Multiple Cuts Research Articles

Experimental evaluation of multiple-component residual stress distribution in a dissimilar metal repair joint of ferritic/martensitic steel using the asymmetric-cut and the symmetric-cut contour method

A thick multi-pass butt-welded ferritic/martensitic steel (P91) joint is prepared and the local region of the weld is repaired with an ENiCrFe-3 nickel-based alloy using the manual metal arc welding method. The repair weld including part of the base metal is then subjected to ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT). A three-cut contour method, including two asymmetric cuts and one symmetric cut, is developed in the present study to obtain the two-dimensional residual stress distributions at different locations, and the stress release after multiple cuts is considered to get the original stress distribution before cuts. The measurement procedure is introduced in detail. The longitudinal stresses in the repair weld and the initial weld of the P91 steel joint, as well as the transverse stress at the weld center, are finally obtained. The effects of the dissimilar metal repair weld at the local region on the longitudinal and transverse welding residual stresses are investigated. In addition, the applicability of UIT to mitigate the surface stress in nickel-based alloy repair weld is analyzed. The results show that the transverse and longitudinal stresses in the nickel-based alloy repair weld are both tensile stresses, the maximum longitudinal stress is close to the yield strength of the B91 weld metal and occurs in the heat-affected zone of the repair weld located in the initial weld. Repair welding causes the internal transverse compressive stress region to be narrower than in the original weld. UIT can be used to introduce compressive stress to the surface layer of the nickel-based alloy repair weld.

PSLBI-11 Relevance of mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic processes in color and oxidative stabilities of five different beef muscles

Abstract Fresh meat color stands as one of the most critical quality indicators influencing consumer perception of meat freshness and purchase decision. Variation in color and color stability among different muscle types exists due to differences in chemical compositions, including lipids and metabolites, and other redox stability-related biochemical properties. Understanding biochemical mechanisms governing color stability in different muscles will offer insights for the industry to develop practical strategies aimed at reducing food waste attributed to discoloration. The objective of the current study was to identify metabolites and lipid compounds potentially linked to oxidative stabilities and relevant biochemical properties across different bovine muscles. Five different muscles [longissimus lumborum (LL), gluteus medius (GM), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), and infraspinatus (IF)] were collected from 16 beef carcasses (USDA Choice) at 2-d postmortem. Multiple cuts were made from each muscle for meat color measurements including instrumental and sensory color evaluations during display, and biochemical attributes, including total reducing activity (TRA), mitochondria-swelling, mitochondrial-lipid oxidation, cytochrome c redox ability (CytC). For the lipidome and metabolome analyses, beef samples were extracted and profiled using non-targeted UPLC-MS analyses. Data analysis was conducted with Metaboanalyst 6.0. The correlation analysis was conduct with Pearson’s correlation and considered the significance level at P < 0.05. In brief, LL and ST maintained greater color stability, redox stability, and lipid/protein oxidative stabilities compared with BF and GM, with IF showing the least (P < 0.05). Also, IF had the greatest levels of mitochondrial-swelling, mitochondrial-lipid oxidation, and oxidized CytC compared with LL (P < 0.05). The ANOVA results found 1,410 significant features in the metabolome analysis and 531 in the lipidome analysis of beef samples. Utilizing partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), scatter plots grouped the five muscle types into three distinct clusters: LL and ST, BF and GM, and IF. Pro-apoptotic factors such as phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylserine were greater in IF compared with LL and ST (P < 0.05). From the metabolome results, anti-apoptotic factors like creatine and glutathione were increased in LL and ST compared with IF, whereas pro-apoptotic spermidine and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were greatest in IF (P < 0.05). CIE a* showed a positive correlation with phospholipids and mitochondria-swelling (P < 0.05). Chroma exhibited a positive correlation with TRA, creatine, cyclic AMP, and GMP (P < 0.05). The results suggest that variations in meat color stability among the five beef muscles were likely attributed to differences in the abundance of lipids and metabolites associated with redox and oxidative stabilities, as well as mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathways. Specifically, the varying abundance of pro-/anti-apoptotic factors across muscles indicates potential mechanistic biochemical linkages between the apoptosis and meat color. Further research is warranted to investigate the effects of extended aging periods on changes in apoptotic features and color stability of beef muscles.

