Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised Research Articles

Effects of therapeutic instrumental music performance and motor imagery on chronic post-stroke cognition and affect: A randomized controlled trial.

The burden of post-stroke cognitive impairment, as well as affective disorders, remains persistently high. With improved stroke survival rates and increasing life expectancy, there is a need for effective interventions to facilitate remediation of neurocognitive impairments and post-stroke mood disorders. To investigate the effects of Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance (TIMP) training with and without Motor Imagery on cognitive functioning and affective responding in chronic post-stroke individuals. Thirty chronic post-stroke, community-dwelling participants were randomized to one of three experimental arms: (1) 45 minutes of active TIMP, (2) 30 minutes of active TIMP followed by 15 minutes of metronome-cued motor imagery (TIMP+cMI), (3) 30 minutes of active TIMP followed by 15 minutes of motor imagery without cues (TIMP+MI). Training took place three times a week for three weeks, using a selection of acoustic and electronic instruments. Assessments, administered at two baselines and post-training, included the Trail Making Test (TMT) - Part B to assess mental flexibility, the Digit Span Test (DST) to determine short-term memory capacity, the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist - Revised (MAACL-R) to ascertain current affective state, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) to assess perceived self-efficacy. The Self-Assessment Maniqin (SAM) was also administered prior to and following each training session. Thirty participants completed the protocol, ten per arm [14 women; mean age = 55.9; mean time post-stroke = 66.9 months]. There were no statistically significant differences between pooled group baseline measures. The TIMP+MI group showed a statistically significant decrease in time from pre-test 2 to post-test on the TMT. The TIMP group showed a significant increase on MAACL sensation seeking scores, as well as on the Valence and Dominance portions of the SAM; TIMP+cMI showed respective increases and decreases in positive and negative affect on the MAACL, and increases on the Valence, Dominance, and Arousal portions of the SAM. No statistically significant association between cognitive and affective measures was obtained. The mental flexibility aspect of executive functioning appears to be enhanced by therapeutic instrumental music training in conjunction with motor imagery, possibly due to multisensory integration and consolidation of representations through motor imagery rehearsal following active practice. Active training using musical instruments appears to have a positive impact on affective responding; however, these changes occurred independently of improvements to cognition.

Evaluation of stress experienced by pharmacy residents.

Results of a study of stress and negative affect levels in postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) and postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) pharmacy residents are presented. A cross-sectional approach was used. Pharmacy residency program directors received e-mailed invitation letters requesting that they ask their residents to participate in an online survey in 2011. The main study outcomes included evaluation of resident scores on the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS10) and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised (MAACL-R) anxiety, depression, hostility, and dysphoria subscales. Of the 524 pharmacy residents included in the study, 75.4% were female, 41.2% were under 26 years of age, and 41% reported working more than 60 hours per week. There were no significant differences between PGY1 and PGY2 residents in stress levels, as assessed with the PSS10 (mean ± S.D. score, 19.05 ± 5.96 versus 19.09 ± 5.77). MAACL-R scores for hostility were, on average, higher among PGY2 residents (mean ± S.D., 50.83 ± 10.02) than among PGY1 residents (48.62 ± 8.96), while there were no significant differences in anxiety, depression, and dysphoria levels. Relative to residents who worked 60 or fewer hours per week, those who worked more than 60 hours had higher perceived stress levels as well as higher depression, hostility, and dysphoria scores. Pharmacy residents exhibited high levels of perceived stress, especially those who worked more than 60 hours per week. Perceived stress was highly correlated to negative affect levels.

