Multiple Types Of Components Research Articles

Dissecting the complexity of pediatric blood transfusions and risk of adverse reactions in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Children have different clinical and physiological drivers for transfusion from adult recipients. However, adverse transfusion reactions (ATRs) in pediatric patients are usually reported using the same criteria as for adults. Broad assessments of pediatric ATRs neglect substantial variation in different developmental stages. This retrospective study included 342,950 patients, ~2.43 million transfusions, and 5,540 ATR reports collated from New Zealand hospitals between 2005 and 2021. Using 16 years as the upper age limit, 138,856 pediatric transfusions and 402 pediatric ATR reports were identified and dissected at three levels: pediatric as a whole, pediatric developmental stage (i.e., neonate, infant, preschool, and school), and chronological age to identify patients at high risk of ATRs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was followed to quantify risk factors. Pediatric recipients had a higher ATR risk than adults (p=6.9-07) but the high risk was associated mainly with children older than 2 years. Neonates and infants accounted for 75.0% of pediatric recipients but had much lower ATR rates than adults. Pediatric transfusion recipients showed a clear male bias prior to age 11 years and then a female bias. However, gender difference in experiencing ATRs was significant only after age 13 years (p=2.3-04). Analyses focusing on the high-risk group revealed allergic reactions being the cause of the elevated risk and identified the main risk factors of number of transfusions (p=4.5-10) and multiple types of components transfused (p=2.0-13). The identified ATR risk factors signal linkage with the biological drivers for transfusion. Low ATR rates in infancy could also be attributed to use of neonatal components, low transfusions per patient, and less developed immunity. The relative increase in female recipients from age 11 may be associated with increased red blood cell demand following puberty.

On reliability assessment of weighted k-out-of-n systems with multiple types of components

ABSTRACT This paper studies the reliability function of a weighted k -out-of- n system with multiple types of components. A weighted system with M different types of components is considered and two real-life scenarios for the operation of the system are defined. In the first one, it is assumed that the system operates if the accumulated weight of all active components is more than a predetermined threshold k , otherwise the system fails. In the second scenario, the system is assumed to operate if the total weight of the operating components of type i is more than or equal to the corresponding threshold k i , for at least m types of components, m ≤ M . Our approaches in assessing the reliability function of the system lifetime rely on the notion of survival signature corresponding to multi-type weighted k -out-of- n system. The formulas for the proposed survival signature are presented and the corresponding computational algorithms are also given. To examine the theoretical results, the reliability function and other aging characteristics of a wind farm (system) consisting of three plants located in three different regions are assessed numerically and graphically. Finally, an allocation problem to determine the best choice for the distribution of each type in the weighted k -out-of- n systems is studied.

A generalized system reliability model based on survival signature and multiple competing failure processes

Degradation-based system reliability analysis has been extensively conducted, but the components in a system are assumed to experience similar degradation and shock processes, neglecting actual failure mechanisms. However, multiple types of components in a system may work under different operational conditions and break down due to different failure mechanisms. Hence, a new generalized reliability model is proposed for systems with arbitrary structures experiencing multiple degradation and shock processes, including pure degradation processes (DPs), independent and dependent competing failure processes (CFPs). In this work, the Tweedie exponential-dispersion (TED) process is utilized to describe multiple degradation processes of the components, which contains the Wiener, Gamma, inverse Gaussian, and other processes as special cases. Based on multiple DPs and CFPs, a generalized reliability model is established by utilizing the structure analysis method, the survival signature, which allows the proposed method to be applied to various structural systems. Finally, an example of an automotive braking system with four types of components experiencing multiple DPs and CFPs is applied to illustrate the proposed model.

Quantitative profiling of comprehensive composition in compound herbal injections: An NMR approach applied on Shenmai injection.

Compound herbal injections (CHIs) can be regarded as a significant innovation in the modernisation of herbal medicine. Therefore, improving the quality control level of CHIs has always been an active research topic in traditional herbal medicine. In this study, Shenmai injection was used as a representative sample for investigating the ability of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) in the quality evaluation of CHIs. A quantitative 1 H NMR method was developed to simultaneously determine the contents of total ginsenosides, polysorbate 80, and 20 primary metabolites in Shenmai injection. Multivariate statistical analysis was combined to compare differences between samples from different manufacturers. It was found that the combined measurement uncertainty of each component is less than 1.61%, which demonstrates the reliability of the method. Furthermore, the components determined by this method account for up to 92.64% of the total solids, which is an unprecedented success in the analysis of Shenmai injection. In the end, the method was applied to the quality comparison of Shenmai injection from six manufacturers. The results showed that the differences among the samples from the six manufacturers were reflected in multiple types of components. This study fully demonstrates the superiority of the quantitative 1 H NMR method in comprehensive composition profiling of CHIs, which is conducive to improving the quality control level of Shenmai injection. Further, the present study can be used as a reference study for the research on the quality and safety of CHIs.