Remote sensing for estimating genetic parameters of biomass accumulation and modeling stability of growth curves in alfalfa.

Multi-spectral imaging by unoccupied aerial vehicles provides a non-destructive, high throughput approach to measuring biomass accumulation over successive alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa) harvests. Information from estimated growth curves can be used to infer harvest biomass and to gain insights into the relationship between growth dynamics and forage biomass stability across cuttings and years. In this study, multi-spectral imaging and several common vegetation indices were used to estimate genetic parameters and model growth of alfalfa cultivars to determine the longitudinal relationship between vegetation indices and forage biomass. Results showed moderate heritability for vegetation indices, with median plot level heritability ranging from 0.11-0.64, across multiple cuttings in three trials planted in Ithaca, NY, and Las Cruces, NM. Genetic correlations between the normalized difference vegetation index and forage biomass were moderate to high across trials, cuttings, and the timing of multi-spectral image capture. To evaluate the relationship between growth parameters and forage biomass stability across cuttings and environmental conditions, random regression modeling approaches were used to estimate the growth parameters of cultivars for each cutting and the variance in growth was compared to the variance in genetic estimates of forage biomass yield across cuttings. These analyses revealed high correspondence between stability in growth parameters and stability of forage yield. The results of this study indicate that vegetation indices are effective at modeling genetic components of biomass accumulation, presenting opportunities for more efficient screening of cultivars and new longitudinal modeling approaches that can provide insights into temporal factors influencing cultivar stability.

Improving milling tool wear prediction through a hybrid NCA-SMA-GRU deep learning model

Milling tool wear, a ubiquitous challenge in industrial automation and manufacturing, leads to diminished equipment utilization, escalating costs, and a decline in product quality. The prediction of tool wear is a complex and challenging task, as it involves numerous variables. This paper introduces a pioneering hybrid approach, the NCA-SMA-GRU model. It involves the hybridization of three major components and is designed to enhance the precision and expedite the process of tool wear prediction. The NCA component is adept at filtering and retaining the most relevant features associated with milling tool wear from the raw signals, and it also improves the model’s interpretability. Subsequently, SMA optimizes the GRU network’s hyperparameters, including the initial learning rate, hidden layer neurons, network training iterations, and the L2 regularization factor, to identify an optimal combination that bolsters predictive performance. The modeling steps and the development of fitness function are explained in detail. The model’s efficacy is rigorously evaluated using data from the 2010 High Speed CNC Machine Tool Health Prediction Contest (PHM 2010), which encompasses wear data from both single and multiple cutters. The performance is compared using metrics such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), R-Squared (R2), and computational time. To assess the ability and characteristics of the proposed approach, other popular hybrid models are constructed for comparative analysis. The results demonstrate that the proposed model addresses the limitations of traditional prediction methods and provides insights into the development of deep learning and optimization algorithms for tool wear prediction.

Structural and Functional Salvaging of Traumatic Brachial Artery Cut with Multiple Nerve Cut: Case Series

Upper limb arterial injury is relatively rare among trauma cases. Among them, the majority is contributed by brachial artery injury. Brachial artery injury is associated with nerve injuries given that its anatomical course, which brings a significant impact to the patient. We reported 2 cases of patients who sustained a deep laceration wound over the right upper limb. Both presented to the Emergency department with active bleeding over the wound, and clinically cold right hand, associated with absent radial and ulnar pulses with profound sensory and motor deficit. Wound exploration and brachial artery repair with reverse saphenous vein interposition graft, followed by structural and nerve repair. This case series highlighted the importance of prompt detection and intervention of brachial artery injury. Any further delay might result missing the golden hour of revascularization for the patients. It also showed the importance of consideration of limb salvage in a patient who was deemed Rutherford III, especially nerve cut was uncertain. In conclusion, prompt intervention of traumatic brachial artery injury and proper intraoperative assessment are mandatory to properly decide if a limb is salvageable or not.

Near hanging with Multiple Tentative Cuts: A Case Series

Suicide is one of the major global health issues specially in countries having low to medium socioeconomic condition. Hanging is method of choice for adults to commit suicide. Near hanging defined as person who survive a hanging injury for enough time to reach hospital. Tentative cut or self-inflicted injury is an intentional and direct injury to own’s body part. It is also known as self-harm, self-wounding, moderate self-mutilation and parasuicide. Various factors responsible for high mortality in near hanging are low systolic blood pressure (<90), injury severity score (ISS) >15, Glassgow coma scale (GCS) <8, hypoxic brain injury on CT scan. Immediate arrival to hospital and aggressive management of near hanging and its complication can improve the final outcome.