Experimental examination of worry among older and young adults

Worry is experienced by many older adults, yet our understanding of the emotional experience of late-life worry is poor as findings regarding older adults are inferred from findings of studies conducted with young adults. In the present study, we aimed to characterize age differences in affect, self-reported arousal, and physiological arousal experienced during worry. Fifty-three young (M = 21.4, SD = 2.6 years) and 55 older community-dwelling adults (M = 69.1, SD = 8.1 years) participated in an experimental induction of worry or pleasant/neutral recall. Measures collected included: Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), worry intensity item, Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised (MAACL-R), Self-Assessment Maniken arousal item, and heart rate. Standardized residual scores were calculated to represent change from baseline for self-report and psychophysiological measures. Older adults had lower trait worry and worry intensity at baseline. A significant age by induction type interaction was found for the MAACL-R subscales of anxiety, depression, hostility, and positive affect. Compared with young adults, older adults experienced smaller changes in emotions in response to the worry induction than in the recall induction. For both worry and recall inductions, older adults exhibited less change in self-reported arousal and interbeat intervals from baseline compared with young adults. Findings from the present study illuminate both similarities and differences in the experience of worry for older and young adults. This study provides preliminary evidence for the characterization of late-life worry as generating less anxiety than worry during young adulthood.

Dynamics of the General Factor of Personality in Response to a Single Dose of Caffeine

General Factor of Personality (GFP) research is an emergent field in personality research. This paper uses a theoretical mathematical model to predict the short-term effects of a dose of a stimulant drug on GFP and reports the results of an experiment showing how caffeine achieves this. This study considers the General Factor of Personality Questionnaire (GFPQ) a good psychometric approach to assess GFP. The GFP dynamic mechanism of change is based on the Unique Trait Personality Theory (UTPT). This theory proposes the existence of GFP which occupies the apex of the hierarchy of personality, and extends from an impulsiveness-and-aggressiveness pole (approach tendency) to an anxiety-and-introversion pole (avoidance tendency). An experiment with 25 volunteers was performed. All the participants completed the GFPQ and the Sensation-Seeking Scale list of adjectives from the trait version of MAACL-R (Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist Revised) on an empty stomach. The participants in the experimental group (20) received 330 mg of caffeine. All the participants filled in a state version form with the sensation-seeking adjectives every 4.5 minutes. This study considers that the Sensation-Seeking Scale list of adjectives from the MAACL-R, available in both trait and state versions, is a good psychometric approach to assess GFP. The results show that GFP is modified by a single dose of caffeine in the direction predicted by the UTPT.

Indian Sports Nicknames/Logos: Affective Difference between American Indian and Non-Indian College Students

The use of American Indian (AI) words and images in athletic teams' nicknames, logos, and mascots remains a controversial issue. This study investigated the emotional impact of the University of North Dakota's "Fighting Sioux" nickname/logo on 33 AI and 36 majority culture (MC) students enrolled at the university. Participants completed the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised (MAACL-R) before viewing two slide presentations of Fighting Sioux-related images: one neutral (i.e., non-controversial) and one controversial. Participants completed the MAACL-R after each presentation. They also completed the Nickname and Logo Distress Scale, and AI participants completed the Northern Plains Biculturalism Inventory to assess their degree of cultural orientation. Results showed that AIs experienced higher negative affect following both slide presentations than did MC participants. MC participants' affect was only changed following the controversial slide presentation. The findings suggest AI students may experience significantly higher levels of psychological distress when viewing even neutral images of AI nicknames/logos.

Detecting Differential Item Functioning in the Japanese Version of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List—Revised

This study examines the differential item functioning (DIF) of the English version and the Japanese-translated version of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List—Revised (MAACL-R) using the logistic regression (LR) procedure. The results of the LR are supplemented by multiple group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA). A total of five items are consistently flagged as showing DIF by both methods and based on the effect size criteria set forth by Jodoin and Gierl. One item shows nonuniform DIF, whereas four items show uniform DIF. Elimination or modification of the items with DIF can facilitate the appropriate use of the Japanese MAACL-R, especially in cross-cultural studies.

Measurement of antepartum depressive symptoms during high‐risk pregnancy

This methodological study was designed to replicate three previous studies of depressive symptoms, compare assessment of antepartum depressive symptoms among high-risk pregnant women using three standardized instruments, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the instruments. The sample consisted of 89 high-risk pregnant women treated with bed rest, of whom 37 remained hospitalized at 4 weeks. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist Revised (MAACL-R) Dysphoria construct, the Profile of Mood States (POMS) Depression scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) across antepartum hospitalization. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity were high. Depressive symptoms were high on admission as measured by all three instruments and significantly decreased across time when measured by the MAACL-R and POMS.

Dysphoria among high-risk pregnant hospitalized women on bed rest: a longitudinal study.

