrence or De novo development of leiomyomata and other cervical lesions might occur after supracervical or subtotal hysterectomy; thus, thorough pre-operative counseling for women requesting a SCH regarding the pros and cons of the procedure compared with total hysterectomy should be optimized. Meticulous follow-up, including the continuation of routine cervical cytological smears, is mandatory for patients with a retained cervix.

Factors affecting gasless reduced-port laparoscopic myomectomy (GRP-LM) using a subcutaneous abdominal wall lifting method: a retrospective analysis of a large cohort of 966 cases in Japan.

To evaluate the usefulness of gasless reduced-port laparoscopic myomectomy (GRP-LM) using a subcutaneous abdominal wall lifting method. In GRP-LM, after lifting the abdominal wall by a subcutaneous abdominal wall lifting method, a 1.5-cm incision is made in the lateral abdomen, Lap Protector® is placed. The operation is performed by two surgeons, one who inserts multiple forceps from the Lap Protector and performs the operation, and an assistant who operates the laparoscope and uterine manipulator. The surgical outcome of GRP-LM and the factors that affect it were investigated. GRP-LM was performed in 966 patients. Complications (0.5%) and blood transfusions (0.3%) were remarkably rare, and there were no cases of conversion to open surgery. With regard to the correlation between the number of fibroids extracted and each factor, the number of fibroids extracted correlated with fibroid weight and operation time, but not with blood loss. The average number of sutures per case was 21, and the average suture and ligation time per suture was 77s. Comparing the cost of GRP-LM with that of the conventional insufflation LM, a saving of $875 was possible with GRP-LM. GRP-LM is a suitable for multiple fibroids, and is cosmetic and economical, because it allows rapid and reliable suture and ligation, despite having only one port for the procedure.

A Challenging Diagnosis - Large Leiomyomas on Rudimentary Uterus in Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) Syndrome

A 40-year-old woman diagnosed with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome at 16 years of age presented with a large abdominal mass protruding to the right subcostal margin, equivalent to 30 weeks gestation. She didn’t have comorbidities of hypertension or diabetes. The vitals were normal with BMI 30. She was asymptomatic except for occasional vague abdominal discomfort. Further imaging studies were conducted to assess the extent and nature of the findings. Pelvic and transvaginal ultrasound demonstrated the presence of multiple large fibroids extending beyond the level of the umbilicus. This was corroborated by pelvic MRI, which further confirmed the massively enlarged multi-fibroid uterus. Additionally, intravenous contrast-enhanced imaging revealed large bilateral ovarian collaterals and prominent blood vessels extending to the broad ligament. Triple-phase CT angiogram of the abdomen/pelvis with pre-contrast revealed an 8mm aneurysm on the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta and unusual vascular anatomy, raising the possibility of an atypical or neoplastic process in the right iliac fossa. In view of these findings, an opinion by an Oncologist was sought, who suspected the possible presence of an abnormal nidus of vessels and a fluid attenuation area in the right iliac fossa. Additionally, the Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA) test was performed, revealing a slightly elevated value. To reach the final diagnosis, the decision for the exploratory laparotomy was undertaken. Intraoperative findings revealed the presence of a rudimentary uterus with normal ovaries (Figure 1 and Figure 2), as well as the presence of bilateral broad fibroids (Figure 3). The broad ligament areas around the uterus were occupied with large circumscribed masses, identified as fibroids. The right-side fibroid measuring 17 x 15cm (Figure 4) and the left-side fibroid measuring 10 x 10cm (Figure 5) were excised, respectively, while preserving the left ovary and rudimentary uterus. Peritoneal fluid samples were obtained to ascertain the nature of malignancy. No evidence of infiltration or adhesions was detected. Postoperatively, the patient experienced no complications. Histological examination of the masses growing from bilateral uterine remnants confirmed the presence of leiomyomas, with no glandular epithelium identified. Peritoneal fluid analysis revealed the absence of malignant cells.

IVF pregnancy in a case of Asherman’s syndrome

Asherman’s syndrome (AS), an increasingly diagnosed cause of infertility owing to improvement in diagnostic modalities, poses a challenge in achieving pregnancy. Intrauterine adhesions due to breach in the basalis layer of the endometrium interfere with implantation or obstruct tubal ostia. AS occurs subsequent to curettage performed for pregnancy related conditions more commonly than gynaecological conditions. Patients may present with infertility with or without menstrual complaints. Here we present a case of 29-year-old woman, P0L0A1 who presented to our clinic with secondary infertility for one year. The patient had undergone hystero-laparoscopic myomectomy with uterine artery ligation in view of multiple fibroids. A relook hysteroscopy on follow-up revealed a normal uterine cavity with synechiae formation at right cornua for which synechiolysis was done. Upon failure to conceive for the next six months, another hysteroscopy was performed which showed that the cavity was small with pale endometrium and right ostia could not be visualized. Subsequently a hysteroscopic reconstruction of the uterine cavity was done with bilateral lateral wall and fundal metroplasty followed by estrogen and progesterone therapy to avoid post-operative adhesion formation. The couple underwent an IVF cycle in the following month. Controlled ovarian stimulation was done and ovum pick up was performed on day 12 with intra-uterine PRP instillation. A fresh transfer was performed on day 5 after pick up. Luteal phase support was given with vaginal and subcutaneous progesterone support. A UPT 14 days later was positive and the patient is under follow-up for her antenatal care at present.

