Multimedia Data Transfer Research Articles

Adaptive RPL Routing Optimization Model for Multimedia Data Transmission using IOT

Objectives: The main objectives of this research endeavor encompass the development of the Adaptive RPL Optimization (ARPLO) model to enhance data transmission efficiency within IoT networks. This includes constructing a grid-based network structure optimized for data transfer, selecting the most suitable nodes as grid head nodes to maximize network lifespan while minimizing energy consumption, implementing an innovative objective function-driven approach to optimize parent node selection, and integrating an Adaptive Deep Neural Network (ADNN) to accurately classify medical data. Methods: The research methodology entails several key steps. A grid-based network structure is established with IoT nodes and root nodes, where a DODAG process incorporating DIO messages is utilized for node ranking. To enhance energy efficiency, the Trickle algorithm is employed for control message optimization. Grid head nodes are chosen based on metrics such as root node fairness, residual energy, and load influence index. The novel Middle Order Optimal Routing (MOOR) objective function is utilized to optimize routing decisions. ADNN is implemented for precise medical data classification. The proposed model's performance is evaluated through simulation in a Python environment. Findings: The research findings demonstrate that the ARPLO model yields notable benefits compared to existing models. It achieves higher energy efficiency, improved throughput, enhanced packet delivery ratio (PDR), and an extended network lifespan. The Trickle algorithm contributes to efficient control message optimization. The MOOR-based routing approach improves multimedia medical data transfer. Moreover, the integration of ADNN enhances the accuracy of data classification, particularly in healthcare applications. The research outcomes align with the broader field's existing values and reports while offering novel insights that contribute to enhancing the existing knowledge base. ARPLO protocol performance reveals that there is increase of throughput of 31.2%, PDR by 7.12%, lifetime of 10.7 % with reduction of energy consumption by 12.72%, control overhead by 31.01% and end-to-end delay by 33.01%. Novelty: The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive approach that integrates a grid-based network structure, MOOR-based optimization, and ADNN-based classification. The incorporation of the Trickle algorithm for energy-efficient communication is an innovative feature. The introduction of new metrics for grid head node selection, along with the application of the MOOR objective function for multimedia medical data routing, showcases the research's innovative contributions. Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), RPL (Routing Protocol for Low­Power and Lossy Networks), Optimization, Routing, Multimedia, Healthcare

Optimize the Network Coding Paths to Enhance the Coding Protection in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network

Efficient protection techniques for multimedia data transfer over Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are very essential issues. In noisy Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) Quality of Service (QoS) is a challenging task due to bandwidth and limited energy, and unpredictable channel conditions. Therefore, Forward Error Correction (FEC), a class of channel coding has been widely used in WSN. Nevertheless, the bulky size of multimedia data makes it more difficult to be transported over the noisy multi-hop wireless network. Moreover, the efficiency of FEC drops as the number of hops increases. In this paper, an optimized protection technique based on network coding and rateless code has been proposed to enhance the throughput and reduce overhead during data transfer in WMSN. The performance of NCP-OPR is enhanced via Optimal Network Path Model (ONPM) where the best available paths are optimally selected using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In conjunction with the proposed protection scheme, the proposed ONPM is intended for limited power WSN by optimally distributing the power usage among the network paths so that the throughput can be improved.