While approximately 700,000 women experience pregnancy complications and are treated with bed rest in the hospital each year, little is known about negative affect in these women. The study purpose was to describe dysphoria, a composite of symptoms of negative affect across the antepartum and postpartum and to identify the relationship between dysphoria and the length of pre-admission home bed rest, hospital bed rest, and maternal and fetal/neonatal indices of risk. The convenience sample for this longitudinal repeated measures study consisted of 63 high-risk pregnant women admitted on antepartum bed rest to one of three university-affiliated hospitals. Women were included if they were diagnosed with (a) preterm labor, (b) premature rupture of membranes, (c) incompetent cervix, (d) placenta previa, (e) placental abruption or multiple gestation, and (f) did not have a psychiatric disorder. The Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist-Revised (MAACL-R) was used to assess dysphoria. Obstetric risk status was assessed by both the Hobel and Creasy Risk Assessment tools. Dysphoria was highest upon hospital admission and decreased significantly across time (F (5) = 23.58, p <.001). Positive Affect-Sensation Seeking significantly increased across time (F (5) = 53.16, p <.001). Dysphoria scores were significantly greater for those with highest Hobel obstetric risk scores (F (1, 60) = 4.53, p =.037). Antepartum dysphoria was not correlated with gestational age upon hospital admission, length of bed rest, or Creasy risk status. However, gestational age at birth was significantly correlated with postpartum dysphoria. The stimulus for antepartum dysphoria is unclear. However, postpartum dysphoria appears to be related to indicators of the infant's state of health at birth.

Validation of Recruiter Personality Traits for Stress Resiliency

Recent research conducted with Army recruiters has classified recruiting as a high-risk occupation that includes consistently high levels of stress (Mullins &amp; Fatkin, 2000). Research found that recruiters with high neuroticism scores perceived higher levels of job-related stress. The objective of the present study was to validate these previous findings and identify recruiter characteristics that contribute to recruiter stress and performance. Participants for the study included 55 recruiters. The Zuckerman Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire III-Revised (ZKPQ) was used to measure personality. The Multiple Affect Adjective CheckList - Revised (MAACL-R), Subjective Stress Scale, and Specific Rating of Events Scale were used to measure state levels of stress. A cluster analysis was performed with the five subscale measures of the ZKPQ resulting in a four-cluster solution: High Impulsivity-High Neuroticism, Low Impulsivity-High Neuroticism, Low Impulsivity-Low Neuroticism, and High Impulsivity-Low Neuroticism. Separate ANOVAs were computed between personality clusters and recruiter performance and stress measures. Research findings partially supported previous results. Consistent with previous findings (Mullins &amp; Fatkin, 2000), differences in personality did not result in mission performance differences. MAACL-R results indicate that individuals in the high Neuroticism groups perceive higher levels of stress. However, findings for the Subjective Stress Scale and Specific Rating of Events Scale were not significantly related to trait personality clusters.

Early extubation after cardiac surgery: Emotional status in the early postoperative period

Objective: To compare the emotional state during the first 3 days after coronary artery surgery of patients who had undergone early versus conventional extubation. Design: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Setting: University hospital, single center. Participants: Eligible patients (n = 100) presenting for elective coronary artery surgery, randomized to an early extubation group or a conventional extubation group. Interventions: Emotional status was measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), the Self Assessment Manikin (SAM), and the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R). Tests were administered preoperatively and on the 1st and 3rd days postoperatively. Measurements and Main Results: Of patients in the conventional extubation group, 30% showed moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (HAD score >10) on day 3 postoperatively compared with 8% of patients in the early extubation group (p = 0.02). There was a clinically insignificant increase in MAACL-R depression score on the 1st postoperative day within both groups but no other differences within or between groups in SAM or MAACL-R scores. Conclusion: Early extubation results in fewer patients displaying depressive symptoms on the 3rd postoperative day but appears to have little effect on other measurements of emotional status. Anesthetic management during coronary artery bypass graft surgery may play an important role in the overall well-being of the patient by decreasing the incidence of postoperative depression. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company

Mood Changes in Adolescents Using Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate for Contraception: A Prospective Study