Revolutionizing diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis treatment: A case report and literature review on "no-distension" hysteroscopic myomectomy with thoracic tissue forceps.

Diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis (DUL) is a prevalent leiomyoma variant in women of childbearing age, characterized by a uniformly enlarged uterus with numerous interconnected small myomas. Given that most DUL patients are in their reproductive years, treatments that preserve fertility are increasingly vital. This case report introduces an innovative hysteroscopic technique that forgoes uterine distension to remove multiple submucosal fibroids in a single procedure, maintaining endometrial integrity and fertility. A 27-year-old single woman experienced prolonged and heavier menstruation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed an enlarged uterus with several round-like masses in the uterine wall/submucosa. Addressing the patient's financial limitations and treatment preferences, a groundbreaking hysteroscopic surgery was performed using thoracic tissue forceps, alongside bedside ultrasonography, enabling fibroid excision without uterine distension. In total, 38 uterine fibroids were successfully excised without complications such as uterine perforation or hyponatremia. According to the FIGO classification system: three were type III, nine were type II, 15 were type I, and 11 were type 0. Postoperative follow-up indicated normalized menstrual cycles, improved hemoglobin levels, and no recurrence of fibroids. A hysteroscopic examination 1 month after surgery revealed no significant fibroids or endometrial thickening. This case report underscores the effectiveness of a novel hysteroscopic surgical approach in treating DUL. This method eliminates the need for multiple staged surgeries and the risks of endometrial damage inherent in traditional techniques. It offers a minimally invasive, fertility-preserving alternative for young DUL patients, marking a significant advancement in gynecologic surgery.

An octad of fumarate hydratase-deficient uterine leiomyomas: Case series with review of literature from a single institution.

Fumarate hydratase (FH)-deficient (FH-d) leiomyomas are included in the recent World Health Organization fascicle of the female genital tumors. These are known to be associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome. The tumors can be diagnosed based on certain histopathological features, along with loss of immunohistochemical expression of FH immunostain in most tumors. Currently, there is no documentation on these tumors from our subcontinent. We analyzed eight FH-d leiomyomas diagnosed at our institute. The most common presentation was vaginal bleeding (menorrhagia). Pelvic ultrasonogram revealed multiple fibroids in most patients except in two, who harbored a single fibroid. The size of these fibroids ranged from 3 to 19 cm. Five patients underwent myomectomies, while three underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salphino-ophorectomy. The most consistently observed histopathological features were hemangiopericytomatous vascular patterns, cytoplasmic globules, increased cellularity, distinct eosinophilic nucleoli, and cytological atypia (8/8, 100% tumors), followed by multinucleate giant cells and perivascular edema, seen in 62% and 50% tumors, respectively. Immunohistochemically, all tumors were positive for desmin, smooth muscle actin, and h-caldesmon and showed loss of FH immunostain, along with low Ki-67/MIB1. None of those patients had any renal or cutaneous manifestations. This constitutes the first such study from the Indian subcontinent and reinforces that although uterine leiomyomas constitute an integral component of the diagnosis of HLRCC syndrome, these occur in the absence of renal or cutaneous manifestations. FH-d uterine leiomyomas are more likely sporadic and could be a false alarm to raise the possibility of HLRCC with their exclusive presence.

Comparison of uterine myometrial thickness at the site of myomectomy scar after surgery using laparoscopic and laparotomy methods.

Fibroids are the most common benign tumours of the uterus, often requiring surgery when symptomatic. This study aims to investigate the impact of surgery using two methods, laparoscopy and laparotomy, on the thickness and vascularity of the uterine myometrium at the site of myomectomy scar (comparing sonographic features at the surgical scar site, including thickness, vascularity, and the extent of fibrotic tissue, in both open and laparoscopic surgical approaches). In this clinical trial, 100 women with type 2-5 fibroids and clinical symptoms, seeking surgery et al. Zahra Hospital, were enrolled in two groups: laparoscopy and laparotomy. Inclusion criteria were a maximum fibroid size of 8cm and, in the case of multiple fibroids, a maximum of three, with the largest being 8cm. 6 months post-surgery, sonographic assessments of the myomectomy scar site were compared between both groups. Participants showed no significant differences in demographic and obstetric factors. The most common clinical symptom (87%) in both groups was abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). The mean hospital stay duration was statistically significantly lower in the laparoscopy group at 1.64 (SD 0.56) compared to 1.89 (SD 0.58) in the laparotomy group (p = 0.028). Additionally, the decrease in haemoglobin levels was 0.89 (SD 0.92) and 1.87 (SD 2.24) units, respectively, which showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.003). The duration of surgery was significantly shorter in the laparotomy group (p = 0.001). Abdominal pressure was not observed in the laparoscopy group, while 12% of the laparotomy group reported complaints (p = 0.013). Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that there was no difference between these two methods in terms of improving uterine thickness and associated complications. However, the decrease in haemoglobin levels and the length of hospital stay were lower in patients undergoing laparoscopy.

