Multiple Core Structure Research Articles

Plant-based flaxseed oil microcapsules fabricated from coacervation of gluten at oil droplet surface: Microstructure, oxidation stability, and oil digestion control.

This study aimed to develop microcapsules with wheat gluten-coated oil droplets to enhance the oxidation stability and control the digestibility of flaxseed oil. The microcapsules were fabricated using a three-step procedure: (i) flaxseed oil was homogenized with an alkaline gluten solution to form oil-in-water emulsions containing small gluten-coated oil droplets (320-400nm); (ii) the pH of these emulsions was then neutralized to facilitate the deposition of gluten around the oil droplets, thereby forming a thick layer; (iii) a flaxseed oil microcapsule powder was then prepared by spray drying. During the microcapsule formation, intermolecular interactions, including hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds, were involved in the coacervation of gluten at the emulsion surface. The resultant microcapsules with a multiple-core structure had external diameters of 4-26µm and encapsulation efficiencies of 90%-94%. The microencapsulated oil powders contained a relatively high flaxseed oil content (60%-80%). Among them, the sample with 60% oil content demonstrated the best stability in resisting oil droplet coalescence; thus, it exhibited a higher lipolysis rate and extent during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. A 30-day accelerated storage study showed that encapsulation of the flaxseed oil improved its resistance to oxidation. These findings suggest that the pH-deposition method can successfully produce microencapsulated polyunsaturated lipids using all plant-derived ingredients, which may facilitate their use in new plant-based foods through a green and sustainable approach.

Formation and evolution of multiple-core structures in laser-sustained plasmas

We report on the formation of multiple-core structures in laser-sustained plasmas (LSPs) through the utilization of an improved two-dimensional laser-thermal-hydrodynamically coupled fluid model. Our findings reveal that steady-state LSPs exhibit various temperature structures, including single, double, and triple cores, as the input laser power increases incrementally. The spatiotemporal distributions of these multiple-core structures are demonstrated, and the presence of an LSP core is identified when the rate of enthalpy change becomes positive. This behavior is predominantly influenced by factors such as laser power absorption, radiation, and diffusion along the laser path. The obtained results provide explicit insights into the temperature structures within LSPs, thereby potentially contributing to the advancement of LSP-based light sources for optical wafer defect inspection in the semiconductor industry.

Formation of Central Mode Water based on two zonal hydrographic sections in spring 2013 and 2016

Two zonal high-density hydrographic sections along 41° N and 37.5° N east of Japan were occupied in April 2013 and June 2016 to examine the formation of Central Mode Water (CMW) and Transition Region Mode Water (TRMW) in relation to fronts and eddies. In the 41° N section traversing the meandering subarctic front, the denser variety of CMW (D-CMW) and TRMW was formed continuously on both sides of the front, except for the part of the section located south of the Kuroshio bifurcation front where the lighter variety of CMW (L-CMW) and D-CMW was formed instead. L-CMW and D-CMW were also formed in the eastern part of the 37.5° N section between the Kuroshio Extension front and the Kuroshio bifurcation front, but were hardly formed in the western part of the section west of the bifurcation point of the two fronts. D-CMW and TRMW pycnostads in the western part of the 41° N section observed in April 2013 tended to exhibit more than one core (vertical minimum of potential vorticity), which might be formed by destruction of deep winter mixed layers. Such multiple-core structure was also observed in L-CMW and D-CMW pycnostads in the eastern part of both the sections south of the Kuroshio bifurcation front in June 2016, being particularly abundant in three anticyclonic eddies. It was likely to be formed by the exchange of low-potential vorticity water among the eddies and the ambient region in association with eddy-to-eddy interaction, suggesting a new mechanism of mode water subduction.