Multilayered Ordered Protein Arrays Self-Assembled from a Mixed Population of Virus-like Particles.

Biology shows many examples of spatially controlled assembly of cells and biomacromolecules into hierarchically organized structures, to which many of the complex biological functions are attributed. While such biological structures have inspired the design of synthetic materials, it is still a great challenge to control the spatial arrangement of individual building blocks when assembling multiple types of components into bulk materials. Here, we report self-assembly of multilayered, ordered protein arrays from mixed populations of virus-like particles (VLPs). We systematically tuned the magnitude of the surface charge of the VLPs via mutagenesis to prepare four different types of VLPs for mixing. A mixture of up to four types of VLPs selectively assembled into higher-order structures in the presence of oppositely charged dendrimers during a gradual lowering of the ionic strength of the solution. The assembly resulted in the formation of three-dimensional ordered VLP arrays with up to four distinct layers including a central core, with each layer comprising a single type of VLP. A coarse-grained computational model was developed and simulated using molecular dynamics to probe the formation of the multilayered, core-shell structure. Our findings establish a simple and versatile bottom-up strategy to synthesize multilayered, ordered materials by controlling the spatial arrangement of multiple types of nanoscale building blocks in a one-pot fabrication.

An overview of some classical models and discussion of the signature‐based models of preventive maintenance

AbstractIn reliability engineering literature, a large number of research papers on optimal preventive maintenance (PM) of technical systems (networks) have appeared based on preliminary many different approaches. According to the existing literature on PM strategies, the authors have considered two scenarios for the component failures of the system. The first scenario assumes that the components of the system fail due to aging, while the second scenario assumes the system fails according to the fatal shocks arriving at the system from external or internal sources. This article reviews different approaches on the optimal strategies proposed in the literature on the optimal maintenance of multi‐component coherent systems. The emphasis of the article is on PM models given in the literature whose optimization criteria (cost function and stationary availability) are developed by using the signature‐based (survival signature‐based) reliability of the system lifetime. The notions of signature and survival signature, defined for systems consisting of one type or multiple types of components, respectively, are powerful tools assessing the reliability and stochastic properties of coherent systems. After giving an overview of the research works on age‐based PM models of one‐unit systems and ‐out‐of‐ systems, we provide a more detailed review of recent results on the signature‐based and survival signature‐based PM models of complex systems. In order to illustrate the theoretical results on different proposed PM models, we examine two real examples of coherent systems both numerically and graphically.

Reliability assessment of phased mission systems with ternary components

Phased mission systems (PMSs) appear in many areas of science and technology. A PMS accomplishes its mission in multiple non-overlapping consecutive phases. The system may perform different tasks in the phases under different success criteria, configurations, and environmental situations. In this article, we consider a PMS with components having three states: complete performance, partial performance, and complete failure. The reliability of the system is explored under two different scenarios. The first case is about the PMS with similar components in the phases and the latter one is on the PMS which may have multiple types of components in the phases. To this, in each case, a new version of survival signature is defined for the system which depends only on the system structure and is free of the random mechanism of components failure. Then, under these circumstances, some compact expressions are given for the PMS reliability in which the structure of PMS is separated from the reliability functions of the components. The results are generalized to the PMSs with multi-state components. Some examples and a real practical system are given to illustrate the proposed models.

On the number of failed components in a coherent system consisting of multiple types of components

In this paper, we investigate the number of failed components in an operating coherent system. We assume that its components are of multiple types. That is, the system consists of components having nonidentical failure time distributions. We extend the results which are well-known in the literature for k-out-of-n systems. We formulate the optimization problem to determine the optimal values of the number of components of each type together with their arrangement in the system.

Reliability modeling of three-state systems with multiple types of components

In this paper, a system consisting of three states: perfect functioning, partial functioning, and down is considered. The system is assumed to be composed of several non-identical groups of binary components. The reliability of the system states under various assumptions on the component lifetimes is investigated. For this purpose, first, a new concept of bivariate survival signature (BSS) is introduced. Then, under the assumption that the component lifetimes of each type are exchangeable dependent, representations for the joint reliability function of the state lifetimes are obtained based on the notion of BSS. In the particular case, three-state systems composed of two types of different modules such as general-series (parallel) systems and systems with component-wise redundancy are investigated. Several examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.

