Multilevel Structure Research Articles

Hierarchical evolution of bone biomimicry and osteo-coagulo-immunomodulation induced by the size of biological hydroxyapatite.

Biological hydroxyapatite (BHA) is widely used in the treatment of clinical bone defects due to its good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. The clinical application of mateiral size is based on the principle of bone defect area adaptation, which contributes to diversity of BHA sizes. However, different sizes correspond to different hierarchical levels of bone biomimicry. As the size changes, the bone biomimicry hierarchy evolves accordingly and influences the process of bone repair and regeneration through osteo-coagulo-immunomodulation, leading to unstable bone graft outcomes. Therefore, this paper reviews the size effect of clinical BHA, analyzes the multilevel structure of natural bone, proposes the evolution of bone biomimetic hierarchy triggered by the size of BHA, and further analyzes the size-media-ted osteo-coagulo-immunomodulation. Based on the hierarchical levels of bone and its osteo-coagulo-immunomodulation effect, we provide a new understanding of the biological principle of the size effect of biomaterials and a theoretical basis for the basic research and clinical application of different size BHA materials.

Multilevel Cu-LIG Tactile Sensing Arrays for 3D Touch Human-Machine Interaction.

High-performance flexible tactile sensors have attracted significant attention in the domains of human-machine interactions. However, the efficient fabrication of sensors with highly sensitive responses over a broad load range still remains a challenge. Here, we propose a one-step laser writing route to construct a distinctive multilevel piezoresistive structure, consisting of Cu nanoparticle-doped graphene protrusions and surrounding porous Cu sheets. This multilevel structure enables the assembled tactile sensors to exhibit superior sensitivity at both low-pressure (1468 kPa-1 at 0-200 kPa) and high-pressure (1345 kPa-1 at 600-800 kPa) stimulations. Its enhancement mechanism for piezoresistive sensing has been investigated. The programmable laser writing process facilitates the development of human-machine interaction devices that recognize multidimensional gestures such as sliding, clicking, and pressing. This advancement serves to promote the development of high-performance interactive sensing technologies.

Research on Innovation in Rural Public Infrastructure Management under the Background of Rural Revitalization

To promote the sustainable development of rural public infrastructure management in the context of rural revitalization, this study focuses on management systems, funding strategies, and maintenance capacities. It analyzes existing challenges in these areas, such as underdeveloped management structures, limited financial investment, and weak maintenance capacities. Through a multi-stakeholder approach led by the government, involving social participation and market-driven initiatives, an efficient management system is established to ensure high facility utilization and service quality. The analysis indicates that a well-developed institutional framework and a robust multi-level funding structure can significantly enhance infrastructure management efficiency, providing strong support for rural development.

Advances in constructing Carbon Fiber‐MXene multilevel structures to reinforce interfacial properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites

AbstractCarbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) have received widespread attention due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, the poor interfacial properties between CF and resin matrix urgently need feasible and efficient surface modification strategies of CF to regulate the interface. Due to its unique layered structure and abundant surface groups, MXene has been increasingly used in the field of CFRP interfacial modification in recent years. It possesses the advantages of good stability, large specific surface area, abundant adsorption sites and rich functional groups, which could effectively improve surface polarity, roughness and wettability of carbon fibers, thus enhancing effective interfacial bonding and enabling hierarchical regulation of interface in CFRPs. This paper reviews feasible strategies for constructing CF‐MXene multilevel structures, including electrophoretic deposition, chemical grafting, electrostatic self‐assembly, and sizing coating. Then, the strengthening mechanism involving surface morphology, mechanical properties, and interfacial strength of CFRPs are systematically evaluated centered on interfacial activity, interfacial adhesion, surface roughness and surface energy. Meanwhile, the problems in introducing MXene to CF surfaces and future research directions are systematically prospected. This paper could provide valuable guidance to construct CF‐MXene multilevel structures to reinforce interfacial properties of CFRPs composites, thus realizing hierarchical modulation of CFRPs interfaces.Highlights A feasible strategy for constructing CF‐MXene multilevel structures is built. The main methods for constructing CF‐MXene multilevel structures are provided. Treatment processes and reinforcing mechanisms of CFRPs are evaluated.