Impact Assessment and Damage Fee Development for Pavement Utility Cuts Using Functional and Structural Field Data

The objectives of this study were: 1) to provide transparency of a recent pavement utility cut impact study which informed the adoption of a pavement utility cut fee in Davis, California; and 2) to present an additional methodology for assessing pavement damage using field data referenced to pavement condition. A total of 24 test sites were selected to represent all functional classifications across the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) spectrum. Functional and structural field data were collected and analyzed. Of the 24 test sites, 67% exhibited both functional and structural damage with 96% exhibiting at least one form of damage. The average PCI reduction resulting from utility cuts was 5.1 points and the corresponding percent reduction in pavement service life was 6%. Of the test sites, 63% exhibited damage 2 ft from the edge of the patch, thus indicating that the zone of influence extends past the current restoration area. The statistical analyses indicated that the pavement utility cuts caused significant damage and supported a tiered utility cut fee structure based on functional classification and PCI. The resulting fee schedule is based on 2022 material and construction cost estimates; consequently, implementation including an annual adjustment for inflation is recommended. Since the negative impact of utility cuts is amplified when there are multiple or large cuts on the same street, and treatments are typically carried out across entire management sections, a full-recovery fee at a threshold of 10% of the management section area is appropriate. Example fee calculations were provided.

The Effect Of Shoot Cuttings And Vermiwash Concentration On Orchid Growth (Onchidium sphacelatum Lindl.) Aeroponically

The Oncidium sphacelatum orchid, commonly propagated vegetatively through pseudobulb separation, presents opportunities for further research into propagation methods and organic fertilizer application. This study, conducted in Batu City, aimed to explore the interaction between vermiwash concentration and shoot number on aeroponically cultivated Orchid sphacelatum Lind cuttings, as well as individual treatment effects. Employing a factorial RKLT design with shoot number (one or two) and vermiwash concentration (100, 200, or 300 ml/L) as factors, the study evaluated plant height, leaf count, stem length, shoot length, root count, and root length as variables. Data analysis involved ANOVA and BNJ tests. Results revealed that cuttings with two shoots and a 200 ml/L vermiwash concentration promoted optimal leaf growth. The number of shoots influenced shoot length, with two shoots demonstrating superior growth compared to single shoot cuttings. Interestingly, vermiwash concentration did not significantly impact shoot growth parameters, indicating that its effects may be limited in this context. This study sheds light on the potential benefits of using vermiwash in orchid cultivation, particularly in enhancing leaf growth when combined with multiple shoot cuttings. However, further investigation is needed to understand the nuanced effects of vermiwash on other growth aspects and its interaction with different propagation methods.Overall, the findings contribute to the optimization of orchid propagation techniques, providing valuable insights for orchid growers seeking to enhance plant growth and productivity sustainably. Further research could delve deeper into the mechanisms underlying the observed effects and explore additional variables to refine cultivation practices for Oncidium sphacelatum orchids.

Automated Composite Pipe Cutting Machine for ASTM Standard Testing Specimen Preparation

This thesis aims to design a pipe-cutting machine using costume-made metal fixtures, an Avid CNC Bentch Top machine, and Mach4 control software to cut strips off from pipes made of PVC, resin, and fibreglass materials automatically. The costume-made fixtures clamp down the pipe and rotate it to perform multiple cuts around it. Avid CNC Bentch Top Machine is used to perform the ramping cut with a 10mm diameter square shoulder milling cutter. A touch probe is mounted beside the cutter to measure the accurate pipe diameter. An HMI (Human Machine Interface) that allows the operator to input the dimension of the pipe and perform calibration before use is developed using the LUA language under Mach4 motion control software. Screen and button scripts are programmed to read the input from the operator and sensors to generate a Gcode file to drive the CNC machine. The machine prototype can cut 5 strips in 30 minutes with the dimensions and surface finish required by ASTM D790 and ASTM D638, significantly increasing the production rate and reducing the waste of human resources while focusing on the environmentally friendly and cost-friendly for small businesses.