A novel convolutional neural network for electronic component classification with diverse backgrounds

The rapid development of computer vision techniques has brought new opportunities for manufacturing industries, accelerating the intelligence of manufacturing systems in terms of product quality assurance, automatic assembly, and industrial robot control. In the electronics manufacturing industry, intensive variability in component shapes and colors, background brightness, and visual contrast between components and background results in difficulties in printed circuit board image classification. In this paper, we apply computer vision techniques to detect diverse electronic components from their background images, which is a challenging problem in electronics manufacturing industries because there are multiple types of components mounted on the same printed circuit board. Specifically, a 13-layer convolutional neural network (ECON) is proposed to detect electronic components either of a single category or of diverse categories. The proposed network consists of five Convolution-MaxPooling blocks, followed by a flattened layer and two fully connected layers. An electronic component image dataset from a real manufacturing company is applied to compare the performance between ECON, Xception, VGG16, and VGG19. In this dataset, there are 11 categories of components as well as their background images. Results show that ECON has higher accuracy in both single-category and diverse component classification than the other networks.

Branch‐and‐bound‐based algorithm for solving the multi‐type component assignment problem in a consecutive‐k$k$‐out‐of‐n$n$:F system

AbstractWith the increasing scale and complexity of real‐world systems, it is crucial to improve system reliability in order to minimize occurrences of system failure. To achieve this, several prior studies have considered the component assignment problem for consecutive‐‐out‐of‐:F system models. This problem was extended to consider a system comprising multiple component types. This multi‐type component assignment problem (MCAP) aims to find an optimal component arrangement that achieves the maximum system reliability under the assumption that a component should be assigned only to a position of the same component type. A branch‐and‐bound (B&B) ‐based algorithm was developed to solve the MCAP in a consecutive‐‐out‐of‐:F system. The main principle of the proposed algorithm is the incorporation of the pruning conditions in the standard B&B framework to reduce the number of candidates for the optimal arrangement. It is experimentally demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the efficiency of the enumeration method in solving the MCAP. The proposed algorithm can obtain the optimal arrangement of a large system if the number of types is relatively large. The findings of this study can help in improving the reliability of any system that can be expressed as a consecutive‐‐out‐of‐:F system with multiple component types.

A Birnbaum importance-based two-stage approach for two-type component assignment problems

The multi-type component assignment problem (MCAP) aims to find the optimal assignment of multiple types of components to positions in a system that maximizes the system reliability. In MCAPs, a component of a particular type can only be assigned to a position of the same type in the system. The existing works on MCAPs assumed that a particular position can only be assigned a particular type of components. However, this assumption is not necessarily true in some real problems. This paper extends the existing works on MCAPs, and studies the two-type component assignment problem (TCAP) which is a special kind of the MCAP. In the studied TCAP, there are two types of components, and a particular position can be assigned at least one type of components. A Birnbaum importance-based two-stage approach is proposed to solve the TCAP. The proposed approach is illustrated by analytical examples, and numerical experiments are conducted to evaluate its performance. A real-world use case is given to show the feasibility and applicability of the proposed approach. The originality of this work lies in the proposition of a new mathematical model of the TCAP and a two-stage approach to solve such a problem.

Survival signature for reliability evaluation of a multi-state system with multi-state components

Survival signature technology has recently attracted increasing attention for its merits on quantifying reliability of systems with multiple types of components. In order to implement reliability evaluation of multi-state system (MSS), computing methods of survival signature are studied for reliability analysis of several different systems in this paper. For an MSS consisting of multi-state components, its survival signature can be developed based on the different state definition of system. For the binary-state system with multi-state components, its survival signature is based on the generalization of survival signature for multi-state components. For a real life engineering MSS consisting of subsystems, the computing method of survival signature of system has also been derived based on the survival signature of subsystems and mapping of subsystems’ states to system's states. This enables consecutive application of the new method to substantial realistic MSS, with no theoretical limit on the size of the systems. Examples illustrate the applicability of the analysis approach for systems reliability.

Numerical investigation on the hydraulic loss correlation of ring-type spacer grids

An accurate prediction of the pressure drop along the flow paths is crucial in the design of advanced passive systems cooled by heavy liquid metal coolants. To date, a generic pressure drop correlation over spacer grids by Rehme has been applied extensively, which was obtained from substantial experimental data with multiple types of components. However, a few experimental studies have reported that the correlation may give large discrepancies. To provide a more reliable correlation for ring-type spacer grids, the current numerical study aims at figuring out the most critical factor among four hypothetical parameters, namely the flow area blockage ratio, number of fuel rods, type of fluid, and thickness of the spacer grid in the flow direction. Through a set of computational fluid dynamics simulations, we observed that the flow area blockage ratio dominantly influences the pressure loss characteristics, and thus its dependence should be more emphasized, whereas the other parameters have little impact. Hence, we suggest a new correlation for the drag coefficient as CB = Cv,m/ε2.7, where Cv,m is formulated by a nonlinear fit of simulation data such that Cv,m = −11.33 ln(0.02 ln(Reb)).

