Multilayer Hybrid Structures Research Articles

Influence of Non-Covalent Interactions on the Binding Strength of Lamivudine with Molybdenum Disulfide in Multilayer and Monolayer Hybrid Structures

Influence of Non-Covalent Interactions on the Binding Strength of Lamivudine with Molybdenum Disulfide in Multilayer and Monolayer Hybrid Structures

Defect identification method for capacitive-inductive dual-mode sensors with lift-off interference

The capacitive-inductive dual-mode probe provides a defect detection solution that allows simultaneous or sequential eddy current detection and capacitive imaging detection, known as capacitive-inductive dual-mode detection. The dual-mode detection combines the advantages of the two detection techniques and can be used to detect multiple types of defects in “insulator-conductor” multilayer hybrid structures. However, its high sensitivity poses a challenge as the probe's responses a susceptible to interference from lift-off variations, leading to non-relevant indications in the results that is not indicative of defects or anomalies. In this study, the Lift-off Characteristics (LoC) of the hybrid structures are studied, and an effective method for identifying relevant indications such as defect and anomaly for dual-mode sensor response signals with lift-off interference by combining the testing data of both detection modes and the LoC curve is proposed. A series of validation experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in defect identification and classification. The results confirmed that the method effectively identified defect from lift-off interference and significantly reduced the occurrence of false judgments, thereby enhancing the reliability of the dual mode detection. Furthermore, the feasibility of utilizing the method to identify relevant indication when the sensor is tilted was also demonstrated.

Innovations in Flexible Electronic Skin: Material, Structural and Applications

Flexible electronic skin (e-skin) has emerged as a promising technology for advanced sensing capabilities in applications such as robotics, prosthetics, and human-machine interfaces. The properties of e-skin devices hinge on the selection of appropriate materials and structures, such as sensitivity, mechanical flexibility, and biocompatibility. This article provides an overview of the current state of e-skin research, focusing on the materials and structures used to create e-skin devices. Various materials were discussed in this paper, including conductive polymers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, bacterial cellulose, metal-organic frameworks, ionogels, and self-healing materials, highlighting their unique properties and potential applications in e-skin designs. Additionally, the structures and architectures of e-skin devices were examined, covering aspects such as multilayer designs, hybrid structures, and hierarchical configurations. This comprehensive review offers valuable insights into the development and optimization of e-skin materials and structures, paving the way for the creation of innovative, high-performance e-skin devices for various applications.

Spin-casting of Micron-Scale Thick PMMA Films with Embedded Au Nanoparticles Formed by Laser Ablation in Liquid

Background: A Facile, scalable approach to fabrication of organic thin films with an embedded layer of nanoparticles in the ambient environment. The approach is based on step-bystep spin-coating of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) films and a nanoparticle layer. Objective: The goal of the present work is to fabricate a sandwich structure of the PMMA films for the top and bottom layers of a sandwich structure as well as a middle layer of nanoparticles formed in solution by the Laser Ablation in Liquid (LAL) method. Methods: First, a PMMA thin film was fabricated by spin-casting of PMMA solution in ethylacetate. Secondly, a solution of Au nanoparticles synthesized by laser ablation in ethanol was spin-cast on a prefabricated PMMA film. The distribution of Au nanoparticles and the morphology of the resulting film were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, and atomic microscopy (AFM). Finally, another PMMA layer was spin-cast on the nanoparticle-decorated film. Results: A hybrid organic film with the embedded layer of nanoparticles was fabricated using the spin-casting method for top and bottom layers as well as for the middle layer of Au nanoparticles fabricated by laser ablation in ethanol by a pulsed UV laser. Statistical and fractal analysis shows uniform distribution of nanoparticles on length scale above ten microns. Conclusion: Spin-cast-based layer-by-layer approach to fabrication of sandwich structures of organic films with embedded nanoparticlesis a facile and scalable method for hybrid organic - nanoparticle films. This approach can be extended for the fabrication of multi-layered hybrid structures.

Topographically designed hybrid nanostructures via nanotransfer printing and block copolymer self-assembly.

Nanotransfer printing (nTP) has attracted much attention due to its high pattern resolution, simple process, and low processing cost for useful nanofabrication. Here, we introduce a thermally assisted nTP (T-nTP) process for the effective fabrication of various periodic three-dimensional (3D) nanosheets, such as concavo-convex lines, spine lines, square domes, and complex multi-line patterns. The T-nTP method allows continuous nanoscale 3D patterns with functionality to be transferred onto both rigid and flexible substrates by heat without any collapse of uniform convex nanostructures with nanochannels. We also show the pattern formation of multi-layered hybrid structures consisting of two or more materials by T-nTP. Furthermore, the formation of silicon oxide nanodots (0D) within a printed metallic nanowave structure (3D) can be achieved by the combined method of T-nTP and the self-assembly of poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane) (PS-b-PDMS) block copolymers. Moreover, we demonstrate how to obtain well-defined oxide-metal hybrid nanostructures (0D-in-3D) through the spontaneous accommodation of PDMS spheres in the confined spaces of an Au-wave nanotemplate. This approach is applicable during the nanofabrication of various high-resolution devices with complex geometrical nanopatterns.