A Novel Approach on Efficient Data Transfer in Multimedia Communication Network

In the Wireless sensor networks, the main crucial part as we observe based on literature analysis managing Real-time data, load balancing, security of data, managing data, and also transmitting large (multimedia data) from source to destination using WMSN. Using the proposed system work on energy efficiency and robustness of the system and based on result analysis achieve the better result as compared to the existing system.
 Introduction: The growth of wireless sensor networks during the past ten years has altered how data is gathered and retrieved from different areas. With the expansion of communication infrastructure, the requirement and use of Multimedia Wireless Sensor Networks is becoming more widespread on these days. These networks confront a number of difficulties in ensuring user data is secure, trustworthy, and private, just like any other WMSNs.
 Objectives: This paper works on multimedia data transmission in WMSN and for that works on 3-bit LSB Embedding for transmitting large-size data with min energy consumption rate as compared to other methods like AES, ECC, etc.
 Methods: 3-bit LSB Embedding will be done which provides secrecy of the data and then we will implement the Energy Efficient routing to the embedded multimedia data for WMSN .
 Results: The shortest path optimization, using energy efficient routing protocol, by sensor nodes to transfer multimedia-data from source-node to destination-node achieved in WMSN. The average energy consumption and throughput of 400 multimedia sensor nodes transferring large amount multimedia-data transfer from source-to-destination WMSN. Existing work shows that it has high energy consumption and low throughput as compare to the proposed work.
 Conclusions: In this paper, work on energy-efficient real time multimedia data trans receive using Wireless sensor network use 3-bit LSB data embedding in multimedia data transmission in a wireless sensor network for compress data. Based 3-bit LSB data embedding for digital audio, image, video, and 3D media. Given the tremendous developments in digital media communications ranging from conventional digital audio to immersive media, LSB data hiding plays an important role in providing high capacity and maintaining imperceptibility by considering mechanisms of the HAS and HVS. This paper uses a hybrid approach for secure data as well as compressing it using a 3-bit LSB embedding approach as well as for making energy optimization using a trust mechanism for set initial threshold values of parameters like min energy required, transmission power, location, transmission power, etc. in the transmission side source node and another surrounding node will be selected based on a parameter that we reserve than apply 3-bit LSB embedding on data and on the receiver and apply same de-embedding after selecting receiver node. And for establishing communication select the most appropriate and optimized path based on energy and location-based estimation. With the proposed structure we achieve significantly improve in results as achieve more throughput and less energy consumption as compared to the existing system.

Optimized Security Algorithms for Intelligent and Autonomous Vehicular Transportation Systems

With the growth of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in Intelligent Autonomous Transport Systems (IATS), a huge volume of data is exchanged between vehicles in these newly developed infrastructures. As a result, the requirements of securing data exchange between vehicles, autonomous or otherwise, have also increased tremendously. Securing data transfer and keeping a record of each transaction becomes a necessity in IoV/IATS. In this paper, we propose some optimized security algorithms using symmetric encryption for secure multimedia data transfer between vehicles. The main feature of these optimized algorithms is that they use a lower amount of data to generate fingerprints. The algorithms convert approximately 3.7 x 10⁵ samples of data into 3600 samples to generate the fingerprint. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to fetch the highest three peak values of the signal in the frequency domain. A centralized server authenticates the data transfer by comparing the HASH of the fingerprints and also keeps the transaction record. Through experimental analysis, the performance of proposed algorithms is confirmed by achieving reduced size samples to generate fingerprints and their authentication at the server-side.

Empirical Compression Features of Mobile Computing and Data Applications Using Deep Neural Networks

Due to the enormous data sizes involved in mobile computing and multimedia data transfer, it is possible that more data traffic may be generated, necessitating the use of data compression. As a result, this paper investigates how mobile computing data are compressed under all transmission scenarios. The suggested approach integrates deep neural networks (DNN) at high weighting functionalities for compression modes. The proposed method employs appropriate data loading and precise compression ratios for successful data compression. The accuracy of multimedia data that must be conveyed to various users is higher even though compression ratios are higher. The same data are transferred at significantly higher compression ratios, which save time while also minimizing data mistakes that may occur at the receiver. The DNN process also includes a visible parameter for handling high data-weight situations. The visible parameter optimizes the data results, allowing simulation tools to readily observe the compressed data. A comparison case study was created for five different scenarios in order to confirm the results, and it shows that the suggested strategy is significantly more effective than existing methods in roughly 63 percent of the cases.