Military censorship in Russia in 1914‒1918: structure, features of work, documentary legacy

The relevance of the research topic is related to the continuing problems of control and access to information in the modern information society.The purpose of the study is to provide a systematic understanding of military censorship in Russia in 1914-1918 in the context of the development of the late Imperial state mechanism. Objectives analysis of the structure, activities, and personnel of military censorship in Russia during the First World War; concentration of currently available information on documents of military censorship stored in various Russian and foreign archives.Methodology. The historical and typological method was used to analyze the structure and functions of military censorship, and the historical and genetic method was used to study its development during the First World War. The study of the personnel, the peculiarities of the work of different areas of censorship was carried out using the historical and comparative method.Results. The paper analyzes the legislative framework, structure and directions of military censorship in Russia during the First World War. It is shown that military censorship was a complex, multi-level structure that had no unity of command and included representatives of different, sometimes conflicting departments. These features led to the «scattering» of the documentary heritage of the military censorship authorities in numerous collections of Russian and foreign archives.Conclusions. The complexity of the structure of military censorship created numerous difficulties in the practice of censorship control. The chronic disadvantages of Russian censorship during the First world war years were contradictory decisions, inconsistency and insufficient elaboration of the regulatory framework, which often led to the use of military censorship for purely political purposes (for example, to censor speeches by opposition Duma deputies). The problems of military censorship were aggravated by a chronic shortage of funding, shortage and high turn-over of personnel. As a result, instead of becoming an effective tool in the hands of the government, military censor-ship became one of the factors of the political crisis in Russia on the eve of the Russian revolution.

Black Aerogel Based on Short‐Time High‐Flux He Ion Implantation

AbstractOwing to ultra‐lightweight and integrable functionality, black aerogels are applied as light‐shielding units in complex optical systems. However, the preparation of most black aerogels involves complex and time‐consuming carbonization processes to induce carbon particles. Inspired by the barb structure of the black feathers, a simple and short‐time approach by using helium (He) ion implantation to obtain black silica aerogel, which possesses microscale, biomimetic cone arrays with several microcavities, is introduced. Benefiting from this multilevel structure, only a thin surface of ≈47 µm is required to realize evident light shielding with ≈3% transmittance and ≈2% reflectivity in the visible region. This film also possessed considerable photothermal conversion, which increased to more than 65 °C from room temperature under 1 sun energy density. Meanwhile, the realization of this black surface inherits the excellent properties of the aerogel, such as porosity, high specific surface area, and low density. This work presents a simple and effective technique for preparing black surfaces based on aerogel monoliths, holding potential for use in photocatalysis, photothermal therapy, and light stealth.

ІНВЕРСІЯ ЯК РИТОРИЧНА ФІГУРА В АНГЛІЙСЬКОМУ МОДЕРНІСТИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ (СИНЕРГЕТИЧНИЙ ТА ПСИХОЛІНГВІСТИЧНИЙ ВИМІРИ)

The article elucidates synergetic and psycholinguistic aspects of functioning of the inverted text contexts’ in J. Joyce’s literary works. In the analyzed fi ction fragments, inversion as a rhetorical fi gure constitutes a remarkable means of text expressiveness. Alongside performing a factual function, inversive constructions are used for: (1) emphasis of semantic units of the conceptual character to form positive or negative perception of the immediate environment; (2) nomination and estimation of the immediate surroundings; (3) description of a character’s appearance aimed at specifying its additional features; (4) revelation of psycho-emotional attitude towards the other person by means of negative estimation (disapproval) of her behavior which consequently led to her social and moral degradation; (5) formation of the situation’s interpretation through the detailed description of objects. This also refl ects the attitude to people with whom one was supposed to stay and communicate, openly showing his sickness of people and the surrounding atmosphere. The application of synergetic and psycholinguistic approaches to the analysis of belles-letters discourse assists to its profound interpretation in the aspect of content- and intent analyses aiming to disclose the writer’s expectations of the recipients’ reaction to the depicted artistic reality. Synergetic dimension of the text envisages consideration of its components with regard to the multi-level structure of statements within the framework of the analyzed macrocontexts. Profound linguistic analysis as well application of some of the psycholinguistic research techniques contributes to comprehensive interpretation of literary works. Key words: inversion, synergetic and psycholinguistic dimensions, expressiveness, stylistic function, prose of J. Joyce, context, rhetorical figure.