Nanostructure transition of young soot aggregates to mature soot aggregates in diluted diffusion flames

In this study, the structural properties of soot produced in diffusion flames are analyzed to elucidate the formation of mature aggregates from large young particles. Soot samples are generated in a laminar diffusion inverted gravity flame reactor (IGFR) operated on methane, ethane, and ethylene with Ar dilution to reduce the flame temperature. Soot produced in temperature ranges from 1495K to 1568 K contains 100 nm–300nm particles with (i) isotropic or (ii) multiple core structures, supporting a soot maturation pathway where one young soot particle evolves into a mature fractal aggregate via an internal nucleation route. During the process, these large amorphous particles can form internal voids as the particle loses mass due to pyrolysis or oxidation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that young soot aggregates contain a higher fraction of shorter fringes and highly curved aromatics (11% vs. 23%), which is in agreement with their higher organic carbon content (3.3%–5.4% vs. 12.1%–28.8% wt.). Increasing the flame temperature reduces the curvature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and allows for more efficient layer stacking as indicated by a higher percent of stacked fringes. For these gaseous fuels, carbonization appears to be primarily a function of the flame temperature and independent of the fuel composition.

Community participation in sustainable urban growth, case study of Almere, the Netherlands

The city of Almere, which is one of the four main cities in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area, has been among the fastest growing cities in Europe ever since it establishment in 1976. The economic and demographic expansion puts significant pressure on valuable green areas around Amsterdam, and Almere has both space and potential for growth. Already at the time of its creation, the plans of a multiple-core structure city attracted mixed reviews, leading urban designers calling it ‘an anti-city’. However, with time it has developed into a mature, healthy and sustainable urban environment. With the new expansion that would add 60.000 new dwellings and 100.000 new jobs by 2030, the city faces new challenges, which require visionary strategic planning once again. The intended growth of Almere is planned to take place in an ecologically, socially and economically sustainable fashion. To achieve this and to inspire contribution to future developments, the city has defined seven principles in concurrence with international sustainability experts. Community participation is one of the strongest principals in this innovative place-making experiment. Creators of the new strategic vision imagine large-scale citizen involvement, bottomup community and private initiative through empowerment and ownership, from the design phase to the implementation. They aim far beyond the design character of the buildings, including among others the design of the urban fabric and the supporting infrastructure as well. This paper intends to describe and examine the potential growth and the urban development of Almere from a complex perspective, with a special focus on community design.

Manufacturing and characterization of encapsulated microfibers with different molecular weight poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) resins using a melt electrospinning technique

Encapsulated structures of poly(ε-caprolactone) microfibers were successfully fabricated through two distinct melt electrospinning methods: melt coaxial and melt-blending electrospinning methods. Both methods resulted in encapsulated microfibers, but the resultant microfibers had different morphologies. Melt coaxial electrospinning formed a dual, semi-concentric structure, whereas melt-blending electrospinning resulted in an islands-in-a-sea fiber structure (i.e. a multiple-core structure). The encapsulated microfibers were produced using a custom-designed melt coaxial electrospinning device and the microfibers were characterized using a scanning electron microscope. To analyze the properties of the melt blended encapsulated fibers and coaxial fibers, the microfiber mesh specimens were collected. The mechanical properties of each microfiber mesh were analyzed through a tensile test. The coaxial microfiber meshes were post processed with a femtosecond laser machine to create dog-bone shaped tensile test specimens, while the melt blended microfiber meshes were kept as-fabricated. The tensile experiments undertaken with coaxial microfiber specimens resulted in an increase in tensile strength compared to 10 k and 45 k monolayer specimens. However, melt blended microfiber meshes did not result in an increase in tensile strength. The melt blended microfiber mesh results indicate that by using greater amounts of 45 k PCL resin within the microstructure, the resulting fibers obtain a higher tensile strength.

N- and O-Glycosylation in the Murine Synaptosome

We present the first large scale study characterizing both N- and O-linked glycosylation in a site-specific manner on hundreds of proteins. We demonstrate that a lectin-affinity fractionation step using wheat germ agglutinin enriches not only peptides carrying intracellular O-GlcNAc, but also those bearing ER/Golgi-derived N- and O-linked carbohydrate structures. Liquid chromatography-MS (LC/MS) analysis with high accuracy precursor mass measurements and high sensitivity ion trap electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) were utilized for structural characterization of glycopeptides. Our results reveal both the identity of the precise sites of glycosylation and information on the oligosaccharide structures possible on these proteins. We report a novel iterative approach that allowed us to interpret the ETD data set directly without making prior assumptions about the nature and distribution of oligosaccharides present in our glycopeptide mixture. Over 2500 unique N- and O-linked glycopeptides were identified on 453 proteins. The extent of microheterogeneity varied extensively, and up to 19 different oligosaccharides were attached at a given site. We describe the presence of the well-known mucin-type structures for O-glycosylation, an EGF-domain-specific fucosylation and a rare O-mannosylation on the transmembrane phosphatase Ptprz1. Finally, we identified three examples of O-glycosylation on tyrosine residues.