Chaotic based multimedia encryption: a survey for network and internet security

Nowadays the security of multimedia data storage and transfer is becoming a major concern. The traditional encryption methods such as DES, AES, 3-DES, and RSA cannot be utilized for multimedia data encryption since multimedia data include an enormous quantity of redundant data, a very large size, and a high correlation of data elements. Chaos-based approaches have the necessary characteristics for dynamic multimedia data encryption. In the context of dynamical systems, chaos is extremely dependent on the initial conditions, non-convergence, non-periodicity, and exhibits a semblance of randomness. Randomness created from completely deterministic systems is a particularly appealing quality in the field of cryptography and information security. Since its inception in the early '90s, chaotic cryptography has seen a number of noteworthy changes. Throughout these years, several scientific breakthroughs have been made. This paper will give an overview of chaos-based cryptography and its most recent advances.

IESCA: An efficient image encryption scheme using 2-D cellular automata

In the present era of Information Technology (IT), transfer of multimedia data is happening at a rapid pace. In many Internet-of-Things (IoT) based applications, sensor devices are sending information in the form of images. However, if the IoT applications are used in the information sensitive sectors like defense, healthcare, etc., the images must be encrypted before sending to the gateway fog nodes. Again, traditional encryption algorithms will not work in such scenarios due to the resource constraint nature of IoT devices. Here, Cellular Automata (CA) plays an important role. In this paper, a new secure and efficient image encryption technique is proposed using 2-D Moore Cellular Automata (MCA), called as IESCA which is lossless and easy to implement in hardware. Cellular Automata can generate random and chaotic sequence much faster than the existing chaotic sequence generators. It uses local transformations based on one bit state values of each of its neighbors. It makes CA implementation very easy and less resource consuming. Moreover, considering Moore convention has increased the key space more than the existing CA based image ciphering techniques. The randomness of the cipher images are evaluated using DIEHARD and NIST statistical test suites. Additionally, several security and performance analyses of the IESCA have proved its robustness and resistance against security attacks. Experimental results of the IESCA show its efficiency when compared to the existing encryption techniques. The proposed scheme has achieved 2.76% improvement in terms of execution time when compared with the state-of-the-arts. Moreover, the proposed scheme has achieved 5.02% improvement in terms of NPCR and 7.69% improvement in terms of UACI values when compared with the existing schemes.

Approaches of Chaotic Image Encryption models in Enlightening Image Storage and Security systems

The present life scenario has become completely digital and intelligent in all aspects, including the way of communication, production methodologies, medical sciences and other entertainment domains. Out of all domains, communication plays a vital role in every human life and the same is valid for corporates who handle bulk amount of data to be transmitted. This may include a multimedia data transfer between defense authorities of various countries or between a commercial information sharing centers. Under these circumstances, such information is to be transmitted in a secured channel. Unfortunately, secured fiber optic or any other wired communication is highly expensive and not affordable for infinite number of users. Hence, most of the communications among people are only through wireless channels. Due to the tremendous developments in communication standards up to 5G, people prefer wireless communications to cover the whole part of the world. As the information is freely available to anyone in the form of electromagnetic waves, it is impossible to share privately through a common wireless network due to week encryption methodologies. Simultaneously key space is not abundant. This has been highly inspired to pursue research in a different direction to a greater degree and to develop the measurements of current cryptography protocols and procedures. Choosing a chaotic encryption domain has several compelling explanations as described here.

IEVCA: An efficient image encryption technique for IoT applications using 2-D Von-Neumann cellular automata

Present era is marked by exponential growth in transfer of multimedia data through internet. Most of the Internet-of-Things(IoT) applications send images to cloud storages through internet. However, in sensitive applications such as healthcare, defense, etc., these images should be encrypted before transmission through insecure public channels to gateway fog nodes. Conventional encryption algorithms cannot be used there due to the resource constraint characters of IoT devices. Here, Cellular Automata (CA) based encryption algorithms can be used because of their inherent simplicity in implementation in hardware, without affecting the capability of generating highly random sequences. In this paper, a lightweight, robust and secure image encryption technique has been proposed using 2-D Von-Neumann Cellular Automata (VCA), called IEVCA, which is lossless, correlation immune and has all the essential properties of a good image cipher. Additionally, the proposed technique passes all the randomness tests of DIEHARD and NIST statistical test suites. Moreover, several security and performance analyses of the IEVCA proved its efficiency and resistance against security attacks. Experimental results of the IEVCA show its better performance when compared to the existing encryption techniques.