Compressive performance of three-dimensional multilevel sandwich composite structures

Compressive performance of three-dimensional multilevel sandwich composite structures

Vector Reconfiguration on a Bidirectional Multilevel LCL-T Resonant Converter

With the development of distributed energy technology, the establishment of the energy internet has become a general trend, and relevant research about the core component, energy router, has also become a hotspot. Therefore, the bidirectional isolated DC–DC converter (BIDC) is widely used in AC–DC–AC energy router systems, because it can flexibly support the DC bus voltage ratio and achieve bidirectional power flow. This paper proposes a novel vector reconfiguration on a bidirectional multilevel LCL-T resonant converter in which an NPC (neutral-point clamped) multilevel structure with a flying capacitor is introduced to form a novel active bridge, and a coupling transformer is specially added into the active bridge to achieve multilevel voltage output under hybrid modulation. In addition, an LCL-T two-port vector analysis is adopted to elaborate bidirectional power flow which can generate some reactive power to realize zero-voltage switching (ZVS) on active bridges to improve the efficiency of the converter. Meanwhile, due to the symmetry of the LCL-T structure, the difficulty of the bidirectional operation analysis of the power flow is reduced. Finally, a simulation study is designed with a rated voltage of 200 V on front and rear input sources which has a rated power of 450 W with an operational efficiency of 93.8%. Then, the feasibility of the proposed converter is verified.

Picosecond laser processing super-wetting surfaces with hierarchical structures for passive driving of microfluidics

Hierarchical surfaces with superhydrophilicity have potential applications such as collecting water, liquid transport, and rapid heat transfer, but the fabrication and characterization methods still face challenges. In this paper, hierarchical surfaces with multi-level structures are designed and processed on glass substrates by ultrafast laser writing techniques. The contact angle test results indicate that all processed glass surfaces exhibit superhydrophilicity. To differentiate the hydrophilicity of surfaces with a contact angle approaching 0˚ (CA→0˚), we establish an anti-gravity wetting method characterized by fixed-area wetting time. Compared with laser-roughened glass surfaces, the complete wetting times of surfaces with a three-level-Ⅰ structure were shortened by 51.08 times. The roughness factor of the roughened glass surface increases to r=2.92, confirming the Wenzel model's prediction of enhanced hydrophilicity on rough surfaces. The introduction of sub-millimeter open microgrooves on the roughened surface significantly enhances the ability to transport liquids against gravity through capillary action. Ultimately, the tertiary hierarchical surface achieves the shortest anti-gravity wetting time, indicating the strongest wettability. Microchannels with super-wetting bottom surfaces are constructed and achieve passive rapid driving of microfluidics.

Hybrid Particle Size Template Method for Controllable Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Multilevel Porous Carbon as High-Rate Zn-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor Cathode Materials.

Achieving high rate performance without compromising energy density has always been a critical objective for zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs). The pore structure and surface properties of carbon cathode materials play a crucial role. We propose utilizing a hybrid particle size (20 and 40 nm) magnesium oxide templates to regulate the pore structure of nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from the soybean isolate. The multilevel pore structure enhanced ion transport efficiency while also improving the utilization of micropores. Nitrogen doping and oxygen-containing functional groups enhanced the wettability of carbon materials with aqueous electrolytes and facilitated the chemisorption of Zn2+ on the carbon material surface. The nitrogen-doped multilevel porous carbon material (HT-NMPC-1/1) prepared with a 1 : 1 mass ratio of the two templates exhibited a specific capacity of 146.65 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1. Moreover, the Swagelok cells assembled with HT-NMPC-1/1 and Zn foil achieved a high energy density of 121.5 W h kg-1, high power output of 166 W kg-1, and 93.09 % capacity retention after 8000 cycles at 2 A g-1. Therefore, HT-NMPC-1/1 is a highly promising candidate for ZHSCs cathode materials. Furthermore, the novel pore regulation strategy and straightforward preparation method offer valuable reference points for other porous carbon-based functional materials.