Synthesis of calcium carbonate nanoparticles by reactive precipitation using a high pressure jet homogenizer

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles were synthesized by reactive precipitation of sodium carbonate and calcium chloride solutions (0.10 M) using a high pressure jet homogenizer in the presence of sodium caseinate as stabilizer. Based on mixing theory, an estimation of mixing time ( t mix) of salt solutions as a function of pressure drop was calculated considering the homogenizer as a T-mixer followed by a homogenization chamber for particle aggregate disruption. Pressure losses higher than 20 MPa were required to produce nanoparticles ( z-average = 100 nm). The effect of total pressure drop (20–36 MPa), pH (6.0–10.0), temperature (5.0–40.0 °C) and protein concentration (1.0–3.0%) on nanoparticle formation were evaluated using a 3 2 and a 3 3 factorial design. Temperature and protein concentration showed to be the most relevant factors of nanoparticle formation. Transmission electron microscopy images indicate that calcium carbonate nanoparticles produced in the jet homogenizer have a multiple core structure, with primary particles (c.a. 6 nm in diameter) immersed in a protein matrix that corresponds to 35% of the total nanoparticle mass. The calcium carbonate multiple core nanoparticles could find applications in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry considering their innocuity and protein functionalization.

Microreactor Array Assembly, Designed for Diversity Oriented Synthesis Using a Multiple Core Structure Library on Solid Support

AbstractThe application of spatially encoded principles in solid phase combinatorial synthesis requires no chemical or physical coding strategies. The resulting products are encoded by their position inside the array and their synthesis history. The advantages of microreactor arrays for solid phase synthesis as one of the embodiments in the field of microreaction technology are discussed. Here, we review the reactor design, necessary process steps, and a strategy for the diversity oriented array synthesis. In particular, the glass‐made microreactor and its assembly for 1563 parallel solid phase reactions, which can be performed at temperatures up to 120 °C, are described. Bead loading and liquid handling steps were adapted to this array. The production of large libraries demands suitable synthesis protocols and building blocks. The optimization of appropriate synthesis conditions is a time‐consuming process. A multiple core structure library approach for the efficient synthesis of diverse heterocyclic libraries is described. The aim of this work was to prove the feasibility of the glass‐microreaction array for massive parallel library synthesis.

Effect of boundary plane on the atomic structure of [0001] Σ 7 tilt grain boundaries in ZnO

The atomic structure of [0001] Σ 7 tilt grain boundaries with { $$12\bar{3}0$$ }‖ { $$12\bar{3}0$$ }, { $$14\bar{5}0$$ }‖ { $$14\bar{5}0$$ }, and { $$10\bar{1}0$$ }‖ { $$35\bar{8}0$$ } boundary planes in ZnO was investigated through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observation of fiber-textured thin films and atomistic calculations. These boundaries were found to comprise three kinds of common structural units that are characterized by fourfold- to eightfold-coordinated channels along the [0001] direction in contrast to sixfold-coordinated channels in wurtzite structure. The boundary structural units are very similar to the multiple core structures of edge dislocations with Burgers vectors of 1/3 < $$11\bar{2}0$$ > . Transformation between two of the three configurations can easily occur through an atom flipping corresponding to dislocation glide. Depending on the orientation of boundary planes with respect to the Burgers vectors, the dislocation-like units exhibit straight or zigzag arrangements with periodicities corresponding to the Σ 7 misorientation.