Role of Graphene in Constructing Multilayer Plasmonic SERS Substrate with Graphene/AgNPs as Chemical Mechanism-Electromagnetic Mechanism Unit.

Graphene–metal substrates have received widespread attention due to their superior surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance. The strong coupling between graphene and metal particles can greatly improve the SERS performance and thus broaden the application fields. The way in which to make full use of the synergistic effect of the hybrid is still a key issue to improve SERS activity and stability. Here, we used graphene as a chemical mechanism (CM) layer and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an electromagnetic mechanism (EM) layer, forming a CM–EM unit and constructing a multi-layer hybrid structure as a SERS substrate. The improved SERS performance of the multilayer nanostructure was investigated experimentally and in theory. We demonstrated that the Raman enhancement effect increased as the number of CM–EM units increased, remaining nearly unchanged when the CM–EM unit was more than four. The limit of detection was down to 10−14 M for rhodamine 6G (R6G) and 10−12 M for crystal violet (CV), which confirmed the ultrahigh sensitivity of the multilayer SERS substrate. Furthermore, we investigated the reproducibility and thermal stability of the proposed multilayer SERS substrate. On the basis of these promising results, the development of new materials and novel methods for high performance sensing and biosensing applications will be promoted.

Design and analysis of multilayered hybrid structures with plasma-metals, dielectrics and contact cascaded gratings for freely resonance manipulation and flexibly filtering

A hybrid structure incorporating plasma-metals, dielectrics and contact cascaded subwavelength gratings, with capabilities of creating desired optically resonance and flexibly filtering behaviors for TE and TM polarizations, is proposed. Its novel capability of resonances of multi-polarizations in spectra, i.e., peak-resonance in reflection and valley-resonance in transmission, is discussed along with complementation in spectra for reflected and transmitted lights. Design principles of it are provided as well as unexpected optically resonance and freely filtering properties. Moreover, a device with functions of both blue-peak-resonance for TE lights and red-peak-resonance for TM lights is designed by it to uncover potentials of flexibly control of resonance for both polarizations. Its novel properties in resonance and filtering are discovered especially influences of its parameters on spectral resonances and color variations for two polarizations. Capabilities owned by the structure of freely manipulation of peak, valley and bandwidth of spectra for both polarizations make it feasible to create artificially structural colors with high quality, unusually dynamic effect and abundantly color variety. The structure together with its related properties has better values of practically application in fields of adornment, security, display, sensing, imaging and encoding, etc.

On-board control of wax valve on active centrifugal microfluidic chip and its application for plasmid DNA extraction

For the realization of bioassay with complex fluidic manipulation and logic operation on lab-on-a-disc platform, we present an active integrated centrifugal microfluidic chip based on the on-board control of wax valves within a multilayer complex chip. The multilayer hybrid structure including a microfluidic layer and a printing circuit board (PCB) layer utilizes the digital logic of electronic system to control the logic of liquid flow in microfluidic layer. The coupling mechanism between both layers is based on heat transfer, namely, the heating resistors in PCB layer are used to melt and open the paraffin wax valves in microfluidic layer. Without the limitation of surface tension-dependent valves, the application of active valve could be freely designed, which can largely extend the ability of integration on microfluidic chip. Many complex functional units including liquid sequential loading and switching of liquid flow are demonstrated. As an application, we also present a multilayer complex chip for plasmid DNA extraction based on our platform. In a word, our active centrifugal microfluidic platform provides a solution for the integration of complex bioassay on rotating disc, which has great potential in the applications of point-of-care diagnostics (POC).

A Method for Estimating the Functionality of TiO2/Quantum Dot Multilayer Hybrid Structures Based on the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species

A new technique for estimating the efficiency of electron transfer from a CdSe/ZnS quantum dot (QD) to TiO2 nanoparticles based on the generation of reactive oxygen species by hybrid structures is presented. It was demonstrated that in the formed multilayer hybrid structures of TiO2/QD, photoinduced electron transfer is realized with an efficiency of 26%.