Scale-up construction of stable multifunctional hydrogel interfaces for large-scale purification of complex oil-water emulsions and oil recovery

Inspired by the multi-level structure of grass clumps in nature, a novel filter with plexiform-structured hydrogel interface was constructed using sepiolite-derived silica nanofiber (SiNF) as the supporter and crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (cl-PVA) hydrogel as the coating. Experimental test, DFT and MD calculations have confirmed that the addition of SiNF can not only enhance oil-water separation efficiency, but also improve the stability of hydrogel coating. The hydrogel interface with excellent stability and superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobicity can be manufactured on a large copper mesh (1 m × 1.2 m) to achieve large-scale production. The surface-engineered mesh (named cl-PVA/SiNF@Ag-Cu) can be assembled on a self-designed equipment for continuous purification of emulsion wastewater (processing capacity: 576.00 L/day), achieving a high separation efficiency of 99.7 % for complex oily emulsion only under the action of gravity, and can simultaneously recover oils. After being treated under extreme conditions such as strong acid/alkali, high/low temperature (100 °C, 200 °C, and −18 °C), high salt concentration, sandpaper wear, and long-term aging, the surface structure of cl-PVA/SiNF@Ag-Cu filter remains stable. The antifouling, antibacterial, and anticorrosion capabilities of the filter give it the potential for long-term and large-scale purification processes. Planting and breeding experiments have confirmed that purified water is harmless to animals and plants.

Using Multilevel Models and Generalized Estimating Equation Models to Account for Clustering in Neurology Clinical Research.

In clinical and health services research, clustered data (also known as data with a multilevel or hierarchical structure) are frequently encountered. For example, patients may be clustered or nested within hospitals. Understanding when data have a multilevel structure is important because clustering of individuals can induce a homogeneity in outcomes within clusters, so that, even after adjusting for measured covariates, outcomes for 2 individuals in the same cluster are more likely to be similar than outcomes for 2 individuals from different clusters. Using conventional statistical regression models to analyze clustered data can result in incorrect conclusions being drawn. In particular, estimated CIs may be artificially narrow, and significance levels may be artificially low. As a result, one may conclude that there is a statistically significant association when there is none. To avoid this problem, investigators should ensure that their analyses use techniques that account for clustering of data. Generalized linear models estimated using generalized estimating equation (GEE) methods and multilevel regression models (also known as hierarchical regression models, mixed-effects models, or random-effects models) are two such techniques. We provide an introduction to clustered or multilevel data and describe how GEE models or multilevel models can be used for the analysis of multilevel data.

Controllably constructing organic-inorganic multilevel network structures by regulating the ratio of APES/OCNTs on the basalt fiber surface to enhance the interfacial properties of fiber/polyethersulfone composites

Basalt fiber-reinforced polyethersulfone (BF/PES) composites exhibit high strength, heat resistance, chemical resistance, excellent mechanical properties, and environmental sustainability. However, the smooth and chemically inert surface of BF results in weak interfacial bonding with PES, limiting its broader applications. In this study, an organic-inorganic multilevel network structure was constructed on the fiber surface by optimizing the ratio of APES and OCNTs, significantly improving the interfacial properties of BF/PES composites and enhancing their overall performance. After treatment with APES2/OCNTs3, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), flexural strength, flexural modulus, and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) reached 71.9 MPa, 379.1 MPa, 12.8 GPa, and 55.1 MPa, representing increases of 94.8 %, 64.1 %, 140.5 %, and 161.1 %, respectively. Furthermore, the enhancement mechanism and influence pattern of the APES/OCNTs hybrid sizing agent on the composite interface were thoroughly investigated. This simple, effective, and controllable method offers considerable potential for improving the interfacial bonding of BF/PES composites.