Reliability analysis of discrete multi-state systems based on survival signature

System signature has been widely utilized to facilitate reliability assessment of coherent systems and networks consisting of a single type of components, which enables us to separate aspects of components’ failure time and system structure. Recently, survival signature fulfils the similar work, extended to the implementation of systems with multiple types of components. However, when the system has several states, the relevant work is limited to complete the reliability assessment by the survival signature. This paper proposed a novel pattern of survival signature for the multi-state system with multiple types of components and the presented approach is executed to demonstrate the validity via a numerical case with 2-type and 3-state components.

The joint survival signature of coherent systems with shared components

The concept of joint bivariate signature, introduced by Navarro et al. [13], is a useful tool for quantifying the reliability of two systems with shared components. As with the univariate system signature, introduced by Samaniego [17], its applications are limited to systems with only one type of components, which restricts its practical use. Coolen and Coolen-Maturi [2] introduced the survival signature, which generalizes Samaniego’s signature and can be used for systems with multiple types of components. This paper introduces a joint survival signature for multiple systems with multiple types of components and with some components shared between systems. A particularly important feature is that the functioning of these systems can be considered at different times, enabling computation of relevant conditional probabilities with regard to a system’s functioning conditional on the status of another system with which it shares components. Several opportunities for practical application and related challenges for further development of the presented concept are briefly discussed, setting out an important direction for future research.

Distributionally Robust Design for Redundancy Allocation

In this paper, we consider a redundancy allocation problem for a series parallel system with uncertain component lifetimes that minimizes system costs while safeguarding system reliability over a given threshold level. We consider mixed redundancy strategies of cold standby and active redundancy with multiple types of components. We address lifetime uncertainty in the framework of distributionally robust optimization. In particular, we assume the probability distributions of the component lifetimes are not exactly known with only limited distributional information (e.g., mean, dispersion, and support) being available. We protect the worst-case system reliability constraint over all the possible component lifetime distributions that are consistent with the given distributional characteristics. The proposed modeling framework enjoys computationally attractive structures. The evaluation of the worst-case system reliability in our redundancy allocation problem can be transformed into a linear program, and the resulting overall redundancy allocation optimization problem can be cast as a mixed integer linear program that does not induce any additional integer variables (other than original allocation variables). In addition, the extreme joint distribution of component lifetimes can be efficiently recovered by solving a linear program. Our modeling framework can also be extended to incorporate the startup failures and common-cause failures for cold standbys and active parallels, respectively, to cater to more computationally complex settings. Finally, the computational experiments positively demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach in protecting system reliability.

Reliability and importance analysis of uncertain system with common cause failures based on survival signature

Redundant design has become the commonly used technique for ensuring the reliability of complex systems, which calls for great concern to common cause failure problems in such systems. Incomplete data in combination with vague judgments from experts introduce imprecision and epistemic uncertainties in the performance characterization of components. These issues need to be taken into account for assessing the system reliability. In this paper, a comprehensive reliability assessment method is presented by adopting the concept of survival signature to estimate the reliability of complex systems with multiple types of components. Particular attention is devoted to common cause failures (CCFs), which are modeled and quantified by decomposed partial α-decomposition method. Uncertainties caused by incomplete data for CCF events are reduced by hierarchical Bayesian inference. The component importance measure is enhanced to assess the importance of various possible CCF scenarios and to identify their potential impact on system reliability. The presented method is used to analyze the reliability of a dual-axis pointing mechanism for communication satellite, which is a commonly used satellite antenna control mechanism. The engineering application demonstrates the effectiveness of the method.