Study Objective: Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is thought to cause changes in mood among patients using it for contraception. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in negative and positive affect among adolescent females using DMPA as a contraceptive agent. Design, Setting, Participants: This prospective study was set in an urban hospital adolescent clinic. Thirty-nine adolescents choosing DMPA as a contraceptive agent and 24 adolescents not using any hormonal contraception were enrolled as subjects and controls, respectively. Two standardized questionnaires, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist–Revised (MAACL-R), were administered at baseline to all participants and readministered at 3, 6, and 12 months. Main Outcome Measures: Changes in negative affect from baseline to 3, 6, and 12 months were evaluated by the BDI and by “dysphoria” subscale scores of the MAACL-R. Paired t-tests were used to measure these changes in subjects and controls separately. Results: The mean change in BDI scores from baseline to one year for those who completed one year was −4.8 for subjects ( P = .02) and +.3 ( P = .84) for controls. The mean change in the dysphoria subscale scores was −5.7 ( P = .21) for the subjects and −.1 ( P = .98) for the controls while the change in the positive affect scores over a period of one year were −2.1 ( P = .46) and +.1 ( P = .98) for subjects and controls, respectively. Conclusions: Adolescents using DMPA do not show depressive symptoms when using DMPA as a contraceptive agent over a period of 12 months as measured by the BDI and show no significant changes in negative or positive affect as measured by the MAACL-R.

Development of a random response scale for the multiple affect adjective check list-revised.

A scale was constructed to identify random responses on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. Items chosen were the 14 least frequently checked items and 14 most frequently checked items, plus the seven most frequently checked negative items and the seven least frequently checked positive items (total=42). The Random Response Scale successfully differentiated random protocols from those produced by 420 college students, and scores on the scale were significantly higher for the college students than for the random sample. In addition, correlations between scores on the Random Response Scale and the Communality Scale (Adjective Check List) and the NEO-FFI Conscientiousness Scale suggest its usefulness as a measure of "conscientiousness" or "dependableness."

DEVELOPMENT OF A RANDOM RESPONSE SCALE FOR THE MULTIPLE AFFECT ADJECTIVE CHECK LIST-REVISED

A scale was constructed to identify random responses on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. Items chosen were the 14 least frequently checked items and 14 most frequently checked items, plus the seven most frequently checked negative items and the seven least frequently checked positive items (total = 42). The Random Response Scale successfully differentiated random protocols from those produced by 420 college students, and scores on the scale were significantly higher for the college students than for the random sample. In addition, correlations between scores on the Random Response Scale and the Communality Scale (Adjective Check List) and the NEO-FFI Conscientiousness Scale suggest its usefulness as a measure of “conscientiousness” or “dependableness.”

MOOD AS AN INDEX OF PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENTS' PROGRESS IN GROUP THERAPY

In a study of the use of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised and a set of scaled questions at the end of each group therapy session, the following results were found: (1) This checklist is sufficiently reliable and valid for use in psychiatric inpatient settings. (2) For patients who attended all 10 group therapy sessions there was a significant decrease in negative mood and a significant increase in positive mood from Sessions 1 to 10. (3) For patients who attended 10 consecutive sessions, there were significant increases from Sessions 1 to 10 in the perception that the therapist was trying to help them, they felt close to other members of the group, they felt hopeful of getting well, they openly tried to help another group member, and they openly expressed their feelings during the sessions.

Affect traits in differential diagnosis of anxiety, depressive, and schizophrenic disorders using the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised.

A study of 185 psychiatric patients with anxiety, mood, and schizophrenic disorders and 185 matched nonpatient controls investigated the effectiveness of the affect trait scales of the revised Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL-R) in differentiating the three disorders. Univariate and multivariate analyses supported the usefulness of the affect in global and specific diagnostic classifications. The strongest discriminant function described a general dysphoria dimension (Depression plus Anxiety minus Positive Affect) which differentiated the anxiety and mood disorder groups from schizophrenic patients and nonpatient controls. A second discriminant function best differentiated the anxiety from mood disorder groups and was defined by relatively higher anxiety and normal sensation seeking scores among anxiety disorders and relatively higher depression and lower sensation seeking among mood disorders. Schizophrenic disorders could not be reliably distinguished from the other groups by negative affect scales, although they scored lower on positive affect than normals. It was concluded that the MAACL-R was valid in making both global and specific diagnostic classifications.