Risk Evaluation for Human Factors of Flight Dispatcher Based on the Hesitant Fuzzy TOPSIS-DEMATEL-ISM Approach: A Case Study in Sichuan Airlines

To effectively mitigate unsafe events and accident symptoms stemming from flight dispatchers’ human factors, this paper proposes a novel risk evaluation model to accurately identify and evaluate potential human risks associated with flight dispatchers. First, the HFACS (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System, HFACS) model is employed to construct a human risk assessment indicator system for flight dispatchers. Second, the hesitant fuzzy set is introduced to represent the uncertainty during experts’ evaluation, and the improved TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, TOPSIS) method is applied within a hesitant fuzzy environment to obtain rankings of human factors. Third, the hesitant fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory, DEMATEL)-ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling, ISM) approach is constructed to analyze the correlation among human factors, leading to the establishment of a multi-level hierarchical structure model. Finally, a case study of risk assessment for human factors of flight dispatchers in Sichuan Airlines is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results revealed the flight dispatchers’ human factors associated with higher risks and identified the key factors with a larger impact on other factors in Sichuan Airlines. Subsequently, a multi-level hierarchical structure model comprising five layers is developed to investigate the internal correlations among human factors, facilitating the formulation of targeted improvement suggestions for the higher risk indicators and key influencing factors.

Feasible synthesis of anti-fouling amphiphobic composite membrane by surface modification with SiO2 nanoparticles for effective membrane distillation

Membrane distillation (MD) technology has shown unique advantages in treating saline organic wastewaters, however, improving membrane materials of anti-wetting/fouling properties is still agap for the large-scale application. In this study, a non-fluorinated composite membrane showing both good amphiphobic properties and high flux was synthesized by feasible electrostatic attraction. Characterizations indicated that SiO2nanoparticles were successfully loaded on the PVDF membrane (SiO2/PVDF) surface to form a multi-level rough amphiphobic structure, with contact angles of water and ethylene glycol as 139° and 128°, respectively. In MD tests, the SiO2/PVDF membrane exhibited a stable flux of 15 LMH with 3.5 wt% NaCl and 19.5 LMH with 50 mg/L kerosene. Notably, after a 24-hour continuous test, the flux remained above 9 LMH for NaCl and 11 LMH for kerosene, with salt rejection rates exceeding 98 %, indicating excellent anti-fouling characteristics. This study is expected to provide a feasible membrane modification for MD process in treating high saline organic wastewater.

Strain-insensitive fiber sensors bioinspired by spider silk with a multilevel helical structure

The emergence of wearable electronics has greatly stimulated the exploration of fibers due to their inherent wearing comfort. However, the manufacturing of conductive fibers with both exceptional mechanical strength and stable conductive properties remains a formidable challenge. Inspired by the helical structure of spider silk, we propose a strain-insensitive conductive fiber with a multilevel helical structure by helically arranging carbon fibers on the surface of helical polyurethane nanofibers, which is further employed in the fabrication of fiber sensors. The resulting fibers demonstrate outstanding strain stability with a resistance change rate (ΔR/R0) of less than 0.09 when the strain reaches 100% and a resistance change rate below 0.3 at the 200% strain level, significantly outperforming previous reports. Through experimental investigations and computational analysis, we elucidate that the underlying mechanism of the superior conductive performance and stability is attributed to the redundant helical structures and polyurethane nanofiber core layer contraction. Moreover, the fiber devices fabricated on the basis of our strain-insensitive conductive fibers exhibit distinguished performance in various health-related physiological signal monitoring tasks, such as respiration heat monitoring, voice recording, and electrochemical detection of sweat constituents.

The effects of family, culture and sex on linguistic development across 20 languages.

Languages vary in their complexity; caregivers vary in the way they structure their communicative interactions with children; and boys and girls can differ in their language skills. Using a multilevel modelling approach, we explored how these factors influence the path of language acquisition for young children growing up around the world (mean age 2-years 9-months; 56 girls). Across 43 different sites, we analysed 103 mother-child pairs who spoke 3,170,633 utterances, 16,209,659 morphemes, divided across 20 different languages: Afrikaans, Catalan, Cantonese, Danish, Dutch, English, Farsi, French, German, Hebrew, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Mandarin, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish and Turkish. Using mean length of utterance (MLU) as a measure of language complexity and developmental skill, we found that variation in children's MLU was significantly explained by (a) between-language differences; namely the rate of child MLU growth was attuned to the complexity of their mother tongue, and (b) between-mother differences; namely mothers who used higher MLUs tended to have children with higher MLUs, regardless of which language they were learning and especially in the very young (<2.5 years-old). Controlling for family and language environment, we found no evidence of MLU sex differences in child speech nor in the speech addressed to boys and girls. By modelling language as a multilevel structure with cross-cultural variation, we were able to disentangle those factors that make children's pathway to language different and those that make it alike. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The speech of 103 mother-child pairs from 20 different languages showed large variation in the path of early language development. Language, family, but not the sex of the child, accounted for a significant proportion of individual differences in child speech, especially in the very young. The rate at which children learned language was attuned to the complexity of their mother tongue, with steeper trajectories for more complex language. Results demonstrate the relative influence of culture, family, and sex in shaping the path of language acquisition for different children.

