Multiple Coins Research Articles

A Coin and Something Else: A Rare Case Report

Foreign body ingestion in children is considered an emergency. The most common ingested foreign bodies are coins; however, the ingestion of disc batteries is on the rise requiring urgent rigid esophagoscopy. In the literature, multiple foreign body ingestion is very rare and only a few cases of multiple coins and multiple battery ingestion have been reported in the past. Herein, a case of simultaneous coin and battery ingestion requiring foreign bodies removal on two sequential endoscopies due to improper initial evaluation in a pediatric patient is reported which, to our knowledge, is the first reported case.

Entangled state generation via quantum walks with multiple coins

Generation of entangled state is of paramount importance both from quantum theoretical foundation and technology applications. Entanglement swapping provides an efficient method to generate entanglement in quantum communication protocols. However, perfect Bell measurements for qudits, the key to entanglement swapping, have been proven impossible to achieve by using only linear elements and particle detectors. To avoid this bottleneck, we propose a scheme to generate entangled state including two-qubit entangled state, two-qudit entangled state, three-qubit GHZ state and three-qudit GHZ state between several designate parties via the model of quantum walks with multiple coins. Then we conduct experimental realization of Bell state and three-qubit GHZ state between several designate parties on IBM quantum platform and the result has high fidelity by performing quantum tomography. In the end, we give a practical application of our scheme in multiparty quantum secret sharing.

Symbols on ancient Indian coins uncyphered

Ancient Indian coins from Pre-Mauryan era has been filled with a certain mystery as well as speculation. The coins in reference are punch marked coins. What is stamped in these coins have long since been considered symbols without really a clear meaning. The only ones which can be clearly understood are the ones which are images of animals such as elephants. What has been in front of our eyes all this time, remained obscured, due to erroneous human thinking. What I have found is characters in Brahmi Script and will show and provide the Sanskrit interpretations on not just a single coin but multiple coins in different periods in Ancient Indian history.

A new kind of universal and flexible quantum information splitting scheme with multi-coin quantum walks

Quantum walks have received much attention due to their many potential applications for quantum information processing in recent years. In this paper, we propose a novel class of universal and flexible quantum information splitting scheme of an arbitrary qubit and d-dimensional qudit via using the model of quantum walks with multiple coins for the first time. Firstly, for splitting an arbitrary qubit into N parts, quantum walks on the line with $$N+1$$ coins, which are homogeneous and position dependent, are used, respectively. In addition, it can be generalized to the model of quantum walks on the cycle for fulfilling this scheme. Secondly, for distributing an unknown d-dimensional qudit into N parts, quantum walks with $$N+1$$ coins are used on the complete graph and the d-regular graph, respectively. Our scheme has two significant merits: (i) It is universal and flexible, which implies that based on the different quantum walks structures, not only an unknown qubit but also d-dimensional qudit can be shared; (ii) the prior entangled state is not necessarily prepared and the entanglement measurement is not needed, which make this scheme more convenient for the agents in applications on a network. This work opens wider application purpose of quantum walks and provides inspiration to explore the potential applications of quantum walks.