Enhanced Anomalous Hall Effect in Pt/CoO Heterostructures by Ferrimagnetic Insulator Gating

Interfacial spin current phenomena in multilayer hybrid structures consisting of heavy metal Pt and a ferrimagnetic insulator have recently drawn a great deal of attention. Here, we demonstrate the uncompensated spins of an insulator CoO surface can induce a square anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in a Pt/CoO device, where the AHE will change sign at 200 K for the thickness of CoO tCoO = 3.5 nm. More importantly, for a Pt/CoO bilayer grown on ferrimagnetic insulating Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) substrates, the ferrimagnetic gate can enhance the AHE resistance about three times and the Hall sign change temperature can be increased about 100 K compared to that of the Pt/CoO/SiO2/Si sample. Systematic study of the thickness of CoO-dependent AHE of Pt/CoO/YIG heterostructures reveals that the AHE resistance, coercive field, and Hall sign change temperature of Pt/CoO/YIG trilayers reach a maximum at tCoO = 3.5 nm. Our results highlight the key role of the antiferromagnetic material in the spin transport behavior of the magnetic multilayer structure, providing a possible pathway to detect the antiferromagnetic moment by electrical measurements, which will be great of importance for antiferromagnetic spintronics.

Structurally controlled layered Ni3C/graphene hybrids using cyano-bridged coordination polymers

The wide range of oxygen-containing functional groups on the basal planes and edges of graphene oxide (GO) facilitate the anchoring of active metal ions on its surface. Previously, we have shown that these active centers allow the in situ crystallization of cyano-bridged Ni-based coordination polymers (Ni-CP) as nanoflakes on the surface of GO sheets (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 8426). Here, in this work, by extending our previous concept, we demonstrate that Ni-CP-coated GO sheets can be made to self-assemble to form various multi-layered hybrid structures (Ni-CP/GO) by controlling the composition ratios. Ni3C/rGO with the original morphology was successfully prepared by converting the Ni-CP to Ni3C in the space between the graphene sheets by thermal treatment in an inert atmosphere. The electrochemical analyses reveal that the optimized Ni3C/rGO hybrid exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with good durability and stability.

Методика оценки функциональности многослойных гибридных структур TiO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-/квантовая точка по генерации активных форм кислорода

A new approach for estimation of photoinduced electron transfer efficiency from CdSe/ZnS QDs to Titania NPs using ROS generation has been introduced. The 26% efficiency electron transfer has been realized in the prepared Titania NPs/QDs multilayered hybrid structures.

Broadband LWIR and MWIR absorber by trapezoid multilayered grating and SiO2 hybrid structures

A broadband metamaterial absorber with high absorption simultaneously in mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) was proposed. In the MWIR, the absorption higher than 0.8 is from 4 to 6.3 µm, while the absorption in the LWIR is from 8.7 and 9.6 µm. The absorber is insensitive to the incident angle. The broadband absorption in the MWIR is due to the slow-light effect of the trapezoid multilayered grating structure. And the broadband absorption in the LWIR is due to the phonon polariton resonant of trapezoid SiO2 layer. In the broadband high absorption region, the atmosphere is transparent, which may greatly promote the practical application of the absorber in double-color IR imaging, detecting, infrared stealth and thermal emitting.

Enhanced electrical conductivity in Xe ion irradiated CNT based transparent conducting electrode on PET substrate

An investigation of MWCNT-based hybrid electrode films with improved electrical conductivity after Xe ion irradiation is reported. A multilayer hybrid structure of Ag-MWCNT layer embedded in between two ZnO layers was fabricated and evaluated, pre and post 100 keV Xe ion irradiation, for their performance as Transparent Conducting Electrode in terms of their optical and electrical properties. X-ray diffraction pattern exhibits highly c-axis oriented ZnO films with a small variation in lattice parameters with an increase in ion fluence. There is no significant change in the surface roughness of these films. Raman spectra were used to confirm the presence of CNT. The pristine multilayer films exhibit an average transmittance of ∼70% in the entire visible region and the transmittance increases with Xe ion fluence. A significant enhancement in electrical conductivity post-Xe ion irradiation viz from 1.14 × 10−7 Ω−1 cm−1 (pristine) to 7.04 × 103 Ω−1 cm−1 is seen which is due to the high connectivity in the top layer with Ag-CNT hybrid layer facilitating the smooth transfer of electrons.

Direct Time-Domain TAN Model of 3D Multilayer Hybrid PCB: Experimental Validation

The multilayer technology constitutes the ultimate solution for the design of high-density printed circuit board (PCB). Challenging modeling method is required to predict the signal integrity (SI) of the multilayer PCB. This paper addresses an unfamiliar direct time-domain model of a 3-D multilayer hybrid PCB. The subnetwork primitive elements of the equivalent graph are constituted by lumped components, interconnect lines, vias, pads, and anti-pads. The tensorial analysis of networks (TANs) is used to solve the problem related to the graph topology in the function of the PCB design parameters. The TAN concept is based on the interaction between the primitive elements. The mesh currents constitute the proposed computational unknowns. The unfamiliar model is validated with a three-port network prototype constituted by the six-layer PCB, including passive SMD components. In the frequency domain, S-parameter validation from 100 kHz to 5 GHz is presented. By using 80-Mb/s and 0.5-Gb/s rate data patterns, the proposed TAN model is validated by both simulations and measurements in the time domain. The transient results present vector magnitude relative error accuracy lower than 15%. Thanks to the computation speed and adaptability to multilayer hybrid structures, the TAN model is a prominent approach for the SI and power integrity analyses of 3-D multilayer structures.