Risk analysis of underground debris flows in mines based on a coupled weighted Bayesian network

Mines mined by the natural caving method are prone to underground debris flow disasters, resulting in mud gushing blocking roadways, equipment damage and even casualties, which seriously affect the safe operation of mines. To carry out a risk analysis of underground debris flows in mines, quantify the interactions among risk factors in the process of disasters, and identify the main disaster-causing paths, DEMATEL-ISM was used to analyze 18 risk factors related to material sources, geology, water sources and processes. A multilevel network structure model was constructed, and the model was mapped to a Bayesian network (BN). Based on the N-K model, the degree of risk coupling was calculated, the nodes in the BN were coupled and weighted, and diagnostic reasoning for underground debris flows was realized based on posterior probability. The results showed that the risk of debris flow increases with increasing coupling factor. The factors of water source, geology and ore drawing ranked at the top in terms of the probability change rate of the BN nodes, and a main disaster-causing path was obtained by diagnostic reasoning, which provides a theoretical basis for the formulation of underground debris flow prevention and control measures.

Clinical characteristics and influencing factors of serious fall injuries among older inpatients: A secondary analysis of multicenter cross-sectional administrative data

BackgroundInpatient falls are common adverse events in hospitals, particularly among older adults. However, current research on falls in the older population is limited by small sample sizes and reliance on single-center designs without distinguishing the different levels of fall injuries. ObjectiveTo examine the circumstances of falls in older inpatients and investigate the factors influencing serious fall injuries. DesignA secondary analysis of multicenter cross-sectional administrative data from the China National Database of Nursing Quality (CNDNQ). Setting(s)67 hospitals in Hunan, China. Participants5143 fall incidents from 5048 older inpatients were included from January 2019 to December 2022. MethodsDescriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages) were used to describe fall characteristics. Given the multilevel data structure, a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with a Logistic link function was employed, treating hospitals and wards as random effects. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. ResultsThe prevalences of fall-related injuries and serious fall injuries in this study were 63.3 % and 25.0 %, respectively. Nurse-to-patient ratio at the time of fall ≤0.04 (aOR = 1.522, 95 % CI: 1.297–1.785), female gender (aOR = 1.304, 95 % CI: 1.137–1.497), a lengthy hospital stay (aOR = 1.009, 95 % CI: 1.001–1.018) were associated with an increased risk of serious fall injuries. Surgical (aOR = 0.655, 95 % CI: 0.482–0.889) and orthopedic wards (aOR = 0.649, 95 % CI: 0.449–0.939) exhibited lower risks of serious fall injuries than internal medicine wards. The time period from 8:00 to 15:59 was associated with a higher risk of serious fall injuries compared to the period from 0:00 to 7:59 (aOR = 1.416, 95 % CI: 1.171–1.713). Compared to lying, standing (aOR = 2.594, 95 % CI: 1.733–3.883), getting in/out of bed (aOR = 1.403, 95 % CI: 1.009–1.951), walking or rehabilitating (aOR = 3.039, 95 % CI: 2.194–4.208), toileting (aOR = 1.411, 95 % CI: 1.038–1.917), and showering (aOR = 2.170, 95 % CI: 1.391–3.385) were associated with an increased risk of serious fall injuries. ConclusionsFall-related injuries and serious fall injuries are highly prevalent among older inpatients. The study provides insights for targeted fall prevention strategies, improving nursing management and patient safety. RegistrationNot registered.