Multipath Optimized Link State Routing Research Articles

MCLMR: A Multicriteria Based Multipath Routing in the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), nodes’ mobility, traffic congestion, and link quality estimation of the intermediate nodes are very crucial factors for establishing a reliable forwarding path between a source and destination node pairs. The unpredictable movement of nodes and random data traffic flow at a single node can cause congestion and network topology instability, which significantly lowers the performance of the ad hoc network. Indeed, the above-highlighted issues can be mitigated by implementing a more reliable mobility-centric, contention, and link quality-aware routing protocol for efficient data transmissions in a mobile network. This paper proposes a routing strategy called Mobility, Contention window, and Link quality sensitive multipath Routing (MCLMR) in MANETs, which considers the nodes mobility, contention window size, and link quality estimated value of the intermediate nodes in the optimal route selection. Also, Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution; a multicriteria decision-making technique, which provides weights according to node mobility, contention window size, and link quality estimated values, is also employed for the selection of intermediate nodes, whereas the Expected Number of Transmissions metric is used to minimize the effect of control message storm. The extensive simulations results prove that the proposed MCLMR routing scheme outperforms the conventional Multipath Optimized Link State Routing (MP-OLSR) and MP-OLSRv2 routing schemes in terms of network throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and packets loss ratio.

A hybrid secure routing and monitoring mechanism in IoT-based wireless sensor networks

Internet of Things (IoT) has advanced its pervasiveness across the globe for the development of smart networks. It is aimed to deploy network edge that enables smart services and computation for the IoT devices. In addition, this deployment would not only improve the user experience but also provide service resiliency in case of any catastrophes. In IoT applications, the edge computing exploits distributed architecture and closeness of end-users to provide faster response and better quality of service. However, the security concern is majorly addressed to resist the vulnerability of attacks (VoA). Existing methodologies deal only with static wireless sensor web to deduce the intrusions in which the sensor nodes are deployed in a uniform manner to retain the constancy. Since the sensor nodes are constantly being in question through different transmission regions with several levels of velocities, selection of sensor monitoring nodes or guard nodes has become a challenging job in recent research. In addition, the adversaries are also moving from one location to another to explore its specific chores around the network. Thus, to provide flexible security, we propose a secure routing and monitoring protocol with multi-variant tuples using Two-Fish (TF) symmetric key approach to discover and prevent the adversaries in the global sensor network. The proposed approach is designed on the basis of the Authentication and Encryption Model (ATE). Using Eligibility Weight Function (EWF), the sensor guard nodes are selected and it is hidden with the help of complex symmetric key approach. A secure hybrid routing protocol is chosen to be built by inheriting the properties of both Multipath Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocols. The result of the proposed approach is shown that it has a high percentage of monitoring nodes in comparison with the existing routing schemes. Moreover, the proposed routing mechanism is resilient to multiple mobile adversaries; and hence it ensures multipath delivery.

Mobility, Residual Energy, and Link Quality Aware Multipath Routing in MANETs with Q-learning Algorithm

To facilitate connectivity to the internet, the easiest way to establish communication infrastructure in areas affected by natural disaster and in remote locations with intermittent cellular services and/or lack of Wi-Fi coverage is to deploy an end-to-end connection over Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). However, the potentials of MANETs are yet to be fully realized as existing MANETs routing protocols still suffer some major technical drawback in the areas of mobility, link quality, and battery constraint of mobile nodes between the overlay connections. To address these problems, a routing scheme named Mobility, Residual energy and Link quality Aware Multipath (MRLAM) is proposed for routing in MANETs. The proposed scheme makes routing decisions by determining the optimal route with energy efficient nodes to maintain the stability, reliability, and lifetime of the network over a sustained period of time. The MRLAM scheme uses a Q-Learning algorithm for the selection of optimal intermediate nodes based on the available status of energy level, mobility, and link quality parameters, and then provides positive and negative reward values accordingly. The proposed routing scheme reduces energy cost by 33% and 23%, end to end delay by 15% and 10%, packet loss ratio by 30.76% and 24.59%, and convergence time by 16.49% and 11.34% approximately, compared with other well-known routing schemes such as Multipath Optimized Link State Routing protocol (MP-OLSR) and MP-OLSRv2, respectively. Overall, the acquired results indicate that the proposed MRLAM routing scheme significantly improves the overall performance of the network.

Efficient Load Balancing Techniques for Wireless Mesh Networks Based on Multi-Path Optimized Link State Routing Protocol

Efficient Load Balancing Techniques for Wireless Mesh Networks Based on Multi-Path Optimized Link State Routing Protocol

Multipath Optimized Link State Routing Protocol with Multi-Variant Deficit Round Robin

Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) is extended by multipath allocation of bandwidths which is known to be Multipath Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (MP-OLSR). OLSR is proactive that widely used in communication of dense and complex network traffic as it is more stable and easily adaptive. MP-OLSR takes multipath Dijkstra’s algorithm which is used for better performance of MANET routing protocols by considering scalability, route recovery and loop breakage detection in communication network traffic. MP-OLSR protocols with improvements have been proposed such as implementation of Round Robin, weighted Round Robin (WRR). But these protocols lack multi-variant adaptability to network path conditions. So, in order to overcome such drawbacks, an enhanced MP-OLSR-Deficit Round Robin (DRR) combined with QoS metrics delay, and mobility speed of nodes is proposed. To implement proposed system, network simulator NS2 is presented along with result showing packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and jitter.