(Invited) Monolithic Integration of Zinc Tin Oxide Electronics

Oxide semiconductors’ unique properties – a wide bandgap, reasonably high electron mobility, and ease of bulk and thin film preparation – make them prime material candidates for a variety of electronic devices. In this talk, I will describe my group’s recent demonstration of amorphous zinc tin oxide (a-ZTO) electronic devices for thin film monolithic integration of comparatively high voltage (2 to 100 V) power electronics on top of low voltage (VDD ~ 1.2V) state-of-the-art silicon CMOS. We use an in-air solution process to synthesize a-ZTO semiconductor thin films. The resulting bottom-gate, top-contact transistors have field effect mobility of 8.3 cm2V-1s-1 and enhancement-mode behavior with turn-on near zero volts. By controlling ink dilution, we form homogeneous, amorphous channel layers less than 10 nm thick. When passivated with ozone-based atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 to stabilize the exposed top surface of the active layer, the transistors have excellent bias stress stability and sharp sub-threshold turn-on [1,2]. Next, we successfully integrated our thin film a-ZTO transistors directly on top of silicon finFET CMOS in the back end of line. The ZTO device fabrication process is fully compatible with finFET CMOS: after ZTO transistor formation, both the bottom silicon transistors and top a-ZTO transistors function well, with no degradation in performance. To expand the range of devices available for ZTO circuit design, we then developed several other device technologies. Using the Gibbs free energy of oxide formation and ionic radii of the bottom metal thin films as selection criteria, we chose metal contact layers and device structure to form multiple types of components – MISFETs, MESFETs, Schottky diodes, and resistive memory devices [3–5] – using one integrated fabrication process. With these devices, we demonstrate three applications. First, we make full-wave rectifiers that can harvest wireless power from commercial 13.56 MHz RFID signals and use the resulting d.c. voltage to switch underlying low voltage silicon finFETs. Second, we make logic inverters with low switching voltage window and single-transistor amplifiers with high gain by combining a depletion-mode MESFET device as a load and enhancement-mode MISFET devices as the drive transistor. Third, by incorporating a gate-drain offset into the MISFET design, we increase the TFT blocking voltage to above 100 V, enabling future 3-D monolithic integration of high voltage / low voltage interface power electronic circuits on top of silicon CMOS ICs [6].Thanks to G. A. Torres Sevilla and M. M. Hussain for providing silicon CMOS, N. Dasgupta and C. Huber for depositing alumina with ozone, and W. Hu, J. Li and J. Miller for help with TFT fabrication. This work was supported by SPAWAR through DARPA Young Faculty Award N66001-14-1-4046. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of DARPA or SPAWAR. Y.S. was supported in part by the Kwanjeong Educational Foundation. Portions of the work were performed in the Lurie Nanofabrication Facility, which is supported by the University of Michigan’s College of Engineering.[1] C. R. Allemang, R. L. Peterson, IEEE Electron Device Lett. 2019, 40, 1120; [2] Y. Son, A. Liao, R. L. Peterson, J Mater Chem C 2017, 5, 8071; [3] Y. Son, R. L. Peterson, in 2017 75th Annu. Device Res. Conf. DRC, 2017, pp. 1–2; [4] Y. Son, R. L. Peterson, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1806002; [5] Y. Son, B. Frost, Y. Zhao, R. L. Peterson, Nat. Electron. 2019, 2, 540; [6] C. Allemang, R. L. Peterson, in 2017 75th Annu. Device Res. Conf. DRC, IEEE, South Bend, IN, 2017, pp. 1–2.

Assessing food web health with network topology and stability analysis in aquatic ecosystem

Abstract Degeneration of aquatic ecosystem has become one of the ecological problems facing the whole world. However, due to the uncertainty and complexity, it is difficult to assess the food web health and apply them to ecosystem management. In this research, we established a TIO-IS (Total-input-output-interaction strength analysis) method to assess food web health, combining topology and interspecific interaction. In detail, we selected eight three-species modules containing six types of interspecific interaction and 64 four-species modules to evaluate food-web health (FWH). Furthermore, we used ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) analysis to test correlation between network complexity and interspecific interaction. This work will enhance the traditional methods in terms of (a) constructing a systematic and integrative indicators system to assess food web health; (b) analyzing community stability under different topology structures; (c) coding different types species in aquatic ecosystem. As the results, omnivory and trophic cascade had higher FWH than other interactions. By ranking, we got the health degree of the interaction of these six species respectively: omnivory, trophic cascade, multi-predators, exploitive competition, interguild predator and loop. The occurrence frequency of interaction relationship were respectively 0.88, 0.84, 0.68, 0.52, 0.12, 0. Additionally, about 16% of network structures have been shaping the uniform pattern for each species node. It is concluded that the health food web should be satisfied with three primary conditions: a) there exist multiple component types (i.e. species with multiple trophic levels); b) it is with high probability that there have coexistence with omnivory and trophic cascade relationship for sub-module types (the weak interaction swamping hypothesis); c) it is likely that some nodes shape high connectivity, which lead to the inhomogeneous distribution of connectivity in a web (keystone species hypothesis). This research will improve the development of ecosystem management, provide an indicator to evaluate aquatic ecosystem, and conducive to realize manual design of food web.