Interface fluctuations associated with split Fermi seas

We consider the asymptotic behaviour of a family of unidimensional lattice fermion models, which are in exact correspondence with certain probability laws on partitions and on unitary matrices. These models exhibit limit shapes, and in the case where the bulk of these shapes are described by analytic functions, the fluctuations around their interfaces have been shown to follow a universal Tracy–Widom distribution or its higher-order analogue. Non-differentiable bulk limit shape functions arise when a gap appears in some quantum numbers of the model, in other words when the Fermi sea is split. We show that split Fermi seas give rise to new interface fluctuations, governed by integer powers of universal distributions. This breakdown in universality is analogous to the behaviour of a random Hermitian matrix when the support of its limiting eigenvalue distribution has multiple cuts, with oscillations appearing in the limit of the two-point correlation function. We show that when the Fermi sea is split in the lattice fermion model, there are multiple cuts in the eigenvalue support of the corresponding unitary matrix model.

DendroX: multi-level multi-cluster selection in dendrograms

BackgroundCluster heatmaps are widely used in biology and other fields to uncover clustering patterns in data matrices. Most cluster heatmap packages provide utility functions to divide the dendrograms at a certain level to obtain clusters, but it is often difficult to locate the appropriate cut in the dendrogram to obtain the clusters seen in the heatmap or computed by a statistical method. Multiple cuts are required if the clusters locate at different levels in the dendrogram.ResultsWe developed DendroX, a web app that provides interactive visualization of a dendrogram where users can divide the dendrogram at any level and in any number of clusters and pass the labels of the identified clusters for functional analysis. Helper functions are provided to extract linkage matrices from cluster heatmap objects in R or Python to serve as input to the app. A graphic user interface was also developed to help prepare input files for DendroX from data matrices stored in delimited text files. The app is scalable and has been tested on dendrograms with tens of thousands of leaf nodes. As a case study, we clustered the gene expression signatures of 297 bioactive chemical compounds in the LINCS L1000 dataset and visualized them in DendroX. Seventeen biologically meaningful clusters were identified based on the structure of the dendrogram and the expression patterns in the heatmap. We found that one of the clusters consisting of mostly naturally occurring compounds is not previously reported and has its members sharing broad anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.ConclusionsDendroX solves the problem of matching visually and computationally determined clusters in a cluster heatmap and helps users navigate among different parts of a dendrogram. The identification of a cluster of naturally occurring compounds with shared bioactivities implicates a convergence of biological effects through divergent mechanisms.

Solid-state production of uniform metal powders for additive manufacturing by ultrasonic vibration machining

This work presents a new technique to generate uniform and micron-sized metal powders for additive manufacturing. By collecting discrete chips resulting from ultrasonic vibration machining, we demonstrate the feasibility of all solid-state production consistent powders with tight dimensional tolerance, the ability to control powder geometry, and good efficiency. The technique offers a new route for sustainable and low-cost manufacturing of high-quality metal powders. The powder generation mechanism is analyzed with a special tool path design to ensure consistent dimensions over multiple cuts. An analytical model to predict the dimensions of produced powders under different cutting parameters is introduced. Aluminum and brass powders of different dimensions are produced, and the overall shear ratio that governs the deformation during the machining process is calibrated with the experimental results. The morphology consistency of produced powders is investigated over multiple hours of production, illuminating the role of tool wear on final powder shape. A high-efficiency powder collection system and a scalable solution for parallel production are proposed for the introduced technique. Additive manufacturing experiments (laser powder bed fusion) are conducted using produced A356 aluminum powders, demonstrating the printability of produced powders in additive manufacturing. The microhardness of the printed parts for five different process parameters is measured to be 45% higher than the raw material on average.

AN EFFICIENT METHOD TO SIMULATE THE VARYING STATIC RECEPTANCE OF A THIN-WALLED WORKPIECE

A new method to simulate the varying static receptance of a thin-walled workpiece based on the Cholesky decomposition is presented in this paper. In this method, the system stiffness matrix is updated by subtracting the elemental stiffness matrices of the removed elements from the initial system stiffness matrix. The updated system stiffness matrix is permuted by using a novel method based on element removing sequence and considering fill-in reduction. The Cholesky factor of the permuted system stiffness matrix is reused to compute the static receptance of the workpiece for multiple cutter locations. The reduction of computation time by using this new method is proved by a numerical test and the accuracy of the simulation is demonstrated with a machining test.