A Hybrid Secure Routing and Monitoring Mechanism using Authorized and Concealed Arbitrary Watchdogs in Wireless Sensor Networks

Selection of watchdog nodes in random wireless sensor networks for the secure data transmission is truly a challenging job for recent researches. Here, the adversaries are moving from one position to another location around the network to do their chores. To improve the level of security in this sensor network, here, a secure routing and monitoring mechanism using Authorized Concealed Arbitrary Watchdogs (ACAW) has been proposed. These Authorized and Concealed Arbitrary Watchdogs are selected from the network using the Eligibility Weight Function (EWF) and making themselves hidden and secured with the help of complex symmetric key approaches to do both routing the data and monitoring the other nodes behaviors. To select the Authorized and Concealed Arbitrary Watchdogs, a secure hybrid routing protocol has been implemented by inheriting the properties of both Multipath Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Adhoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocols. This hybrid link state and distance vector mechanism helps to improve the selection and maintenance of ACAW set with less routing overhead. Results of the proposed approach shows the ACAWs are constantly available even the dynamically changing factor of the network.

An intelligent multipath optimized link state routing protocol for QoS and QoE enhancement of video transmission in MANETs

The instability and limited resources in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) make the video transmission over such networks a challenging task. Transmission of video streams through multipath routing protocols in MANETs can enhance the quality of video transmission. To this end, we propose an extension of MP-OLSR (multipath optimized link state routing protocol), named FQ-MP-OLSR (fuzzy based quality of service MP-OLSR), which integrates two fuzzy systems. The first receives as inputs three quality of service (QoS) links metrics: delay, throughput and signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and returns as output multi-constrained QoS metric used to find the best paths. The second fuzzy system is applied to adapt cost functions used to penalize paths previously computed by Dijkstra's algorithm. To schedule multimedia traffic among heterogeneous multiple paths, FQ-MP-OLSR integrates also the weighted round-robin (WRR) scheduling algorithm, where the path weights, needed for scheduling, are computed using the multi-constrained QoS metric provided by the first fuzzy system. These mechanisms allow FQ-MP-OLSR to improve video QoS and QoE (quality of experiment), against the MP-OLSR that uses classical mechanisms such as hop count as single routing metric, cost functions without adaptation and round-robin (RR) as scheduling algorithm. Implementation and simulation experiments with Network Simulator NS2 are presented in order to validate our proposed approach. The results show that FQ-MP-OLSR achieves a significant improvement of the video streaming quality in term of QoS and QoE.

Delay constraint multipath routing for wireless multimedia ad hoc networks

SummaryAccording to the disadvantages of real time and continuity for multimedia services in ad hoc networks, a delay constraint multipath routing protocol for wireless multimedia ad hoc networks, which can satisfy quality of service (QoS) requirement (QoS multipath optimized link state routing [MOLSR]), is proposed. The protocol firstly detects and analyzes the link delay among the nodes and collects the delay information as the routing metric by HELLO message and topology control message. Then, through using the improved multipath Dijkstra algorithm for path selection, the protocol can gain the minimum delay path from the source node to the other nodes. Finally, when the route is launched, several node‐disjoint or link‐disjoint multipaths will be built through the route computation. The simulation and test results show that QoS‐MOLSR is suitable for large and dense networks with heavy traffic. It can improve the real time and reliability for multimedia transmission in wireless multimedia ad hoc networks. The average end‐to‐end delay of QoS‐MOLSR is four times less than the optimized link state routing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Optimization of Energy Consumption for OLSR Routing Protocol in MANET

Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) eliminates the complexity associated with an infrastructure networks. Wireless devices are allowed to communicate on the fly for applications. It does not rely on base station to coordinate the flow of the nodes in the network. This paper introduces an algorithm of multipath OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) for energy optimization of the nodes in the network. It is concluded that this solution improves the number of nodes alive by about 10 to 25% by always choosing energy optimized paths in the network with some increase in normalized routing overheads.

Multipath optimized link state routing for mobile ad hoc networks

Multipath routing protocols for Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) address the problem of scalability, security (confidentiality and integrity), lifetime of networks, instability of wireless transmissions, and their adaptation to applications. Our protocol, called MultiPath OLSR (MP-OLSR), is a multipath routing protocol based on OLSR [1]. The Multipath Dijkstra Algorithm is proposed to obtain multiple paths. The algorithm gains great flexibility and extensibility by employing different link metrics and cost functions. In addition, route recovery and loop detection are implemented in MP-OLSR in order to improve quality of service regarding OLSR. The backward compatibility with OLSR based on IP source routing is also studied. Simulation based on Qualnet simulator is performed in different scenarios. A testbed is also set up to validate the protocol in real world. The results reveal that MP-OLSR is suitable for mobile, large and dense networks with large traffic, and could satisfy critical multimedia applications with high on time constraints.