Differentiated Service Model-Supported Cluster-Based Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Network finds its extensive use in healthcare applications for the transfer of time-critical data through wireless connectivity. The primary cause of network failure is the transfer of time-critical multimedia data. The article presents a new differentiated service modelsupported (DSM) cluster-based routing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that overcomes the above issue. DSM prioritizes the transfer of different flow types based on packet type and packet size. The employment of computational offloading minimizes delay for critical and small-sized data packets and by carrying out data reduction of large-sized packets at proxy server. It outperforms the existing protocols in terms of energy efficiency, throughput, and reliability by prioritizing the transfer of time-critical health application data

An enhanced anonymity resilience security protocol for vehicular ad-hoc network with Scyther simulation

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) refers to the wireless interconnection of vehicles for exchanging useful information among them. The transmitted information provides insight into safety and comfort in driving. It is also used in the analysis of traffic, road safety measures, vehicle performance data, and multimedia data transfer between vehicles using uninterrupted Internet connectivity. Adversaries can create several interruptions in the system after extracting sensitive information. Hence, a robust security protocol is essential to establish secure communication. In this article, we investigate the Bidi et al.’s protocol and find that the protocol has several important security flaws. We then propose a robust protocol that guarantees high-level security protection on the existing security attacks and additionally, protects all related possible attacks. Furthermore, our simulation using Scyther confirms that all the private information is protected during establishing a common key. All the performance factors of the protocol are also superior in comparison with existing works.

Peak power reduction in multicarrier systems using Goppa codes

Multicarrier modulation (MCM) schemes are in use in both wireless and wired communication systems for transfer of multimedia data and is an attractive solution to high speed wireless data transmission system. OFDM, the most widely used MCM technology is extensively used in the field of radio communications yielding a high data rate in mobile environment in presence of a hostile radio channel. Although OFDM is robust to frequency selective fading, it has a problem of PAPR ratio, which is prominent especially in the uplink of a mobile terminal. It is critical to maintain the efficiency of power amplifier due to the limited battery power. High PAPR occurs due to large fluctuations in OFDM signal envelope and requires a highly linear (HPA), which are expensive, bulky and difficult to manufacture. In order to reduce the PAPR, several techniques have been proposed which can be broadly classified as distortion based and distortion less schemes. In this paper a coded OFDM scheme using Goppa codes has been proposed which shows an improvement on reducing the peak power of transmitted signals compared to the uncoded signals along with error correction and detection.

Angle Characterization Radiation Detection of Microstrip Antenna for Short Range Terahertz Communication System

Communication technologies are crucial components to develop smart city systems related to low latency and massive data transfer. The near field communication (NFC) technology has been becoming more popular for close-range data transmissions, such as multimedia data transfer and non-contact payment, and still increasing in term of capacity and data transfer. Increasing carrier frequencies is a solution to fulfill those demands. In wireless communication technology, an antenna is a crucial element to convert electrical signals into electromagnetic waves or vice versa. Theoretically, an antenna dimension is comparable to the considered wavelength. This condition indicates that higher working frequency systems have a smaller antenna size due to its wavelength shorten. Terahertz (THz) spectrum band is promising to apply higher carrier frequencies. However, the antenna design and fabrication are becoming issues because of the tiny size, electronic components availability, and practical complexities. We have designed a microstrip antenna for working frequency of 0.35 THz by combining ground modification to cover distance and data rates up to 10 cm and more than 20 Gbps, respectively. By considering the previous design, this paper discusses different distances and rotation angles to analyze the effectiveness of wave transmission by simulation using CST Microwave Studio. Analysis use received power parameters to identify accepted signals detection possibility. The results show that the received power exceeded the sensitivity boundary from -50° to 40°, which show that the angles also limit the allowable accepted power level. Therefore, THz NFC systems should consider the antenna placement for an optimum condition application.