Epidemiology and Management of Esophageal Coin Impaction in Children

Purpose: The epidemiology of esophageal coin impaction (ECI) in children is poorly understood. Our aim was to assess characteristics of children presenting to a tertiary care center with ECI and identify predictors of type of coin impacted and management strategies. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of the University of North Carolina (UNC) billing, clinical and endoscopy databases for all records with the ICD-9 code “935.1- foreign body in the esophagus” between January 2002 and December 2009. Charts were reviewed to identify cases of esophageal coin impaction. Pertinent data from first-time ECI cases were extracted. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings, and bivariate analysis was performed to compare groups. Results: We identified 113 cases of ECI (55% male; 45% Caucasian; mean age 3 years, range 3 months-10 years). Coin ingestion was witnessed in 25 (28%) cases, and coins were most commonly ingested during the evening or nighttime hours. Pennies were the most commonly impacted coin (58% of cases), followed by quarters (16%) and dimes and nickels (9% each); 5% of cases had multiple coins impacted, and coin type was unspecified in 4%. Eighty-five (80%) cases involved an impaction located in the proximal esophagus, and 101 (89%) required a procedure. Thirty-five (34%) patients had an upper endoscopy performed by a gastroenterologist, and 68 (66%) had a laryngoscopy or esophagoscopy performed by an otolaryngologist. Coins were primarily extracted with forceps or coin graspers. Only two minor complications were noted (mucosal abrasion and bronchospasm). There was no significant relation between coin type, and patient race or gender, but quarters were more frequently impacted in older children (mean age 6 years) compared to the other coin types (p<0.001). We did not observe a significant relationship between coin type and location of impaction within the esophagus. However, cases performed by otolaryngologists were more likely to involve a proximally impacted coin (99%) than those performed by gastroenterologists (49%, p<0.001). Conclusion: Esophageal coin impaction disproportionately affected young children. While pennies were the most commonly impacted coin, there were no clear predictors of impaction based on coin type. Coin extraction was required in almost all cases, and while safe, this is an invasive and costly procedure. Physicians should emphasize the very real choking and swallowing risks associated with coins.

Implementing regular cash with blind fixed-value electronic coins

We propose a generic framework for the development of an off-line peer-to-peer electronic payment system with fixed-value electronic coins. The proposed scheme simulates the issuance, circulation and characteristics of conventional cash and satisfies important security, privacy and usability requirements, offering a comparative advantage over other existing solutions. We exploit the strong security characteristics of a typical tamperproof device such as a smart card, and the trust services provided by a Public Key Infrastructure. The electronic coins are fixed, signed data structures that may be distributed, stored and processed by external applications only in their blind (encrypted) form. Non-divisibility is counterbalanced by the low complexity of the proposed solution, which enables the efficient exchange of multiple coins per transaction.

Charon's Obol and Other Coins in Ancient Funerary Practice

GREEK AND LATIN LITERATURE from the late fifth century B.c. to the late second century A.D. mentions the custom of placing a coin in the mouth of the deceased as a payment to the boatman Charon for ferrying the soul across Acheron or Styx into the underworld. The sources are sufficiently common and consistent to promote the belief that Charon's was a widely-practiced funerary custom throughout the Greco-Roman world.' Although the classical authors who mention the custom are widely separated in time, space, culture, and literary genre, their unanimity on the subject of coins for the dead should not surprise us since all of them mention the custom in the context of an underworld journey. As a result, their focus is usually on Charon and other proverbial characters of the Greek netherworld rather than on funerary customs per se. Removed as they are from any mythological context, coins found in cemeteries represent the facts of funerary practice. While archaeology confirms that a single low-denomination coin was sometimes placed in the mouth of the deceased at the time of death, the most striking thing about the evidence from ancient cemeteries is how different a story it tells from classical authors. Only a small proportion of burials contain any coins at all; in many of these, multiple coins (sometimes valuable) were placed in various locations on the body, sometimes at the time of death, sometimes at the time of burial. The evidence shows that Charon's was only one manifestation of a much wider funerary use of coins and suggests a richer and broader context in which it can be understood. Scholars have attempted to reconcile this apparent contradiction between the literary obol and the archaeological evidence by calling the custom Charon's fee, a rubric which at the same time accepts the mythological motive of ancient authors and acknowledges the many different forms of the practice attested by archaeology.2 Rather than advancing our under-

Multiple coin foreign bodies of oesophagus

Coin is the commonest foreign body of esophagus in the paediatric age group but swallowing of multiple coins by the child is an uncommon situation. Recently seen two cases are being reported with review of literature.

The contraindications for blind esophageal bouginage for coin ingestion in children

Per oral bouginage of the esophagus for coin lodgement in children is a safe and simple mode of therapy. However, our experience with chronically ingested coins, multiple coins ingestion, and ingestion with preexisting esophageal pathology illustrate the potential hazards of such a practice. Intramural perforation, subacute mediastinitis, tracheoesophageal fistula, and long-term residual injury to the esophagus hallmark such cases. We believe that only acutely ingested coins, and only a single coin, can be treated safely by means of "blind" bouginage, provided that no preexisting esophageal disease is present.