A bio-inspired nacre-like layered hybrid structure of calcium carbonate under the control of carboxyl graphene

Schematic illustration of the fabrication of GO-COOH/CaCO3 multilayer hybrid structures: GO-COOH, the GO-COOH/CaCl2 multilayer hybrid structure, and the GO-COOH/CaCO3 hybrid multilayer structure (from left to right).

Coaxial multi-layer hybrid plasmonic waveguide at subwavelength scale

A new type of a coaxial multi-layer plasmonic waveguide is proposed. The mode propagation properties are analyzed at the communication working wavelength. Theoretical investigations reveal that the enhanced optical confinement can be achieved in the two low-index dielectric media layers. The mode size can be sub- or deep sub-wavelength scale. The mode propagation loss can be well compensated by replacing the high-index dielectric media with gain material to achieve longer propagation length with better mode confinement. The comparisons of the mode properties between the proposed waveguide and waveguides studied in the published literatures are also considered. These investigations potentially lay the groundwork for the further applications of nanowire type multilayer hybrid structures. This structure could also enable various applications such asnanophotonic waveguides, high-quality nanolasers, and optical trapping and biosensors.

Template and Silica Interlayer Tailorable Synthesis of Spindle-like Multilayer α-Fe2O3/Ag/SnO2 Ternary Hybrid Architectures and Their Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

Our study reports a novel iron oxide/noble metal/semiconductor ternary multilayer hybrid structure that was synthesized through template synthesis and layer-by-layer deposition. Three different morphologies of α-Fe2O3/Ag/SiO2/SnO2 hybrid architectures were obtained with different thicknesses of the SiO2 interlayer which was introduced for tailoring and controlling the coupling of noble metal Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with the SnO2 semiconductor. The resulting samples were characterized in terms of morphology, composition, and optical property by various analytical techniques. The as-obtained α-Fe2O3/Ag/SiO2/SnO2 nanocomposites exhibit enhanced visible light or UV photocatalytic abilities, remarkably superior to commercial pure SnO2 products, bare α-Fe2O3 seeds, and α-Fe2O3/SnO2 nanocomposites. Moreover, the sample of α-Fe2O3/Ag/SiO2/SnO2 also exhibits good chemical stability and recyclability because it has higher photocatalytic activity even after eight cycles. The origin of enhanced photocatalytic activity on the multilayer core-shell α-Fe2O3/Ag/SiO2/SnO2 nanocomposites was primarily ascribed to the coupling between noble metal Ag and the two semiconductors Fe2O3 and SnO2, which are proven to be applied in recyclable photocatalysis.

Preparation of visible light-driven g-C₃N₄@ZnO hybrid photocatalyst via mechanochemistry.

C3N4@ZnO hybrid materials with visible light photocatalytic performance have been prepared by facile mechanical milling. The dispersion of conjugated molecule g-C3N4 on the surface of ZnO improved during mechanical process, and the multilayer hybrid structure of g-C3N4@ZnO materials with remarkable visible light photocatalytic activity was formed by ball milling. The photocatalytic activity and photocurrent intensity of g-C3N4@ZnO under visible light irradiation was 3.0 and 2.0 times higher than those of pure C3N4, respectively. The great enhancement of visible light response originates from the increase of separation and immigration efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Furthermore, a synergistic photocatalysis mechanism between ZnO and g-C3N4 was proposed. The enhanced visible light photocatalytic properties originate from the injection of excited electrons from the LUMO of C3N4 to the CB of ZnO. However, the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst is much lower than that of ZnO under UV light, which is caused by the lattice defect of ZnO formed during milling.

IPv6 routing table lookup algorithm based on multi-layer hybrid structure

Most of the existing routing lookup algorithms usually use a variety of optimization methods to improve search performance;however they need to reconstruct the entire routing table to update routing information.Concerning this,a multi-layer hybrid structure algorithm for IPv6 routing table lookup was proposed.The first layer used the advantage of the optimal search tree for reference.The different values of prefix 1-16 bit were ordered by their probability of occurrence in the routing table,and were stored in the linear list.The 17-32 bit and 33-48 bit of prefix were organized respectively with the balanced binary tree.The 49~64 bit of prefix was organized with the linear list.The evaluation results show that the proposed scheme performs faster,occupies less memory,and supports incremental update.