Response manipulation on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised.

The scoring pattern of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R) under both "simulate good" and "simulate bad" conditions and under two instructional sets, either "simulate" (Sample 1) or "simulate with caution" (Sample 2), was studied in an experiment in which the MAACL-R state form was administered to two groups of college students, each consisting of 160 participants. Each participant was tested twice with both a baseline "actual" trial and either a "simulate bad" or "simulate good" trial with the "actual" and experimental "simulate" trials counterbalanced. Participants in Sample 2, but not Sample 1, received instructions to be "cautious so as not to be detected." As expected, the scoring pattern of the MAACL-R was susceptible to response manipulation in the predicted directions. However, instructions to "simulate with caution" did not produce significantly different scores than did instructions to "simulate" alone. In the second study, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) was used to determine the utility of each MAACL-R scale to detect response simulation. For both "simulate bad" and "simulate good," the PA and PASS scales showed the highest correct classification rates. However, detection of simulating bad was more accurate than determination of simulating good.

A grade four reading level key for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised.

Data from samples of College Students (n = 433), Adolescents (n = 746), and a community mental health center sample (Outpatients) (n = 202) were rescored using a scoring key that consisted of adjectives from the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised at or below the Grade 4 reading level (MAACL-R4). Factor analyses showed that, unlike the MAACL-R, a three-factor structure (Positive Affect 4, Anxious Depression 4, and Hostility 4) best described the 38 Grade 4 adjectives on the MAACL-R4. Estimates of reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) for each scale were acceptable. Correlations between scores on MAACL-R4 and four Self-rating Mood Scales showed expected convergent and discriminant validities. Also, patterns of means among the three groups could differentiate the nonreferred from referred samples.

Construction of validity scales for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised.

Three scales, the Fake Bad Scale, the Fake Good Scale, and the Fake Bad-Fake Good scales were developed and evaluated with respect to their capacity to detect response manipulation on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised. Cutting scores for each scale were cross-validated in two samples consisting of three groups: (1) college students simulating either "fake good" or "fake bad," (2) college students under standard instructions, and (3) psychiatric patients. Cutting scores on the three scales were compared with cutting scores established for the MAACL-R Dysphoria and Positive Affect plus Sensation Seeking. Analysis indicated that these scales were more accurate than the Positive Affect plus Sensation Seeking and the Dysphoria scales in detecting response manipulation.

A Grade-Six Reading Level Key for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised

A scoring key containing adjectives from the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R) at or below the Grade 6 reading level (MAACL-R6) was used to rescore data from two nonreferred samples (college students, ns = 52 and 78) and one referred sample of 202 from a community mental health center outpatient clinic. Reliability (measures of internal consistency and test-retest) and validity (correlations with five 5-point self-rating mood scales) were almost as high as those for the MAACL-R, and convergence among the MAACL-R6 scales was not increased. Means for the referred group were significantly higher.

Propofol and Thiopental Anesthesia

The purpose of this study was to investigate perioperative mood profiles and the incidence of dreams in patients receiving anesthesia with either propofol (n = 29) or thiopental (n = 27) in combination with nitrous oxide. The study was a prospective, randomized, and double-blind investigation of female patients undergoing outpatient dilation and curettage. Recall of dreams was assessed 1 h postoperatively and the following day by using a questionnaire designed for surgical patients. Mood profiles were quantified using the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List-Revised (MAACL-R), a self-administered questionnaire which was completed preoperatively and 1 h postoperatively. Our results indicate that postoperatively, all patients were significantly less anxious than preoperatively (P < 0.0001). In the postoperative period, patients receiving propofol exhibited sensation-seeking tendencies (i.e., active, adventurous, aggressive, daring, energetic, enthusiastic, merry) when compared to the thiopental patients (P < 0.02). The incidence of dreams was small and equal in both groups. We conclude that patients anesthetized with propofol and nitrous oxide, as compared to patients anesthetized with thiopental and nitrous oxide, were more likely to demonstrate adventurous tendencies in the postoperative period.