Modeling the conveyor-modular transfer of multimedia data in a sensor network of transport system

The paper studies the issues of distributed sensor networks interaction based on the Internet of Things architecture in the context of automated control systems design for dynamic objects of transport infrastructure. The properties of multimedia streams like digital telemetry exchange and packet data delivery between the sensor controllers of urban transport network are analyzed. A method of modifying the standard Ethernet network interface at the logical link control (LLC) sublayer on Raw Socket technology for joint transmission of multi-channel telemetry and packet data is proposed. A software simulator has been developed for conveyor-modular transfer in Python codes for Linux Ubuntu operating system based on the dynamic data structuring by the markup tags. The relevance of this work is due to the need to further improve the open system interoperability when building heterogeneous Internet of Things. As a result of the studies conducted, the use of conveyor-modular transfer (CMT) for telemetry data exchange with limited latency in urban control systems of transport safety is substantiated. The tests of the conveyor-modular simulator confirmed the relevance and logical consistency of the basic principles of encoding, transmitting and decoding multimedia data in the communication channel of the Internet of Things. The obtained results create scientific and methodological prerequisites for replenishing the existing TCP/IP stack with a new internetworking protocol with limiting delays, which can be used in conjunction with the IP protocol in real-time applications of the Internet of Things, and above all, in urban transport safety management systems

Resource allocation and sharing for heterogeneous data collection over conventional 3GPP LTE and emerging NB-IoT technologies

Tremendous growth in the volumes and diversity of data to be collected in future Internet of Things (IoT) applications is one of the key challenges for the networking infrastructures as they evolve from 4G+ to true 5G systems. Particularly, ubiquitous deployments of wireless video surveillance cameras force the IoT service providers to support massive multimedia data transfer together with more ‘conventional’ machine-type communications. Hence, the data services in a complex IoT network may become heterogeneous, since several categories of traffic need to be supported simultaneously, each having its own loads, quality-of-service requirements, and radio technology preferences. An emerging example of the latter is the in-band deployment mode of the recently standardized NarrowBand IoT (NB-IoT) technology, where the same spectrum is shared between 3GPP LTE-connected high-end equipment and NB-IoT-connected low-end devices. However, while all of the necessary technology enablers are already in place, the question of how to share the available bandwidth efficiently has not been addressed comprehensively. Targeting the indicated challenge, this paper introduces feasible strategies for resource sharing between the multimedia and sensory data in a hybrid LTE/NB-IoT wireless deployment as well as compares them within our rigorous analytical methodology. The conducted numerical study advocates for one of the allocation strategies – dynamic resource sharing with reservation – as the preferred solution for reliable collection of heterogeneous data in large-scale 5G-grade IoT deployments.

Multipath Security Aware Routing Protocol for MANET Based on Trust Enhanced Cluster Mechanism for Lossless Multimedia Data Transfer

The dynamic nature of mobile nodes of ad hoc network is mostly affected by security problems which reduce data forwarding rate in multimedia sources. Due to the rapid growth of wireless applications, the different multitalented routing protocols are proposed in recent years. But the recent protocols are not efficient for multimedia applications, till now, specific security aware routing protocols are not proposed for multimedia data transfers. In this paper, we proposed trust enhanced cluster based multipath routing (TECM) algorithm. We use energy efficient PSO algorithm used to create cluster formation and cluster head, super cluster head are selected from trust values, which compute form proposed TECM algorithm. The multi trust factors are used for trust computation, such as frame/packet loss ratio, frame/packet forward energy, frame/packet receiving energy, routing overhead, received signal strength, frame/packet forward rate, average forward delay and protocol deviation flag. We then combine proposed TECM algorithm with standard multipath OLSR protocol (TECM-OLSR) to analyze the performance of proposed algorithm. The simulated results show that proposed TECM-OLSR protocol is very effective in terms of loss and delivery rate, delay, routing overhead and network lifetime compare to FPNT-OLSR.