Risk factors affecting long-term efficacy of ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment for multiple uterine fibroids

Objectives To investigate the long-term efficacy of ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (USgHIFU) for multiple uterine fibroids and the factors associated with recurrence. Materials and methods Five hundred and forty-nine patients with multiple uterine fibroids treated with USgHIFU from June 2017 to June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBAC) was used to assess menstrual blood loss. The patients were asked to undergo pre- and post-USgHIFU magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and complete routine follow-up after USgHIFU. Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors associated with recurrence. Results The median number of fibroids per patient was 3 (interquartile range: 3–4), and a total of 1371 fibroids were treated. Among them, 446 patients completed 3 years follow-up. Recurrence, defined as PBAC score above or equal to 100 and/or the residual fibroid volume increased by 10%, was detected in 90 patients within 3 years after USgHIFU, with a cumulative recurrence rate of 20.2% (90/446). The multi-factor Cox analysis showed that age was a protective factor for recurrence. Younger patients have a greater chance of recurrence than older patients. Mixed hyperintensity of fibroids on T2WI and treatment intensity were risk factors for recurrence. Patients with hyperintense uterine fibroids and treated with lower treatment intensity were more likely to experience recurrence than other patients after USgHIFU. No major adverse effects occurred. Conclusions USgHIFU can be used to treat multiple uterine fibroids safely and effectively. The age, T2WI signal intensity and treatment intensity are factors related to recurrence.

Risk Factors Are Not Very Risky Once a Normal Embryonic Heart Rate is Seen in Early Pregnancy.

To assess first-trimester prognosis when an early pregnancy sonogram demonstrates a normal embryonic heart rate and to determine how a number of risk factors affect prognosis. Our study population consisted of 6597 first-trimester scans with gestational age (GA) ≤ 7.0 weeks (all with crown-rump length [CRL] <10 mm), normal embryonic heart, and known first-trimester outcome. We recorded GA; CRL; heart rate; first-trimester outcome; maternal age; presence, absence, and size of subchorionic hematoma; presence or absence of vaginal bleeding; and presence, absence, and size of uterine fibroids. We assessed first-trimester outcome in the study population and subsets based on the above data. First-trimester outcome was successful in 6030 of the 6597 cases (91.4%). The prognosis was somewhat worse with each of the following risk factors: maternal age ≥35 years, large subchorionic hematoma, and large or multiple uterine fibroids (P < .02, chi-squared or Cochran's test for trend, for all of these items). The rate of successful outcome was in the range of 83-88% with each of these risk factors and 93.8% in the absence of any of these factors. The presence of a normal embryonic heart rate on an early first-trimester sonogram is a reassuring finding, indicating a likelihood of good first-trimester outcome of at least 83% even in the presence of risk factors, and of over 90% in the absence of such factors.

Bilateral adrenal cortical rests: An interesting innocuous intruder in the fallopian tubes.

Ectopic adrenal rests refer to the presence of adrenal tissue outside its normal anatomical location and are usually discovered incidentally on microscopic examination. Literature suggests its occurrence in diverse extrarenal sites, like the genitourinary system and pelvis. Our case describes the rare occurrence of ectopic adrenal rests in the walls of bilateral fallopian tubes of a 43-year-old female patient who presented with a complaint of heavy menstrual bleeding. A total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. Gross examination revealed adenomyosis with multiple fibroids, and the same was confirmed on microscopy. Additionally, the finding of a well-encapsulated lesion on the walls of both tubes made us relook at the fallopian tubes, which showed a small bright yellow area measuring less than 0.3 cm in the walls, which was consistent with ectopic adrenal rests after ruling out the morphological differentials of Walthard cell nests, aggregates of foamy histiocytes, metastatic renal clear cell carcinoma, displaced ovarian luteinized theca cells, heterotopia of ovarian hilus cells. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for Melan A and CK7 was negative. The present case helps in investigating the lesser-explored aspect of adrenal rest pathology. It also reiterates need for detailed observation of fallopian tubectomy specimens by pathologists during grossing to avoid overlooking of potentially intriguing entities.