Cyclobutenedione Derivatives on Solid Support: Toward Multiple Core Structure Libraries

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTCyclobutenedione Derivatives on Solid Support: Toward Multiple Core Structure LibrariesPaul A. Tempest and Robert W. ArmstrongView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 32, 7607–7608Publication Date (Web):August 13, 1997Publication History Received28 January 1997Published online13 August 1997Published inissue 1 August 1997https://doi.org/10.1021/ja970284wCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views460Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (91 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amines,Aromatic compounds,Chemical structure,Ions,Precursors Get e-Alerts

The Contribution of Late-Type/Irregulars to the Faint Galaxy Counts from Hubble Space Telescope Medium-Deep Survey Images

We present a complete morphologically classified sample of 144 faint field galaxies from the HST Medium Deep Survey with 20.0 < I <22.0 mag. We compare the global properties of the ellipticals, early and late-type spirals, and find a non-negligible fraction (13/144) of compact blue [(V-I) < 1.0 mag] systems with $r^{1/4}$-profiles. We give the differential galaxy number counts for ellipticals and early-type spirals independently, and find that the data are consistent with no-evolution predictions based on conventional flat Schechter luminosity functions (LF's) and a standard cosmology. Conversely, late-type/Irregulars show a steeply rising differential number count with slope $(\frac{\delta log N}{\delta m}) = 0.64\pm 0.1$. No-evolution models based on the Loveday et al. (1992) and Marzke et al. (1994b) {\it local} luminosity functions under-predict the late-type/Irregular counts by 1.0 and 0.5 dex, respectively, at I = 21.75 mag. Examination of the Irregulars alone shows that $\sim 50$% appear inert and the remainder have multiple cores. If the inert galaxies represent a non-evolving late-type population, then a Loveday-like LF ($\alpha\simeq -1.0$) is ruled out for these types, and a LF with a steep faint-end ($\alpha\simeq -1.5$) is suggested. If multiple core structure indicates recent star-formation, then the observed excess of faint blue field galaxies is likely due to {\it evolutionary} processes acting on a {\it steep} field LF for late-type/Irregulars. The evolutionary mechanism is unclear, but 60% of the multiple-core Irregulars show close companions. To reconcile a Marzke-like LF with the faint redshift surveys, this evolution must be preferentially occurring in the brightest late-type galaxies with z > 0.5 at I = 21.75 mag.

A simple coupled-mode analysis method for multiple-core optical fiber and coupled dielectric waveguide structures

The coefficients of coupling between two adjacent cores are estimated on the basis of the point matching of boundary conditions on the surface of the two cores. The coupled-mode fields of the multiple-core structures are then approximated by using the fields of the two adjacent cores. Parameters calculated with this procedure are compared with those obtained from a more rigorous analysis, showing good agreement in most cases. >

Note on multiple-core structure of the hadronic component of extensive air showers

Monte Carlo calculations on high-energy hadrons in extensive air showers have been performed, using various models of hadronic interaction and fragmentation. Frequencies of showers the hadronic component of which shows multiple-core structure are discussed in terms of primary particle and hadronic interaction parameters. The existence of a correlation between the primary mass composition and the frequencies of specified types of showers is demonstrated.

Electron Density Distribution near Large Air Shower Axes at Sea Level

A large, multiple-wire ionization chamber has been used to sample 20 separate areas of the plane of observation to obtain detailed profiles of the structure of large air showers within about 2 meters of their axes. Interpretation of the data is based on (1) quantitative calculations of the transition effect in 0.305 radiation lengths of dural, and (2) a semiquantitative discussion of the fluctuations in the lateral-distribution function. Lateral distribution functions for electrons and photons of various energies have been calculated for $rl10$ meters at the shower maximum and the function for electrons of all energies turns out to be essentially equal to the one given by Moli\`ere. No drastic revision of the calculated distribution function is indicated by the data, but a flatter distribution than that calculated is not ruled out. Evidence for a multiple-core structure in a small percentage of cases is presented.

The multiple core structure of air showers

The lateral density distribution of electrons in air showers has been observed at 3260 m altitude with an assembly of ionization chambers. The resolution was about 20 cm for 1/r peaks within the main array of 18 chambers. The absolute intensity of showers of size 105<N<106 agrees with previous observations. Multiple peaks were observed and their spatial distribution indicates a mean separation of about 50 cm. The problem of a model for the production of the multiple-cored showers that is consistent with the observations is described.