A Mathematical Model of Blood Loss during Renal Resection

In 2021, approximately 51% of patients diagnosed with kidney tumors underwent surgical resections. One possible way to reduce complications from surgery is to minimise the associated blood loss, which, in the case of partial nephrectomy, is caused by the inadequate repair of branching arteries within the kidney cut during the tumor resection. The kidney vasculature is particularly complicated in nature, consisting of various interconnecting blood vessels and numerous bifurcation, trifurcation, tetrafurcation, and pentafurcation points. In this study, we present a mathematical lumped-parameter model of a whole kidney, assuming a non-Newtonian Carreau fluid, as a first approximation of estimating the blood loss arising from the cutting of single or multiple vessels. It shows that severing one or more blood vessels from the kidney vasculature results in a redistribution of the blood flow rates and pressures to the unaltered section of the kidney. The model can account for the change in the total impedance of the vascular network and considers a variety of multiple cuts. Calculating the blood loss for numerous combinations of arterial cuts allows us to identify the appropriate surgical protocols required to minimise blood loss during partial nephrectomy as well as enhance our understanding of perfusion and account for the possibility of cellular necrosis. This model may help renal surgeons during partial organ resection in assessing whether the remaining vascularisation is sufficient to support organ viability.

Multiple cutting increases forage productivity and enhances legume pasture stability in a rainfed agroecosystem

Appropriate harvesting management is essential for sustainable forage production and improving nutritional quality. In this study, four forage crops, including Medicago sativa (Ms), Vicia sativa (Vs), Avena sativa (As), and Sorghum Sudangrass (Ss) were evaluated under two harvesting modes, i.e. single harvest and multiple cuttings. Results showed that multiple cuttings increased the forage yield of Ms., As, and Ss by 82 %–114 %, 7.5 %–51 %, and 21 %–150 % compared to the single harvest. The acid and neutral detergent fiber concentration decreased, while crude protein contents increased with multiple cuttings. Also, multiple cuttings increased the ether extract content of Ms. and Ss and reduced the ash content by 9.42 % to 33.04 % from 2015 to 2016. The variation range of legume forages' annual yield was 18.66 %–33.04 %, while that of gramineous forages was 9.42 %–25.98 %. The relative feeding value (RFV) of Ms. was higher than that of other forages under multiple cuttings. In general, multiple cuttings decreased the SOC content, but the effect was insignificant for the two leguminous forages. Correlations analysis showed a significant positive relationship of RFV and CP with precipitation while a negative relationship of ADF and NDF with temperature. Moreover, results of yield stability, contribution rate, and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) analysis showed that the response of legume crops to multiple cutting was superior to that of gramineous crops. Overall, the cultivation of leguminous forage under multiple cuttings can provide a basis for the development of pastoral agriculture production and animal husbandry in arid regions of China.

Online multimethod platform for comprehensive characterization of monoclonal antibodies in cell culture fluid from a single sample injection - Intact protein workflow

BackgroundTherapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) comprise a large structural variability with respect to charge, size and post-translational modifications. These critical quality attributes (CQAs) need to be assessed during and after the production of mAbs. This normally requires off-line purification and sample preparation as well as several chromatographic selectivities, which makes the whole process time-consuming and error-prone. To improve on this, we developed an integrated and automated multi-dimensional analytical platform for the simultaneous assessment of multiple CQAs of mAbs in cell culture fluid (CCF) from upstream processes. ResultsThe on-line system allows mAb characterization at the intact level, combining protein A affinity chromatography (ProtA) with size-exclusion, ion-exchange, and reversed-phase liquid chromatographic modes with UV and mass spectrometric detection. Multiple heart cuts of a single mAb elution band from ProtA are stored in 20-μL loops and successively sent to the multimethod options in the second dimension. ProtA loading and elution conditions and their compatibility with second-dimension LC modes were studied and optimized. Subsequently, heart-cutting and valve-switching schemes were investigated to achieve effective and reproducible analyses. The applicability of the developed workflow was demonstrated by the direct analysis (i.e. not requiring off-line sample preparation) of a therapeutic mAb in CCF, obtaining useful information on accurate molecular mass, glycosylation, and charge and size variants of the mAb product at the same time and in just over 1 h. SignificanceThe developed multidimensional platform is the first system that allows for multiple fractions from a single ProtA band to be characterized using different chromatographic selectivities in a single run allowing direct correlation between CQAs. The performance of the system is comparable to established off-line methods, fully compatible with upstream process samples, and provides a significant time-reduction of the characterization procedure.