The influence of uterine fibroids on adverse outcomes in pregnant women: a meta-analysis

ObjectiveThe objective of the meta-analysis was to determine the influence of uterine fibroids on adverse outcomes, with specific emphasis on multiple or large (≥ 5 cm in diameter) fibroids.Materials and methodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and SinoMed databases for eligible studies that investigated the influence of uterine fibroids on adverse outcomes in pregnancy. The pooled risk ratio (RR) of the variables was estimated with fixed effect or random effect models.ResultsTwenty-four studies with 237 509 participants were included. The pooled results showed that fibroids elevated the risk of adverse outcomes, including preterm birth, cesarean delivery, placenta previa, miscarriage, preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), placental abruption, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), fetal distress, malposition, intrauterine fetal death, low birth weight, breech presentation, and preeclampsia. However, after adjusting for the potential factors, negative effects were only seen for preterm birth, cesarean delivery, placenta previa, placental abruption, PPH, intrauterine fetal death, breech presentation, and preeclampsia. Subgroup analysis showed an association between larger fibroids and significantly elevated risks of breech presentation, PPH, and placenta previa in comparison with small fibroids. Multiple fibroids did not increase the risk of breech presentation, placental abruption, cesarean delivery, PPH, placenta previa, PPROM, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction. Meta-regression analyses indicated that maternal age only affected the relationship between uterine fibroids and preterm birth, and BMI influenced the relationship between uterine fibroids and intrauterine fetal death. Other potential confounding factors had no impact on malposition, fetal distress, PPROM, miscarriage, placenta previa, placental abruption, and PPH.ConclusionThe presence of uterine fibroids poses increased risks of adverse pregnancy and obstetric outcomes. Fibroid size influenced the risk of breech presentation, PPH, and placenta previa, while fibroid numbers had no impact on the risk of these outcomes.

MODERN METHODS OF TREATMENT UTERINE FIBROIDS

Approaches to organ-preserving treatment of uterine fibroids began to develop in parallel with the creation of radical methods of treating this disease, but this direction has always lagged somewhat behind and had few supporters. Recently, organ-preserving treatment of uterine fibroids has become one of the priority areas. In general, this is a completely natural process, due to both the development of modern treatment technologies and the growing need of women to solve reproductive problems. What is the reason for this? On the one hand, there is a persistent tendency to get pregnant at a late reproductive age, on the other hand, uterine fibroids are increasingly diagnosed in young, nulliparous women. In addition, the development of the media and the Internet is of no small importance, which, in turn, began to pay more attention to health and medical issues, covering new medical technologies. Effective organ-preserving treatment of uterine fibroids is impossible without a full understanding of this disease. The concept of "uterine fibroids" includes a heterogeneous group of conditions that characterize pathological changes in the uterus. The doctor can call uterine fibroids a single node in the uterus 1 cm in size, which does not have any clinical manifestation, and multiple uterine fibroids, corresponding to 25 weeks of pregnancy, manifested by bleeding and compression of adjacent organs. Therefore, the approach to the treatment of this disease largely depends on the correct clinical classification. The currently existing classifications (histological and localization) are unacceptable in practical gynecology and in fact do not carry any tactical information. The currently widely used indications for hysterectomy in practice make it possible to observe patients up to the turn of 12 weeks, i.e., they allow passivity in relation to patients with smaller fibroids. Thus, a classification is needed that combines such characteristics as: size, number of nodes, localization, and reproductive plans of the patient, that is, a classification is needed that allows the doctor to predict treatment tactics immediately.

Changes in liver and kidney function, red blood cell count and hemoglobin levels 1 day after ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for uterine fibroids.

To investigate the changes in liver and kidney function, red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (HGB) levels in patients undergoing ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (UPMWA) for uterine fibroids on postoperative day 1. The changes in liver and kidney function, RBC count and HGB levels in 181 patients who underwent selective UPMWA in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, China, between August 2017 and January 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent UPMWA for uterine fibroids; 179 patients had multiple uterine fibroids and 2 patients had single uterine fibroids. The maximum fibroid diameter ranged from 18 to 140 mm, with an average of 68.3 mm. Ultrasound imaging was used to confirm that the blood flow signal within the mass had disappeared in all patients, indicating that the ablation was effective. Within 24 h, compared with before UPMWA, levels of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase had significantly increased (p < 0.01), whereas levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine and urea had significantly decreased (p < 0.01). Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 1 of the 181 patients. The RBC count and HGB levels decreased significantly after UPMWA (p < 0.01). Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for uterine fibroids can impose a higher detoxification load on the liver and cause thermal damage to and the destruction of RBCs within local circulation, potentially leading to AKI. Protein levels significantly decreased after UPMWA. Therefore, perioperative organ function protection measures and treatment should be actively integrated into clinical practice to improve prognosis and enhance recovery.