Multipath Routing Handoff for Mobile Wireless Ad Hoc Network Infrastructure

In this paper, MWAN (Mobile Wireless Ad hoc Networks with internet connection) is considered, which is a solution for many tasks owing to its ease of use, and practicality. Recently, MWAN is required to support large data like multimedia data transfer and it is transferred through several relay nodes. There are 2 problems that cause difficulties for large data transfer through a mobile network. First one is rerouting delay by handoff and second one is network congestion caused by handoff. Also, faulty data transfer caused by handoff delay makes extra load and causes some problems for MWAN. To solve these problems and get network reliability, we propose a new multipath routing scheme that can provide solution for seamless connection while handoff. In the proposed scheme, our MWAN can support multiple paths for data transfer, maintain end-to-end connection while handoff and get new route quickly. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated and compared with other multipath routing scheme to show the improvement.

Digital Watermarking Approach Based on Edge Based Sorted Pixel Value Difference (ESPVD)

Objectives: The major challenge in Imaging applications, particularly Digital Multimedia data transfer over the internet is data authentication with copyright protection to ensure ownership of identification. This paper aims to propose a new digital watermarking approach based on Edgebased sorted pixel value difference (ESPVD) to protect copyrights. Method: The hypothesis behind the proposed method is mainly composed of two phases: Watermark inserting phase, detection and extraction phase. In the inserting phase, first of all motif pattern approach is used to generate the mixed Image and then, identify the edge pixel locations using morphological edge (ME) operator to embed the watermark. Now, sorted pixel value difference method is used to insert the watermark. The watermark extraction phase also uses the same procedure which is stated earlier to retrieve the watermark image. To evaluate and match the ground truth images with the proposed watermarked images, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and normalized cross correlation (NCC) are employed as quantitative measures. Findings: The proposed algorithm is tested with two logo images inserted over 30 different popular images and the outcomes indicates that the proposed approach is consistently performing well in terms of PSNR and NCC. Application/Improvements: The present approach provides high level of authentication, robustness, security and copyright protection against several attacks by using motif patterns while changing the order of pattern sequence in the formation of mixed image.

A Scalable Solution for Interactive Near Video-on-Demand Systems

The required real-time and high-rate transfer of multimedia data limits the numbers of requests that can be concurrently serviced by video-on-demand (VOD) systems. Resource-sharing techniques can be used to address this scalability challenge, but they greatly complicate the efficient support for interactive operations. We develop an overall solution for interactive near VOD systems that employ resource sharing. The proposed solution supports user interactions with short response times and low rejection probabilities. The solution includes a novel stream provisioning policy, which dynamically determines the best number of I-Streams (unicast streams for supporting interactive requests) and the maximum I-Stream length that can be allocated by the server. Furthermore, we use a sophisticated client-side cache management policy to maximize the percentage of interactive requests serviced from the client’s own cache. We study the system using realistic workload through extensive simulation.

Energy-aware memory management for embedded multidimensional signal processing applications

In real-time data-intensive multimedia processing applications, data transfer and storage significantly influence, if not dominate, all the major cost parameters of the design space—namely energy consumption, performance, and chip area. This paper presents an electronic design automation (EDA) methodology for the high-level design of hierarchical memory architectures in embedded data-intensive applications, mainly in the area of multidimensional signal processing. Different from the previous works, the problems of data assignment to the memory layers, of mapping the signals into the physical memories, and of banking the on-chip memory are addressed in a consistent way, based on the same formal model. This memory management framework employs techniques specific to the integral polyhedra based dependence analysis. The main design target is the reduction of the static and dynamic energy consumption in the hierarchical memory subsystem.