Numerical and experimental investigations on residual stress evolution of multiple sequential cuts in turning

Numerical and experimental investigations on residual stress evolution of multiple sequential cuts in turning

Residual stress mapping in additively manufactured steel mould parts using asymmetric and multiple cuts contour method

The distribution of residual stress in additively manufactured (AM) complex structures can be intricate, exhibiting large gradients. Accurate measurements with high spatial resolution at significant depths are crucial for understanding the residual stress distribution in AM parts. In this study, the contour method, with asymmetric and multiple cuts, is employed to map residual stresses on various cross-sections of AM steel mould parts with inner channels. The resulting residual stress maps are compared for different states: as-built, shot-peened, and shot-peened plus heat-treated, in order to quantify the stress relaxation effect of each processing step. In the as-built state, elevated levels of tensile stress are observed around the perimeter, with a substantial stress gradient throughout the depth. Compressive stresses are distributed over a larger interior region, but with lower magnitudes compared to the tensile stresses. Upon shot-peening, the tensile stresses are reduced by approximately 300 MPa around the perimeter, with limited relaxation up to a depth of 1 mm compared to the as-built state. In the shot-peened and heat-treated state, a more significant stress relaxation is observed across the cross-sections. The maximum relaxation in tensile stress reaches approximately 1200 MPa, while the maximum compressive stress relaxation amounts to around 500 MPa, both compared to the as-built state. The stress maps effectively identify regions experiencing significant stress states, and the two-dimensional comparisons between different stress states provide crucial information for enhancing and validating AM models and processing techniques.

Random Tensor Networks with Non-trivial Links

Random tensor networks are a powerful toy model for understanding the entanglement structure of holographic quantum gravity. However, unlike holographic quantum gravity, their entanglement spectra are flat. It has therefore been argued that a better model consists of random tensor networks with link states that are not maximally entangled, i.e., have non-trivial spectra. In this work, we initiate a systematic study of the entanglement properties of these networks. We employ tools from free probability, random matrix theory, and one-shot quantum information theory to study random tensor networks with bounded and unbounded variation in link spectra, and in cases where a subsystem has one or multiple minimal cuts. If the link states have bounded spectral variation, the limiting entanglement spectrum of a subsystem with two minimal cuts can be expressed as a free product of the entanglement spectra of each cut, along with a Marchenko–Pastur distribution. For a class of states with unbounded spectral variation, analogous to semiclassical states in quantum gravity, we relate the limiting entanglement spectrum of a subsystem with two minimal cuts to the distribution of the minimal entanglement across the two cuts. In doing so, we draw connections to previous work on split transfer protocols, entanglement negativity in random tensor networks, and Euclidean path integrals in quantum gravity.

A model to account for magnetic permeability changes resulting from edge damage caused by laser cutting in a high performance cobalt-iron alloy

Laser cutting is the mainstay of electrical machine stator core manufacture for prototyping and for high value, small and medium batch sizes. However, it can introduce localized damage into electrical steels, with reduction in magnetic permeability and increase in core loss in regions adjacent to the edge. These phenomena have been studied in Silicon-iron alloys, but there is little published data on Cobalt-iron. This paper presents experimental measurements on magnetic edge damage effect in Cobalt-iron alloys due to laser cutting. The paper then uses magnetic measurements for an increasing number of cuts in test samples to develop a model that represents the deterioration of magnetic permeability with distance from the cut edge, including cumulative damage effects from multiple cuts. The model is suitable for incorporation into finite-element models, either as a continuous function of position or to generate individual magnetization curves for discrete layers in finite-element mesh. The paper concludes by using the model to generate a series of magnetization curves which include the damage effect and in turn uses these to predict the net magnetic behavior of a series of rectangular strips. Good agreement is obtained between these predictions and measurements of samples from the same batch of Cobalt-iron.